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Ciceronis de Finibus Bonorum Et Malorum (With and English Translation) (Londini 1931)
Ciceronis de Finibus Bonorum Et Malorum (With and English Translation) (Londini 1931)
UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA
SAN DIEGO
ex
BIBll^I
Hffieii^ico
^,pUjim^dU
CAPPS,
PAGE, LITT.D.
W. H. D. ROUSE,
PH.D., LL.D.
litt.d.
CICERO
CICERO
DE FINIBUS BONORUM
ET MALORUM
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
H.
RACKHAM. M.A
MCMXXXl
First Printed
Colta
mes heures de
dans
les
Anatole Fraxce,
Thais.
INTRODUCTION.
de Finibus Bonorum et Matorum is a treatise ^^^
on the theory of Ethics. It expounds and criticizes
the three ethical systems most prominent in Cicero's
day, the Epicurean, the Stoic and that of the Academy under Antiochus. The most elaborate of
Cicero's philosophical writings, it has had fewer
readers than his less technical essays on moral subBut it is of importance to the student of philojects.
sophy as the only sj'stematic account surviving
from antiquity of those rules of life which divided
the allegiance of thoughtful men during the centuries when the old religions had lost their hold and
Christianity had not yet emerged.
And the topics
that it handles can never lose their interest.
The
The
title
'
Evils
It
'
"^^^
meaning
'
requires explanation.
\n\-
'^^
INTRODUCTION
point of a series, the topmost good.
To this was
naturally opposed an extreme of minus value, the
topmost, or rather bottommost, evil.
Hence arose
the expressions reAos ayaOiov, tc'Aos KaKwv, ' End of
Goods, of Evils,' which occur in Philodemus, Rhetoric
I, 218. 8 ff. (Siidhans), and are translated by Cicero
As a title for his book he
finis hoiiorum, malorum.
throws this phrase into the plural, meaning 'different
views as to the Chief Good and Evil.' ^
Hence in
title and to some extent in method, the de Finihus
modern works
as
Methods of Ethics.
Cicero belongs to a type not unknown in English
that of the statesman who is also a student and a
writer.
From his youth he aspired to play a part in
public affairs, and the first step towards this ambition
was to learn to speak. He approached Greek philosophy as part of a liberal education for a political
career, and he looked on it as supplying themes for
But his real interest in it went
practice in oratory.
deeper the study of it formed his mind and humanized his character, and he loved it to the end of
life,
his
life.
'
omnibus
'
'
had gone
viii
to press)
and
ib.
1923, p. 11.
INTRODUCTION
tus the Stoic,
come
Rome
INTRODUCTION
beloved daughter Tullia, followed soon after by the
final downfall of the Pompeians at Munda. Crushed
by public and private sorrow, he shut himself up in
one of his country houses and sought distraction in
unremitting literary Mork.
He conceived the idea^
as he implies in the preface to de Finihus, of rendering a last service to his country by bringing the
treasures of Greek thought within the reach of the
Roman public. Both his Academica and de Finibits
were compiled in the following summer; the latter
was probably presented to Brutus, to whom it is
dedicated, on his visit to Cicero in August 45 (ad
Seven months later Brutus was one
Att. XIII, 44).
In the autumn of 44
of the assassins of Caesar.
Cicero flung himself again into the arena with his
attack on Anton}^, which led to his proscription and
death in December 43.
Excepting the de Oratore, de Republica and de
Legibus, the whole of Cicero's most important
writings on philosophy and rhetoric belong to
46-44 B.C. and were achieved Avlthin two years.
Such a mass of work so rapidly produced could
hardly be original, and in fact it made no claim to
It was designed as a sort of encyclopaedia
be so.
of philosophy for Roman readers. Cicero's plan was
to take each chief department of thought in turn,
and present the theories of the leading schools upon
it, appending to each theory the criticisms of its
Nor had his work that degree of indeopponents.
pendence which consists in assimilating the thought
of others and recasting it in the mould of the writer's
own mind. He merely chose some recent hand-book
on each side of the question under consideration,
and reproduced it in Latin, encasing passages of
continuous exposition in a frame of dialogue, and
INTRODUCTION
adding
illustrations
He
'
(I,
6) he rates his
justice,
work a
and claims
to
little
be the
critic as well
On morals he
attitude on questions of knowledge.
Avas more positive though without a logical basis for
his principles, he accepted the verdict of the common
;
Epicuredemoralizing.
The Stoics
repelled him b\' their harshness and narrowness, but
attracted him by their strict morality and loftj' theolog}'.
His competence for the task of interpreting
Greek thought to Rome was of a qualified order.
He had read much, and had heard the chief teachers
of the daj%
But with learning and enthusiasm he
combined neither depth of insight nor scientific
precision.
Yet his services to philosophy must not
be underrated.
He introduced a novel st^le of exposition, copious, eloquent, impartial and urbane;
and he created a philosophical terminology in Latin
which has passed into the languages of modern
Europe.
moral conscience of
anism he abhorred
his
as
INTRODUCTION
The exponents of each sj'stem, and the
minor interlocutors, are friends of Cicero's j'ounger
days, all of whom were dead when he wrote brief
notes upon them will be found in the Index.
The
of the day.
The
life.
Its
date
is
much
79 and
its
INTRODUCTION
The others
view; the last word remains with Piso.
present are Cicero's brother and cousin, and his
friend and correspondent Titus Pomponius Atticus,
a convinced Epicurean, wlio had retired to Atliens
from the civil disorders at Rome, and did not return
over twenty years.
In Book I the exposition of Epicureanism pro- Cicero's
bablv comes from some compendium of the school, ^^'"If^.-C^
oe rinibus.
',
\ -r^
t f
Aviiich seems to have summarized U J Epicurus s essay
On the Telos, (2) a resume of the points at issue
between Epicurus and the Cjrenaics (reproduced I.
55 ff), and (.s) some Epicurean work on Friendship
(I. 65-70).
llie Stoic arguments against Epicurus in Book II
Cicero derived very likely from Antiochus; but in the
criticism of Epicurus there is doubtless more of
Cicero's own thought than anywhere else in the
work.
The authority for Stoicism relied on in Book III
was most probably Diogenes of Babylon, who is
referred to bj- name at III, ,'^3 and 4<).
In Books IV and V Cicero appears to have followed
Antiochus.
for
<
INTRODUCTION
man's mistrust of their conclusions was raised into a
sj'stem of Scepticism by Pyrrho.
Meanwhile the
outer order too had changed.
For Plato and Aristotle the good life could only be lived in a free
city-state, like the little independent Greek cities
which they knew but these had noAv fallen under
the empire of Macedon, and the barrier between
Greek and barbarian was giving Avay. The wars of
Alexander's successors rendered all tilings insecure
exile, slavery, violent death were possibilities with
which ever}' man must lay his account.
Epicureanism and Stoicism, however antagonistic,
have certain common features corresponding to the
needs of the period. Philosophy was systematized,
;
and
Tiy
Horace
INTRODUCTION
the criterion of truth, is furnished by the sensations
and by the Trddr) or feehngs of pleasure and pain.
Epicurus's recognition of the latter as quahties of
any state of consciousness and as distinct from the
sensations of sight, hearing, etc., marks a notable
advance in psychology. The sensations and the
and volition
feelings determine our judgment
respectively, and they are all true,' i.e., real data
So are the 7rpoA7/i/'ets, or preconof experience.
ceptions' by which we recognize each fresh sensation, i.e., our general concepts; for these are accuIt is in viroXi]\l/i<;,
mulations of past sensations.
'opinions,' i.e., judgments about sensations, that
Opinions are true only when conerror can occur.
firmed, or, in the case of those relating to imperceptible objects (e.g. the Void), when not contraThus Epicurus adumdicted, by actual sensations.
brated, however crudel}', a logic of inductive
science.
vi.
It
is
is
poem of ^^y^**^^*
who preaches his
INTRODUCTION
the empty spaces
soul like everything else is material it consists of atoms of the
smallest and most mobile sort, enclosed by the
coarser atoms of the body, and dissipated when the
body is dissolved by death. Death therefore means
they
live a life of
untroubled
bliss in
The human
extinction.
INTRODUCTION
His rule of conduct is summed
up by Horace's Carpe diem. But tliis naif hedonism
was so modified by Epicurus as to become in his hands
moment
as
it offers.
validity to Justice
from the active duties of citizenship. To Friendship he attached the highest value; and the School
that he founded in his Garden in a suburb of Athens,
tion
(CICERO)
xvii
INTRODUCTION
and endoAved by
-will,
was
as
much
a societj' of
It still survived
'
'
The
Stoics paid
much
attention to Logic.
In this
xviii
INTRODUCTION
that false sensations do occur
e.g., that a straiglit
stick half under water looks crooked
the Stoics
replied that error onh^ arises froin inattention; careful observation will detect the absence of one or
other of the notes of clearness.'
The Wise Man
never assents to an incomprehensible presenta-
'
'
'
tion.'
materialistic.
h 2
xix
INTRODUCTION
being himself the Logos of creation. Evidences oi
design they found in the beauty of the ordered
world and in its adaptation to the use and comfort
of man. Apparent evil is but the necessary imperfection of the parts as parts the whole is perfectly good.
As this world had a beginning, so it will have an
end in time it is moving on towards a universal
conflagration, in wliich all things will return to the
primal Fire from which they sprang.
But only for
a moment will unity be restored.
The causes that
operated before must operate again once more the
;
and
identical cycles.
like
all
INTRODUCTION
The instinct to seek these objects
replaced in the adult by deliberate intention; as
his reason matures, he learns (if unperverted) to
understand the plan of nature and to find his happiness in willing conformity with it. This rightness of
understanding and of will (the Stoics did not separate
the two, since for them the mind is one) is Wisdom
or Virtue, which is the only good; their wrongness is
Folly or Vice, tlie only evil. Not that we are to ignore
external things on the contrarj', it is in choosing
among them as Nature intends that Virtue is exercised.
But the attainment of the natural obj ects is immaterial;
it is the effort to attain them alone that counts.
This nice adjustment of the claims of Faith and
Works was formulated in a series of technicalities.
A scale of values was laid down, and on it a scheme
Virtue alone is good'
of conduct was built up.
and to be sought,' Vice alone evil' and to be
But of things
shunned'; all else is indifferent.'
indifferent some, being in accordance with nature,
or
promoted
preferred
(Trporj-y/teva),
as
.ire
worth
(d^i'a), and
these are
having
to be
chosen'; others, being contrary to nature, are deof
human
action.
is
'
'
'
'
promoted
'
{(iTroTrpotr/fiiva)
as
having
'
'
to be re-
absolutely
for action.
To
aim at securing
their opposites
unworth
is
'
what the young and uncorrupted do by instinct. When the same aim is taken by the rational
adult with full knowledge of nature's plan and
deliberate intent to conform with it, then the
right
is
appropriate act
perfect,' and is a
this is
'
INTRODUCTION
success
(K-arop^w/xaV
Intention, not
achievement, constitutes success. The only failure,'
'
or ' sin
(the term aixdprrina includes all
error
these notions) is the conduct of the rational being
who ignores and violates nature.
In identifying the Good with Virtue and in interpreting Virtue by the conception of Nature, the
Stoics were following their forerunners the Cynics
but they parted company with the Cynics in finding
a place in their scheme for Goods in the ordinary
For though they place pleasure among
sense.
things
absolutely indifferent,' their examples of
life, health, wealth, etc.
things
promoted
are
pretty much the usual objects of man's endeavour.
Hence, whereas the Cynics, construing the natural
as the primitive or unsophisticated, had run
or
action'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
in rendering' KaOfjKov
by
xxii
do one's duty,'
more paradoxi-
INTRODUCTION
Chrysippus, the third head of tlie school,
reach.
confessed that lie had never known a Wise Man.
Criticism forced the later Stoics to compromise.
The Wise Man remained as a type and an ensample
but positive value was conceded to moral progress,
and appropriate acts tended to usurp the place
that strictly belonged to right acts
'
'
INTRODUCTION
that Arcesilas and Carneades, though attacking the
Criterion of the Stoics, had not meant to deny all
The Stoic comprehenpossibility of knowledge.
sion was impossible, but j^et there was a clearness'
about some impressions that gives a conviction oi
*
'
their truth.
The
latter thesis
while Book
'
The
importance to them.
Antiochus could only maintain his position by
less
The Ethics
of Aris-
complete
seem
;;
INTRODUCTION
templation and that though for this a modicum of
externa! goods is needed, these are but indispensable
conditions, and in no way constituent parts, of the
Chief Good.
;
The
fact
is
It must be
admitted that de Finibus declines in interest when it
comes to deal with contemporary thought. Not only
does the plan of the work necessitate some repetition
in Book V of arguments already rehearsed in Book IV
but Antiochus's perversion of preceding systems
impairs alike the criticism of the Stoics and the
presentation of his
own
ethical doctrine.
Text.
XXV
INTRODUCTION
and of the inferior group are usually given. But no
attempt is made to present a complete picture of
the state of the MSS., for which the student must
go to Madvig.
MSS.
tions.
Objects
of Desire and
Gent.,
P.,
revised
* A text and
French translation by Jules Martha was
pubhshed 192S-30 (Societe d'^dition les belles Lettres/
'
INTRODUCTION
The fullest treatment in English of the subjects
dealt with in de Fhubiis will be found in Zeller's
Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics and Eclectics.
Zeller's
monumental work requires supjilementintr especially
in resjard to Stoicism.
Recent books of value are
Arnold's Rowan Stoicisyn, Hicks's <S'/o/c and Epicurean,
and Bevan's Stoics and Sceptics. Reid's edition of
Academica is a mine of information about Cicero's
philosophical work.
For the sources, a selection for
beginners is Adam's Texts to Illustrate Greek P/iilosopln/
after Aristotle.
\V.
lectures on de Fiuihus
ethical theory.
first
aroused
my
interest in
In revising this work for re-issue I had the advantage of consulting the late Professor J. S. Reid's
learned commentarv on Books I and II, published
For Books IIl-IV, 43, I derived valuable aid
1925.
from his MS. notes, kindly lent me by Mrs. Ueid, and
for the rest from his published translation
of course
neither can be assumed to represent his final views.
The loss of a complete edition from so great a Ciceronian and student of the post-Aristotelian schools is
much to be deplored. The Latin text is unaltered
;
H.
R.
1930.
this text is based on A for Books I-IV and for
Books IV, V, on R (Rottendorfianus, I2th c, closely
related to A, and collated by Schiche for his Teubner
edition, 1915).
Both JNIartha and Schiche place only
limited confidence in B and E.
Paris)
-^^^'^^
"/
^^^f^''^'"^^-
CICERO DE FINIBUS
BOOK
M. TULLII CICERONIS
FINIBUS
DE
BONORUM ET MALORUM
LIBER PRIMUS
I.
Non eram
nescius, Brute^
in-
mone
mandaremus,
Nam quibusdam,
curreret.
dum
indoctis,
cum
batus videretur et
iis
Qui
esset
liber
cum
accusata
et
et tibi pro-
non
ne movere hominum
Qui autem^ si
posse.
This book was called Horteusius, and formed an introduction to Cicero's philosophical writing's. Fragments only
are extant.
!>
DE FINIBUS
BOOK
1
My
alread}'
Preface: choice
defended'
handled
Greek,
is
Greek
literature
judgment encouraged me
to
undertakings for 1 did not wish to be thought incapable of sustaining the interest that I had aroused.
b2
3
;
CICERO DE FINIBUS
maxime hoc placeat^ moderatius tamen id volunt
difficileni
fieri,
niodum constituant
quam
sit
mediocritatein desiderent.
perveniri potest^
in reque eo
modus
pulcherrimum.
Eteniui
cum
si
id
quod quae-
delectamur
cum
Nam
modum
statuat
isti curiosi,
illiberali
labore
qui se Latina
non
i. i.
17.
BOOK
I.
i-ii
into
CICERO DE FINIBUS
quod
reiciat
iisdem
se
Synephebos ego^
in-
ut,
cum Sophocles
vel
'
optime
scripserit Electraui,
Atili
sit.
Rudem enim
Milii
quidem
nulli satis
Utinam ne
nihilo
An
nemore
in
Quid
si
iis
iis
quae
neque
Nam si
dicent ab
quidem Graecos
legendi sunt.
missum
est cur
Licinius
sint
Quid enim
in Stoicis.^
The opening
Medea 3!.
a
illis
of Ennius's
Medea Exsul,
cp. Euripides,
BOOK
I.
ii
same passage
in the Greek,
CICERO DE FINIBUS
tipatrum^ Mnesarchum, Panaetium^ multos alios, in
primisque familiarem nostrum Posidonium.
Quid?
Theophrastus mediocriterne delectat cum tractat
locos ab Aristotele ante tractatos ? Quid ? Epicurei num
desistunt de iisdem, de quibus et ab Epicuro scriptum
est et ab antiquis, ad arbitrium suum scribere ? Quodsi
Graeci leguntur a Graecis, iisdem de rebus alia ratione
compositis, quid est cur nostri a nostris non legantur?
III.
Quamquam si plane sic verterem Platonem
7
aut Aristotelem ut verterunt nostri poetae fabulas,
male, credo, mererer de meis civibus si ad eorum
cognitionem divina ilia ingenia transferrem. Sed id
neque feci adhuc nee mihi tamen ne faciam interdictum puto. Locos quidem quosdam, si videbitur,
transferam, et maxime ab iis quos modo nominavi,
cum incident ut id apte fieri possit; ut ab Homero
Nee vero, ut
Ennius, Afranius a Menandro solet.
noster Lucilius, recusabo quo minus omnes mea
legant.
Utinam esset ille Persius! Scipio vero et
Rutilius multo etiam magis; quorum ille indicium
reformidans Tarentinis ait se et Consentinis et
Siculis scribere. Facete is quidem, sicut alia
sed
neque tarn docti tum erant ad quorum indicium
elaboraret, et sunt illius scripta leviora, ut urbanitas
Ego autem
8 summa appareat, doctrina mediocris.
quem timeam lectorem, cum ad te, ne Graecis qui;
alia
Mdv.
alias
MSS.
'
'
BOOK
I.
ii-iii
sentia
and
Sicily.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
dem cedentem in philosopliia^ audcam scribere?
Quamquam a te ipso id quidem facio provocatus
gratissimo mihi libvo quem ad me de virtute misisti.
Sed ex eo credo quibusdam usu venire ut abhorreant
a
quod inciderint
Latinis,
in inculta
dum modo
et
de iisdem rebus ne
verbis
electis
legat
quaedam
horrida,
Graecum
dici velit^ ut a
Quem quidem
sale
idem
Lucilius^
Graecum
te,
omni
et
Albuci,
quam Romanum
at que
Sabinum,
Municipem
hominum
Praeclarorum
ac
primoi'um signife-
rumque,
Maluisti dici ; Graece ergo praetor Athenis,
inquam,
cum ad me
Tite
'
accedis, saluto
Lictores,
turma omnis
cohorsque ^
*Xaipe,
Tite!'
Hinc
mi Albucius, hinc
hostis
inimicus."
^
10
cohorsgue
Manutws, Mdv.
chorusqxie,
MSS.
BOOK
I.
iii
Your man of
ton
and
taste disclaims!
Who
And
And
in the
so, at
'
'
11
CICERO DE FINIBUS
10 Sed
sit
Non
dium.
Ego autem
Mucins.
iiire
unde hoc
est
omnino
rerum
fasti-
quam Graecam.
Quando enim
quam
fuit
quern
nobis, vel
poetis, postea
imitarentur,
quidem
orationis
ullus
vel
peviculis
in
quantumcumque possum,
in eo
quoque elaborare ut
meo
nee
cum
istis
modo
malint,
legant
ilia
ipsa,
ne simulent, et
habent,
autem
quod
illas
alia
non magno
malunt
desiderent.
opei*e
tamen qui
litteris
Qui
debent,
si
vita suppetet
mandamus
ad legendum
^
iis
suas
et
si
his
Quid
est
enim
in
mirari non
MSS.
-
archaistic).
12
(c.
indie,
slightly
BOOK
I.
iii-iv
But for
10 Mucius's sarcasm was however deserved.
my part I can never cease wondering what can be
the origin of the exaggerated contempt for home proIt would of course
ducts that is now fashionable.
my
be out of place to attempt to prove it here, but
opinion, as I have often argued, the Latin language,
my
1 1
toils and dangers I have undergone, so it is assuredly incumbent on me also to use my best
endeavours, with such zeal, enthusiasm and energy
as I possess, to promote the advancement of learning
among my fellow-countrymen. Nor need I be greatly
concerned to join issue witii any who jircfer to read
Greek, provided that they actually do read it and do
It is my business to
not merely pretend to do so.
serve those who desire to enjoy literature in both
languages, or who, if books in their own are available, do not feel any great need of Greek ones.
Tiiose again who would rather have me write on
other subjects may fairly be indulgent to one who
has written much already in fact no one of our
and who perhaps will write still more
nation more
And even were it not so,
if his life be prolonged.
anyone who has been a careful student of my philosophical writings will pronounce that none of them supreme imiK
tance of ethics
are better worth reading than the present treatise,
13
CICERO DE FINIBUS
quaerendum quam cum omnia
philosophia^
finisj
tum
id
quod
consilia referenda;
summum
ex rebus expeten-
cum
num
in
sit
inter doctissimos
summa
tribuat,
12 verissimum
in
re
omni munere
optimum
vitae
An^
exquirere?
sit
Qua de
partus
et
ancillae
P.
civitatis,
iisque
M. Brutus
est et
acutum genus
dissentiet (quod et
inutile,
nosque ea scripta
legemus)
haec
neglegentur?
quae vitam
Nam
ut sint
omnem
ilia
Quamquam
continent
vendibiliora,
id
quidem
haec
licebit
13
V.
Ut autem a
^litteris:
It
sumus.
facillimis ordiamur,
prima veniat
libris.
BOOK
For what problem does
I.
iv-v
life offer
so important as
all
Legal
the entire range of conduct be neglected ?
subjects are no doubt more poj)ular, but philosophy
However,
unquestionably richer in interest.
is
this is a point that may be left to the reader to
decide.
In the present work we believe we
have given a more or less exhaustive exposition
of the whole subject of the
The book
is
15
CICERO DE FINlBUS
in
medium Epicuri
quam a nobis
est;
ipsis
ratlo^
intelleges expositam^ ut ab
sic
Verum enim
tius explicari.
non
soleat accura-
de voluptate^ a meque
ei
responsum^
cum
C. Triarius,
It interesset.
Nam cum
ad
me
in
Cumanum
salutandi
litteriSj
deinde
omnia
te^ sicut
liberavisse
et
bene beateque
nostrum Triarium,
Nam
a philosophoj
16
si
afFerat
si
BOOK
I.
11
(-i-ii
CICERO DE FINIBUS
non habeatj non admodum
aeque satisfacit\ et quidem
hoinineSj
tot sententiae';
Quamobrem tandem/'
Re mihi non
Sed quot
flagitem.
locis pluribus.
igitur
falli
non
inquit,
possumus."
satisfacit? te
Nisi
noris."
cum mihi
audivi,
dicat
Phaedi'um/'
milii
ille
inquam^
quorum utrumque
putas,
nihil
frequenter audi\
i,
cum
miraretur
cum
ille
Attico nostro
quidem utrum-
que,
erat
umquam
neque
quid probarem."
VI.
17
'
Quid
igitur
est?"
maxime
Democritea
inquit;
audire
enim
Principio/' inquam,
gloriatur,
dicit,
primum
in
totus est
ita
Ille
quo
nihil
nee
nee intimum
summum
nee extremum
sit, ita
ferri
ut con-
18
BOOK
I.
v-vi
his
'
Oh,"
16 really
said
I,
opinions well
enough, unless you think that Phaedrus or Zcno
did not tell me the truth. 1 have lieard both of them
lecture, though to l)e sure they convinced me of
nothing but their own devotion to the sjstem. Indeed I regularly attended those professors, in company with our friend Atticus, who for his part liad an
admiration for them both, and a positive affection for
Phaedrus. Everj^ day we used to discuss together in
private what we had heard at lecture, and there was
never any dispute as to what I could understand
the question was, what I could accept as true."
Well then, what is the point?" said he; I Cicero states
VI.
17
should very much like to know wliat it is that you Epicurusf
disagree with."
Let me begin," I replied, "with tl^,^^'"P'.
Philosophy IS
/v'
I-.1
V
T^
the subject ot Natural rhilosoi)iiy, which is Epicurus s cither not new
'^ ' '"^"'^'
particular boast. Here, in the first place, he is entirely
second-hand. His doctrines are those of Demoeritus,
with a very few modifications. And as for the latter,
I
"
11-
where he attempts
my opinion he
to
improve upon
his original, in
CICERO DE FINIBUS
ea quae sint quacque cernantur omnia;
motum atomorum
18 tempore
eumque
convenire.
intellegi
Epicurus autem;, in
quam
utriusque
efficiatur,
alterum quae
vis sit
quae quidque
reliquerunt.
propriae ruinae
censet enim
eadem
ilia
efficiat,
efficiendi
illae
Epicuii
individua et
esse
numquam
fore
atomum
declinare dixit
fieri
minus;
ita effici
rem commenticiam
complexiones et copulationes et
Quae cum
ne
quidem^ quod
efficit
ad libidinem
sine causa,
20
vult.
fingitur (ait
quo
1
Nam
tum
et ipsa declinatio
quam
fieri
quid-
BOOK
I.
vi
21
CICERO DE FINIBUS
quam
motum naturalem
20
Nam
si
cohaerescent
recte
est.
nutu
ferentui*^
primum
erit
eadem
atomorum
(in
inde
efficere
aliquid
non
ilia
esse
putavisset
poterit.
si
discere maluisset
Sol
in
geometriaque perfecto
tum enim
21
tan-
Ita
ei'ScoXa
quam
illo
est,
et
infinitio
tum
in-
intereant
22
BOOK
I.
vi
thing taking place uncaused. Then also he gratuitously deprives the atoms of what he himself declared
to be the natural motion of all heavy bodies, namely,
movement
23
CICERO DE FINIBUS
mihi nullo
modo
probantur,
ceteris^
ab hoc^ qui
Quae
cotidie.
etsi
22
lam
VII.
quidem
dus
XoyiKi')
dicitur, iste
est.
quae est
de dividendo ac
probatum
falsi
23
indicia
semel aliquid
rerum
falsi
in
pro vero
sit,
putat.
si
... Confirmat
autem
natura, ut ait
ille,
et dolorem.
Ad
illud vel
maxime quod
ipsa
voluptatem
Quod quamquam
Aristippi est
tamen
Ac
fieri
et
potest
ita prorsus existimo, neque eum Torquatum qui hoc primus cognomen invenit^ aut torquem
ut errem; sed
invenit B,
cum
invetierit
A and
inf.
MSS.
24
lost.
BOOK
I.
For
existence every day.
these doctrines altogether;
vi-vii
my own
part I reject
I could wish
everyone else applauds^ had
but
still
as his sole
guide.
VII. "
Aristippus, and
frankly by the
it is
25
CICERO DE FINIBUS
conflixisse
Quod
cum
ipsi
naturae patrioque
24
fuit,
in
cum
illam severitatem in eo
filio
quem
adhibuit
Macedonum
legatis accusantibus
nuntiaret
suum
numquid tibi videtur de voluptatibus
cogitavisse? Sed ut omittam pericula^ labores,
iit
quam
2.'5
dentur leviora
deserere ullam
offici
partem, ad ea quae
lioc
moria voluptatis
enim
affert
Nee mihi
illud dixeris
Numquam
hoc
ita
ilia
Haec
Tovquatis.
2G
perciissit
T. edd.
Mdv.
perciisscrit
from Liv.
epit.
54
MSS.
L. iMSS.
BOOK
I.
vii
of pleasure. Indeed in sentencing liis son to be beheadedj it would seem tliat he actually deprived
himself of a great deal of pleasure for he sacrificed
his natural instincts of paternal affection to the
;
24-
summoned him
answer to the
charge preferred against him by a deputation from
Macedonia, of accepting bribes while praetor in that
when, after hearing both sides of the case,
province
he gave judgment that he found his son guilty of
having conducted himself in office in a manner unworthy of his ancestry, and banished him for ever
from his sight, think j'ou he had any regard for his
own pleasure? But I pass over the dangers, the
toils, the actual pain that all good men endure for
country and for friends, not onlj' not seeking pleasure, but actually renouncing pleasures altogether,
and preferring to undergo everj' sort of pain rather
than be f;ilse to an\' portion of their dutj\ Let us
turn to matters seemingly less important, but equally
25 conclusive. What actual pleasure do you, Torquatus,
or does Triarius liere, derive from literature, from
history and learning, from turning the pages of the
poets and committing vast quantities of verse to
lie
CICERO DE FINIBUS
aut
ista didicisset.
ab
illo,
quod
allicit
putant
ita
Nam si concederetur,
habeat.
everti
si ita
res se
quod minime
ille
vult, expetenda.
26
"^
Haec
ctior (est
equidem aut
enim, quod
lantur), aut
ce-
necesse
De
igitur Epicuri
tero vellem
est,
non
ne deterruisset
alios a studiis.
Quamqiiani
Quae cum
VIII.
carem quam ut
arridens
ipse loquerer^
Tu quidem,"
paene e philosophorum
choi-o
habuit.
primum
2S
Quid
sustulisti.
fecit.
Voluptatem cum
in eo ipso
ei
intelle-
deteriora
Triai'ius leniter
totum Epicurum
voluit,
tum
inquit,
parum
Si
qua
in
iis
corrigere
Disserendi artem
nullam
summum bonum
diceret,
vidit,
BOOK
I.
vii-viii
men
are Epicureans,
though
why
so
many
'
he
he
on
is
its
deficient
deterring you."
'><=
CICERO DE FINIBUS
alienum
27
disti
et
ille
inquam^
eius a
Fieri/'
fuisse."
Triari, nullo
non probes
Addi-
melius.
quo
Quid enim
me
probarem quae
ille
dissentias.
si
diceret?
28
TumTorquatus:
Solent."
ad haec^
nisi
molestum
me/' inquanij
cturum
fuisse
"
Utrum
igitur percurri
alias
rum
et
et
explicabo
quidem
omnem
Epi-
Tuo vero
id quidem/'
arbitratu. "
unam rem
An
nisi te
?
est^
eamque maximam de
tibi et
magnitudinem
physicis
probabo, et Democriti
Nunc dicam de
SO
MSS.
tamen
Certe/'
BOOK
I.
vui
di> said
loi'quatus; it is impossible to de- Epicurus's
bate without criticizing, but it is equally impossible defence,
to debate properly with ill-temper or obstinacy. But
I have something I should like to saj' in replj'^ to all
this, if it will not weary you."
Do you suppose,"
said I,
that I should have said what 1 have, unless
I wanted to hear you ? "
Then would you like me
to make a rapid review of the whole of Epicurus's
sj'stem, or to discuss the single topic of pleasui'e,
which is the one main subject of dispute?"
Oh," discussion to
I said,
that must be for you to decide."
Very EUiics.
well then," said he,
this is what I will do, I will
expound a single topic, and tliat the most important.
Natural Philosophy we will postpone though I will
undertake to prove to j'ou both your swerve of the
atoms and size of the sun, and also that very many errors
of Democritus w'ere criticized and corrected by Epicurus. But on the present occasion I will speak about
pleasure ; not that I have anything original to contribute, yet I am confident that what I say will command even your acceptance."
Be assured," I said,
,
'
31
CICERO DE FINIBUS
pertinax non ero tibique^ si mihi probabis
ea quae dices^ libenter assentiar." " Probabo/' inquit,
inquam,
29
modo
ista
aequitate
sis
gari."
IX.
dicere exorsus
agam
sic
est.
ut ipsi
quale
sit id
mus
procedat
oratio.
Quaeri-
esse
SO
instituit
sit
docere
sic
Omne
summo
malum et quanidque facere nondum de-
tum
possit a se repellere
negat
Itaque
disputatione
opus
quamobrem
giendus dolor
sit.
ratione
esse
voluptas
neque
expetenda, fu-
nihil
tantum
oportere
exquisitis
satis esse
rationibus
tum conclusionemque
rationis
et inter
S2
haec
mediocrem
altera occulta
MSS
BOOK
I.
viii-ix
We are inquiring.
the logical method of procedure.
then, what is tlie final and ultimate Good, which as
all philosophers are agreed must be of such a nature
as to be the End to which all other things are
means, while it is not itself a means to anything
This Epicurus finds in pleasure; pleasure he
else.
holds to be the Chief Good, pain the Chief Evil.
30 This he sets out to prove as follows Every animal,
as soon as it is born, seeks for pleasure, and delights
in it as the Chief Good, while it recoils from pain as
the Chief Evil, and so far as possible avoids it. This
it does as long as it remains unperverted, at the
prompting of Nature's own unbiased and honest
verdict. Hence Epicurus refuses to admit any necessity for argument or discussion to prove that pleasure
is desirable and pain to be avoided.
These facts,
he thinks, are perceived by the senses, as that fire
is hot, snow white, honey sweet, none of which
things need be proved by elaborate argument it is
enough merely to draw attention to them. (For there
is a diffei'ence, he holds, between formal syllogistic
proof of a thing and a mere notice or reminder:
the former is the method for discovering abstruse
D
33
:
Pleasure the
pj^oved by'^the
universal instinct
sbuVpala.*"
CICERO DE FINIBUS
quaedam
aperta indicari.
Etenim quoniam
prompta
tt
detractis de ho-
autem quidam
malum
Sunt
dolorem ?
bonum
sit
aut quid
intellegi posse et
petendam
et
cum
Alii
autem,
a pbilosophis compluribus
sit
nu-
Sed ut
X.
32
sit
perspiciatis
unde omnis
iste
natus error
explicabo.
voluptas
sit
illo
inventore
Nemo enim
ipsam
voluptatem
quia
tem
'
sequi nesciunt.
indUari
34
inf.
MS.
indicari
qui do-
BOOK
I.
ix-x
and
and pain
in
and
in
is
for itself
111
,>
v2
35
CICERO DE FINIBUS
lorem ipsum quia dolor
velitj
ut labore et dolore
magnam aliquam
quaerat volupta-
tem.
uUam
exercitationem
nisi
sit
ut aliquid ex ea
quis nostrum
commodi consequatur?
Quis
autem
vel
quidem rerum
facilis est et
libero tempore,
cumque
nihil
cum
Et harum
expedita distinctio.
Nam
Temporibus autem
est, omnis dolor repellendus.
quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint
et molestiae
non recusandae.
S4
'
sententiam, quid
est
moriter
36
et
benevole
BOOK
I.
just
now were
historically correct,
and
also
showed
collegisti
CICERO DE FINIBUS
nee me tamen laudandis maioribiis
corrupisti nee
Quorum
segniorem ad respondendum
facta
quemadmodum,
meis
reddidisti.
quaeso, infcerpretaris
tarn
commodis
At
suis cogitarent?
faciunt, ut ita
et impetus
id
ne ferae quidem
tarn
mox
ob aliquam causam
ista,
ne
iis
Toi-quem dctraxit
interiret.-
hosti.
Et quidem
et caritatem,
degendae praesidia
vit.
Si
se texit
Laudem
si
sine
est consecutus?
firmissima.
causa, nollem
me
ab eo ortum, tam
exercitumque in gravis-
late patet.
In quo enim
maxime
38
BOOK
the same
I.
am
of
my familj', and
j'ou Avill
CICERO DE FINIBUS
commemorandis eorumque
non emolumento
factis
aliquo
Xf.
37
dixi
constituto, ut
susci-
gratia.
factis illustribus
Erit
enim iam
Nunc autem
quae qualisque
ipsa
imperitorum
delicata,
quam
sit,
explicabo voluptas
ut tollatur error
intellegaturque
ea
quae
omnis
voluptai'ia,
quam gravis,
Non enim banc
habeatur disciplina
mollis
continens,
quam
severa
sit.
maximam voluptatem
sed
omni dolore
cipitur
illam
detracto.
percipitur sensibus,
Nam
quoniam, cum
omne autem
cum
id
quo gaudemus
dolor), doloris
est volupta^
Ut enim,
in
omni re
40
BOOK
I.
and
praising
in
their
x-xi
actions,
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
58 voluptatis.
quiddam
summam
etiam
quemadmodum
videi'etur,
eum
sit affectus^
esse
enim
cum omni
verum
esse
voluptatem.
doloi'is
medium
summam voluptatem,
59 amplificarique non
At etiam Athenis,
possit.
ut a
quae manus
manu,
significet
sic affecta
rat?'
quemadmodum
Nihil
sane.'
desideraret.'
ptas bonum.'
aiebat
si
At
afFecta
in
esse
liac
nunc
est,
Non
est
igitur
tua,
deside-
si
Ita credo.'
loqui posset,
Cyrenaicos
ilium
Numquidnam manus
rogatiuncula delectatum:
est
volu-
pater
enim contra
ad Epicurum.
Nam
si
dicam, et ad eos
retur,
cum
42
primum
est,
tibi recte,
motu
ulla pars
voluptatis.
Sin
Chrysippe, concessum
est,
BOOK
I.
xi
4:^
niliil
CICERO DE FINIBUS
dcsiderare manum cum ita esset affecta.
dum non
recte,
desideraturam.
si
bonum,
esset
secunfuisse
Idcirco
voluptas
id in voluptate est.
Extremum
XII.
quem magnis,
animo
quem tandem hoc statu praestabiliorem aut magis expetendum possimus dicere? Inesse enim necesse est in eo qui ita sit afFectus et
nee impendente
ll
cum
voluptates
praeteritas
assidua recordatione
possit^
magnitudinem
diuturnitatem allevatio'consoletur.
celei'itas^
quo melius
numen
patiatur
effluere
sit/ accedere?
levius
fore
ea
earumque
laetetur,
Statue contra
Ad
horreat nee
aliquando^
nulla
ali-
doloribus
nulla spe
praeterea
Quod
maxime
malum
est vivere
fugienda
cum
dolore
est
44
si
vita doloribus
summum
profecto
taneum
vivere.
*qno fnclius
est,
sit
Muller
giwd melius
sit
BOOK
I.
xi-xii
hand
following illustration.
Let us imagine a man living
1
1
,
^
in the contmuous enjoyment ot numerous and vivid
pleasures alike of bodj' and of mind, undisturbed
either by the presence or by the prospect of pain
what possible state of existence could we describe as
being more excellent or more desirable? One so
situated must possess in the first place a strength of
mind that is proof against all fear of death or of
pain ; he will know that death means complete unconsciousness, and that pain is generally light if long
and short if strong, so that its intensity is compensated by brief duration and its continuance by
diminishing severitj'.
Let such a man moreovei
have no dread of any supernatural power; let him
never suffer the pleasures of the past to fade away,
.
but constantly renew their enjoyment in recollecand his lot will be one which will not admit
tion,
of further improvement. Suppose on the other hand
a person crushed beneath the heaviest load of mental
and of bodily anguish to which humanity is liable.
Grant him no hope of ultimate relief in view
also give him no pleasure either present or in
Can one describe or imagine a more pitiprospect.
If then a life full of pain is the thing
able state?
most to be avoided, it follows that to live in pain is
the highest evil and this position implies that a life
of pleasure
is
In fact the
mind
45
Pleasure proved
by^e.\treme
cases of happi<^5s ^'^'^ misery
CICERO DE FINIBUS
consistcat
tamquam
in extremo^
omnesque
et
metus et
angere.
omnino
42
gerendarum
reruni
initia proficiscuntur
Quod cum
omnes
cum
perspicuum
voluptate vivatur.
summum
ita sit^
aut a volu-
vel
ultimum
vel
summum
esse
bonum iucunde
vivere.
XIII.
Epicurum audire
errore maximo,
si
buntur.
Istae
virtutes
nisi
voluptatem
voliierint, libera-
efficerent,
ipsius
artis
aut
eas
quis
Ut enim
bonae
sed
utilitate,
non
arte
non expeteretur
quod
est
si
tamquam
4ti
pain
of.
bod}'
efficeret;
nunc
expetitiir
compa-
43 randae voluptatis.
ai. c.
nihil
artifex conquirendae et
its strict
volu-
sense,
BOOK
I.
xii-xiii
upon -which
it can rest as
eveiy sorrow can be traced back
to pain^; there is no other thing besides pain which
is of its own nature capable of causing either anxiety
finah
42
Every
fear^
or distress.
" Pleasure
means
,,,''
^^^'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
ptatem iam
oratio mea.)
videtis^
Nam cum
et
detractis et
omnium
non
sinat
potestj
qua praeceptrice
omnium cupiditatum
in tranquillitate
aidore restincto.
vivi
Cupi-
Ex
cupiditatibus
Nee eae
se foris
in alios
ex quo
vitam amarissimam necesse est effici, ut sapiens solum, amputata circumcisaque inanitate omni et errore,
naturae finibus contentus sine aegritudine possit et
BOOK
I.
xiii
44'
and
45 by
error,
fear,
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
quod
4-6
et para-
sit
inanium autem cupiditatum nee modus ullus nee tinis inveiiiri potest.
XR'. Quod si vitam omnem perturbari videmus
errore et inscientia sapientianique esse solam quae nos
a libidinum inipetu et a formidinum terrore vindicet et
ipsius fortunae modice ferre doceat iniurias et omnes
monstret vias quae ad quietem et tranquillitatem
ferantj quid est cur dubitemus dicere et sapientiam
et terminatas habet;
biles
53
what
is
'
natural
oCre di'ayKaiai,
'
Diogenes Laertius
50
10.
149.
yivdfievai.
Epicuru.s in
BOOK
I,
xiii-xiv
'
to
we
Temperance;
CICERO DE FINIBUS
suum iudicium
qui
id
maximam
ii
voluptatem
non
faciant, incidant in
Ex quo
maiorem.
si
id
intelle-
49
XV.
Eadem fortitudinis ratio reperietur. Nam
neque laborum perfunctio neque perpessio dolorum
'
per se ipsa
vigiliae
allicit,
quidem, sed
ista
vamus animumque
mus
et corpus
molestia liberemus.
vi-
multi
parentes,
plerique
autem
se
amicos,
ipsos
nonnulli
patriam,
angore,
cum
et
affecti
maximos morte
jiarvos
placeat,
52
si
tamquam
si
tolerabiles
vita,
e theatro exeamus.
cum
sint
ea non
Quibus rebus
BOOK
I.
xiv-xv
own
it
sake, Avhile
renounces
Temperance
pleasures,
is
but because
it
procui'es
greater pleasures.
XV. ''The same account will be found to hold good Cournge;
49
The performance of labours, the underof Courage,
going of pains, are not in themselves attractive, nor
are endurance, industry, watchfulness, nor yet tiiat
much lauded virtue, perseverance, nor even courage;
but we aim at these virtues in order to live without
anxietj'
many men
some
their country,
themselves.
lofty spirit
is
intellegitur
voluptatem.
50
XVI.
lustitia
sed similia
fei'e dici
possunt.
Ut enim
sapientiam.
taeque sunt, sic improbitas si^ cuius in mente consedit, hoc ipso quod adest turbulejita est; si vero
molita quidpiam est, quamvis occulte fecerit, nuni'
quam tamen
51
iudex; multi etiam, ut te consule, ipsi se indicaveQuod si qui satis sibi contra hominum conrunt.
scientiam saepti esse et muniti videntur, deorum
54
BOOK
tliat
I.
xv-xvi
timidit}'
courage
account; the former are rejected because they
beget pain, the latter coveted because they beget
pleasure.
50
tlie list
55
justice or
Kigi^teousness.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
molestias accessio potest
cum
quanta ad augendas
fieri,
legum odioque
Et tamen in quibusdam neque pecuniae
modus est neque honoris neque imperi nee libidinum
nee epularum nee reliquarum cupiditatum, quas nulla
conscientia factorum turn poena
civium?
umquam improbe
praeda
quam dedocendi
esse
videantur.
Neque homini
infanti
effecerit,
si
quod aptissimum
ciliant et,
cai'itatem; praesertim
peccandi
est
ad quiete vivendum,
cum omnino
nulla
sit
inanes sunt,
lis
parendum non
causa
profici-
quae autem
est, nihil
enim de-
menti
est
iniuria.
plurimum
dum
Nam
afferat.
est propterea
pleniorem
diligi et
carum
esse iucun-
efficit.
MSS.
cuius in
[infiaminat
56
BOOK
I.
xvi
towards lessening the annoj'ances of life, commensurate with its effect in increasing them, owing to
the burden of a guilty conscience, the penalties of
the law and the hatred of one's fello^^s ? Yet nevertheless some men indulge Avithout limit their avarice,
ambition and love of power, lust, gluttony and
those other desires, which ill-gotten gains can never
diminish but rather must inflame the more; insomuch that they appear proper subjects for restraint
rather than for reformation. Men of sound natures,
therefore, are summoned by the voice of true reason
For one without
to justice, equity and honesty.
eloquence or resources dishonesty is not good policj',
since it is difficult for such a man to succeed in his
designs, or to make good his success when once
achieved.
On the other hand, for the rich and
clever generous conduct seems more in keeping,
and liberality wins them affection and good will, the
surest means to a life of peace especially as there
since the
reallj' is no motive for transgressing
desires that spring from nature are easily gratified
Avithout doing any man Avrong, while those that are
imaginarj' ought to be resisted, for they set their
affections upon nothing that is really wanted while
there is more loss inherent in Injustice itself than
Hence Justice
there is profit in the gains it brings.
also cannot correctly be said to be desirable in and
for itself; it is so because it is so highly productive
For esteem and affection are gratiof gratification.
fying, because they render life safer and fuller of
Hence we hold that Unrighteousness is
pleasure.
to be avoided not simply on account of the disadvantages that result from being unrighteous, but
even far more because when it dwells in a man's
57
;
CICERO DE FINIBUS
animo versatur^ numquam
tem
tr.
after tamen
by Robin.
58
BOOK
heart
it
never
suffers
I.
him
xvi-xvii
to breathe freely or
know
a moment's rest.
" If then even the glory of the \'irtues, on which
the
all
other philosophers
love
to
expatiate
so
meaning unless
Good and
and
final
else
than a
XVII.
life
that a
life
of happiness
is
nothing
of pleasure.
The
Mental pleasures
59
CICERO DE FINIBUS
dere malum nobis opinemur.
malorum memoria torquentur; sapientes bona praeterita grata recordatione renovata delectant.
Est
et
apertam et
Cum enim
certe nihil
quam
nihil
praetermittatur
BOOK
I.
xvu-xviii
the same consideration may be transferred to pleasure a pleasure is greater if not accompanied by any
56 apprehension of evil. This therefore clearly appearSj that intense mental pleasure or distress contributes more to our happiness or misery than a
bodily pleasure or pain of equal duration. (4) But "vve
do not agree that when pleasure is -withdrawn uneasiness at once ensues, unless the pleasure happens
to have been replaced by a pain while on the other
hand one is glad to lose a pain even though no active
sensation of pleasure comes in its place a fact that
serves to show how great a pleasure is the mere
57 absence of pain.
(0) But just as we are elated by
the anticipation of good things, so we are delighted
by their recollection. Fools are tormented by the
memory of former evils wise men have the delight
of renewing in grateful remembrance the blessings
of the past.
We have the power both to obliterate
our misfortunes in an almost perpetual forgetfulness
and to summon up pleasant and agreeable memories
of our successes. But when we fix our mental vision
closely on the events of tlie past, then sorrow or gladness ensues according as these were evil or good.
XVIII. "Here is indeed a royal road to happiness a life of enjoyFor clearly man can ^^j^^ "f v?/tue,'^
open, simple, and direct
have no greater good than complete freedom from and vice versa.
pain and sorrow coupled with the enjoj'ment of the
highest bodily and mental pleasures. Notice then
how the theory embraces every possible enhancement
of life, every aid to the attainment of that Chief
Good which is our object. Epicurus, the man whom
you denounce as a voluptuary, cries aloud that no
one can live pleasantly without living wisely, honourably and justly, and no one wisely, honourably and
61
:
CICERO DE FINIBUS
58 Neque enim
ci vitas in
in discordia
se ipse
Atqui
59 Quod
quieti
nihil
si
videre, nihil
tranquilli
potest.
impeditur,
quanto
immensae
magis
animi
morbis
necesse est!
impediri
cupiditates
ficiuntque curis
dolendum
esse
hominum non
animo quod
sit
intellegentium
niliil
62
/ Mdv.
with
MSS.
BOOK
xviii
I.
63
Control of the
sofe rod to
happiness.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
levoli, invidij difficileSj lucifugi, maledici^ monstrosij^
alii
iidem intemperantes et
ob
causas in eorum vita nulla est intercapedo molestiae.
Igitur neque stultorum quisquam beatus neque sapientium non beatus. Multoque hoc melius nos veriusque quam Stoici. Illi enim negant esse bonum quid-
ignavi,
quam
numquam
honestura, non
contentam.
62
XIX.
dici
non
Sic
C4
{novorponoi)
Martha.
BOOK
I.
xviii-xix
substantial
her
62
own
sufficient happiness.
At the same time this Stoic doctrine can be The wise Man
^pp^'
stated in a form which we do not object to, and in- ^^^^^
deed ourselves endorse. For Epicurus thus presents
his Wise Man who is always happy
his desires are
kept within bounds death he disregards he has a
true conception, untainted by fear, of the Divine
nature he does not hesitate to depart from life, if
Thus equipped he
that would better his condition.
enjoys perpetual pleasure, for there is no moment
when the pleasures he experiences do not outbalance
the pains since he remembers the past with gratitude, grasps the present with a full realization of its
pleasantness, and does not relj' upon the future;
he looks forward to it, but finds his true enjoyment
Also he is entirely free from the
in the present.
XIX.
65
^"j.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
maximasque ab eo
et ratione administrari
ex
infinite
omnia
iudicia
ullius
Nisi autem
6i oratione victi sententia desistemus.
rerum natura perspecta erit, nullo modo poterimus
sensuum iudicia defendere. Quidquid porro animo
'
BOOK
with by fortune
I.
xix
life,
the things
derived from a
life
is
actually'
we know
to be
Logic
is
useless;
'
based on scnsa
^'^""ca^o-'ror'^"
to us the criterion of
This science''' explains
'
truth, IS valuable
the meaning of terms, the nature of predication, and as removing the
obstacles to
_
.
11
1.
the law or consistency and contradiction secondlj', happiness.
a thorough knowledge of the facts of nature relieves
us of the burden of superstition, frees us from fear of
death, and shields us against the disturbing effects
of ignorance, which is often in itself a cause of
terrifying apprehensions
lastly, to learn what nature's real requirements are improves the moral
character also. Besides, it is only bj' firmly grasping
a well-established scientific system, observing the
Rule or Canon that has fallen as it were from heaven
only by making that
so that all men may know it
Canon the test of all our judgments, that we can
hope always to stand fast in our belief, unshaken
On the otlier hand,
Qi by the eloquence of any man.
without a full understanding of the world of
nature it is impossible to maintain the truth of our
Further, every mental presentasense-perceptions.
so that no certain
tion has its origin in sensation
knowledge will be possible, unless all sensations are
true, as the theory of Epicurus teaches that they
Those who deny the validity of sensation and
are.
say that nothing can be perceived, having excluded
67
f2
deemed
,
all-important.
^
CICERO DE FINIBUS
id
Sic e physicis
et
religionis
et
ignoratione
busque earum
modo
explicatis, et, ut
ab eodem
illo
docui, cogni-
constitute veri
XX.
65
necessarius, de amicitia,
sit
bonum
affirmatis
Epicurus quidem
ita
quam
si
voluptas
maxima
summum
;
de qua
maius amicitia,
Nee
moribus comprobavit.
fictae
tria vix
est.
de amicitia disputatum.
68
Alii,
cum
eas voluptates
BOOK
I.
xix-xx
the evidence of the senses, are unable even to expound their own argument. Besides, by abolishing
knowledge and science they abolish all possibilitj' of
Thus Natural Philosophj'
rational life and action.
supplies courage to face the fear of death resolution
to resist the terrors of rehgion peace of mind, for
it removes all ignorance of the mysteries of nature
self-control, for it explains the nature of the desires
and distinguishes their different kinds; and, as
I showed just now, the Canon or Criterion of Knowledge, which Epicurus also established, gives a method
of discerning truth from falsehood.
XX. There remains a topic that is pre-eminentlj' Friendship
65
germane to this discussion, I mean the subject of teemed by
Epicurus, as
Friendship.
Your school maintains that if pleasure
'
I
based on
^
be the Chief Good, friendship will cease to exist, utility.
Now Epicurus's pronouncement about friendship is
that of all the means to happiness that wisdom has
;
'
more
is
greater,
66 there
69
of
CICERO DE FINIBUS
quae ad amicos pertinerent negarcnt esse per se ipsas tarn expetendas quaiii nostras expeteremus, quo
tuentur tamen
discedere.
Nam cum
sit,
ratio ipsa
monet ami-
67 Atque ut
non
potest.
modo
fautrices fidelis-
quam
sibi;
Quod
quia nullo
modo
sine amicitia
firmam et perpetuam iucunditatem vitae tenere possumus neque vero ipsam amicitiam tueri nisi aeque
amicos et nosmetipsosdiligamus,idcirco et hoc ipsum
efficitur in amicitia et amicitia
Nam
et laetamur
BOOK
XX
I.
that pleasures affecting our friends are in themselves to be desired by us in the same degree as we
desire our own pleasures.
This doctrine is thought
by some critics to undermine the foundations of friendship; however, its supporters defend their position,
and in my opinion have no difficulty in making good
Tliey argue that friendship can no
their ground.
more be sundered from pleasure than can the virtues,
which we have discussed already. A solitarj-, friendless life must be beset by secret dangers and alarms.
Hence reason itself advises the acquisition of
friends; their possession gives confidence, and a
And just
67 firmly rooted hope of winning pleasure.
as hatred, jealousy and contempt are hindrances to
pleasure, so friendship is the most trustworthy preserver and also creator of pleasure alike for our
friends and for ourselves.
It affords us enjoyment
in the present, and it inspires us with hopes for the
near and distant future. Thus it is not possible to
secure uninterrupted gratification in life without
friendship, nor j'et to preserve friendship itself unless we love our friends as much as ourselves.
Hence
this unselfishness does occur in friendship, while also
friendship is closely linked with pleasure.
For we
rejoice in our friends' joy as much as in our own,
and are equallj^ pained by their sorrows. Therefore
58
the Wise Man will feel exactly the same towards his
friend as he does towards himself, and will exert
himself as much for his friend's pleasure as he would
for his own. All that has been said about the essential connexion of the virtues with pleasure must be
repeated about friendship.
Epicurus well said (I
give almost his exact words)
The same creed that
has given us courage to overcome all fear of ever:
71
CICERO DE FINIBUS
lum, quae pevspexit in hoc ipso vitae spatio amicitiae
tamen
verentur ne,
si
amicitiam pro-
Itaque primos
Quod
se ipsos diligant.
sit aptius.
Quibus ex omnibus
iudicari potest
si
summum bonum
in
amicitiae
71
XXI.
striora
naturae,
^
poterit
si
tota
72
omnem
sibi
fidem
* evenire Halm
f
correction) Clark.
* omnia dixi hausta
;
nostra
oratio
most edd.
potuerit
MSS.
dixi bracketed
by Mdv.
BOOK
6y
I.
xx-xxi
73
Peroration:
great' teacher of
mankind.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
sensibus confirmat, id est incorruptis atque integris
testibuSj
si
infantes pueri,
mutae etiam
bestiae paene
sic
tranquillae^
quietae^
beatae vitae
deduceret?
omnisque
non possunt
et
si
melius viveremus;
eas
fructuosam relinqueret?
ditus, sed
ii
tamque operosam
Non
et perinde
non
didicisse
Quae cum
sententiam
meam
dixisset^
et
Explicavi,"
inquit,
meo
est data."
74
tempus numquam
BOOK
I.
xxi
and
Was he
useful, but
make our
Was he, I
lives
pleasanter and
therefore better?
and neglect
75
CICERO DE FINIBUS
BOOK
II
M. TULLII CICERONIS
DE
FINIBUS
BONORUM ET MALORUM
LIBER SECUNDUS
endum
numero primus
ventu
est ausus
Leontinus Gorgias
in con-
qua de re quis vellet audire. Audax negotium, dicenisi hoc institutum postea translatum
ad nostros philosophos esset. Sed et ilium quem nominavi et ceteros sophistas, ut e Platone intellegi
potest, lusos^'idemus a Socrate. Is enim percontando
rem impudens,
78
elusos Reid.
DE FINIBUS
BOOK
I.
Upon
this
II
Refutation of
fcr'cicwo^*^'
to hear discussed.
should
call it
79
CICERO DE FINIBUS
autem philosophos qui
quidem iam
fit
etiam in Academia.
summum bonum/
Ubi enim
quod
is
qui
Nos
3 contraria.
commodius
solum Torquatus
Non enim
agimus.
etiam cur.
quod
velis et
ad exitum perveniri.
Cum
tamen teneas,
in
coerceas.
quaerendo quae
in formulis
II.
Hoc positum
in
via
'
rem
fuit
placere, sine
80
et
debet, ut
de quo disseratur.
definiri
quadam
primum
cuiusquemodi
quibusdam
enim fertur
non
vidit.
quo
other
fieri
fieri
oportere.
Negat enim
interdum non
MSS. apprehendas.
Phaedrus 237 B.
BOOK
II.
i-ii
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
potest ut inter eos qui ambigunt conveniat quid
id de
in
sit
dis-
putamus.
musne hoc
scire quale
cum
5 sit
sit^
nisi
finis,
quid etiam
opertaruni,
cum
quid quidque
sit
aperitur, definitio
est;
Nam
hunc ipsum
mum
sive
hoc quidem.
fortasse
si
usquam
fierent
Prae-
referretur.
Bonum ipsum
ulti-
facis
quoniam
cum
vis,
tibi
Nunc idem,
veHm
sit
molestum
definire et id
nisi
de quo
nisi
Me
mihi viderer
et in eo nutare,
eumque
82
qui
vis
BOOK
II.
ii
without this it is sometimes impossible for the disputants to agree what the subject under discussion
is
as, for example, in the case of the very question
\ve are now debating. We are trj'ing to discover the
End of Goods but how can we possibl}' know what the
nature of this is, without comparing notes as to what
we mean, in the phrase End of Goods,' by the term
'End' and also by the term Good' itself? Now this
process of disclosing latent meanings, of revealing
what a particular thing is, is the process of definition
and you yourself noAv and then unconsciously employed it. For you repeatedly defined this very
notion of End or final or ultimate aim as 'that
to which all right actions are a means while it is
Excellent so
not itself a means to anything else.'
far.
Very likely had occasion arisen j^ou would
have defined the Good itself, cither as 'the naturally
desirable,' or the beneficial,' or the delightful,' or
Well then, if you don't
just that which we like.'
mind, as you do not entirelj' disapprove of definition,
and indeed practise it when it suits your purpose, I
should be glad if you would now define pleasure, the
thing which is the subject of the whole of our preDear me," cried Torquatus, who
sent inquiry."
is there who does not know what pleasure is? Who
needs a definition to assist him to understand
it?"
I should say that I mjself was such a person," I replied, did I not believe that as a matter
of fact I do fully understand the nature of pleasure,
and possess a well-founded conception and comprehension of it. As it is, I venture to assert that
Epicurus himself does not know what pleasure is,
but is uncertain about it.
He is always harpiiTg
on the necessity of carefully sifting out the meaning
o2
83
;
CICERO DE FINIBUS
subiecta
vocibus,
sit
Turn
III.
mum,
tem
id
ut
is
Hoc
ridens:
ille
esse dicat, id
extremum,
quam,
vero/' inquit,
id
ultimum bonorum,
nesciat!"
sit
sit
tiunt
'
modo?"
quadam
perfunditur."
voluptatem," inquit,
semper,"
illud
nam interdum
inquam;
quod cibo
Non
Epicurus ignorat?"
omnes
Quonam,"
7 ditate
Atqui/' in-
voluptas aut
opti-
quod
sit
et potione et
nimis
etiam
ne intellegere quidem
ullum bonum praeter
aurium delectatione et
Quasi vero
cuntur?"
rum
aut
non
ostendere!"
facile possis,
possini
'
dubito," inquam,
Nam
cum
quin
sit
ausus.
sed,
84
BOOK
II.
ii-iii
.-*
CICERO DE FINIBUS
ficium noluisse
8
septem autem
illi
Verum hoc
sumo
loco
verbis his
eandem
dem
quod requiras?"
Quid
igitur,"
illi
referri
9 quam,
quidem," inquit,
Negat
errat;
esse
Et
nam, ut paulo
finis est
dolere," inquam,
in-
Aliud
vehcmenter
finem
iste/'
propter se expetendam."
Non
quo putet
Quid? idem
amotio."
Hieronymus
Teneo," inquit,
dolere."
didi-
te reprende-
inquam,
eam," inquit,
etqui-
Epicurum
inquit,
summum bonum,
oportere?"
videri nihil
te aut
quam
quid attuleris
si
Tenesne
omnia
quam quo
iucun17S0V7JV,
Ego quoque/'
reprensum velim."
rim."
Graece
Dieam/' inquam,
cerim libentius
Omnes enim
ceteros.
sensus hilaretur
vim vohiptatis
certe
doloris
istud
omnis
quam vim
86
dici
enim
nihil
in
potest
sitienti in bi-
BOOK
II.
iii
sense."
want } "
CICERO DE FINIBUS
bendo voluptas
Restincta
genere.
voluptatis habet,
ctionis in
Quis
"
Eademne quae
negare?"
alio
motu
ilia
istud
possit,"
inquit,
restincta siti?"
Immo
enim
sitis
stabilitatem
autem voluptas
ipsius restin-
Cur
est."
igitur,"
inquam,
"
Memini
vero,"
Latinum verbum
est,
res
Quid
inquam
dixti
"
ptatem
sed tu istuc
enim
Varietas
dis-
oratio, varii
mores,
cum
cientibus voluptates.
Earn
si
quae
sit
non
satis perspicio,
quod
in
summa
iis
esse in
effi-
ais
ista
cum
motum
IV.
^
An
potest," inquit
ille,*
inquit ilk or
88
ille
inquit MSS.;
ille
'quidquam esse
cp. 75.
Mdv. brackets.
BOOK
II.
iii-iv
increased in degree?"
'Oh,
yes, I
remember,"
'
just as
of
But
it.
or
'
out."
1
IV.
Well," he asked,
suavius
CICERO DE FINIBUS
quam nihil dolere?" "immo
sit
sane nihil
tia?"
qua
fieri
inquam,
summo bono
non dolendo
in
sit,
Quid
12 defendere?
dicam, indolen-
ita
maxima quidem,
et
"Quid
dubitas igitur/'
id
enim
necesse
in
est,
infame, suspectum.
solet a vobis,
tamquam
est,
sic
voluptatem
Invidiosum nomen
voluptatem.
si
quando dictum
etsi satis
Egone
Graece, Latine
non
quid
intellego,
voluptas'? utram
sit
tandem linguam
nescio?
vestri
quidem
vel
optime disputant,
17801');
litteras,
^
Quod
opus esse
nihil
sciant
Itaque
Cinclnnatum
bonos
voluerunt
illos
quidem
causa)
Mdv.
'
adduxerunt
90
some
inf.
MSS. ahduxerunt,
BOOK
II.
iv
Still," I There is no
freedom from pain?"
"granting there is nothing better (that understanding;
I)oint I waive for the moment), surely it does not vSovri
therefore follow that what I may call the negation translated by
of pain is the same thing as pleasure?" "Absolutely '.^]^"^^^/;''
the same," said he, indeed the negation of pain is
a very intense pleasure, the most intense pleasure
according to j'our
possible."
If then," said I,
accoimt the Chief Good consists entirelj^ in feeling
no pain, why do you not keep to this without wavering? Why do j'ou not finnly maintain this conception of the Good and no other? What need is there
pleasant than
replied,
'
the Virtues?
is
so
much
CICERO DE FINIBUS
13 erudites.
Ergo
titiam dieit,
bus
laetitiis
'
'
cam
sic
definiunt:
sublationem
magno bono
friii'),
Tanta
laetitia
auctus
ut nihil constet:
sum
but cp.
some
inf.
ut nihil constet,"
II
77,
III
22,
iS,
20
constem.
9.
'
92
BOOK
II.
iv
'
'
93
CICERO DE FINIBUS
et
eum
qui
ardet,
esse ilium
medium:
Timaeo
est in
Platonis.
si
sed de
illustri et facili et
Quamquam non
loquitur.
quid
sit
iam
in vulgus pervagata
negatis nos intellegere
ille
dicat; e
quo
efficitur
*The
first
'
'
94
BOOK
II.
iv-v
Now, now my
whom
one of
is
is
where the speaker feels neither gladness nor sorrow; and that similarly between the enjoyment of
the most desirable bodily pleasures and the endurance
of the most excruciating pains there is the neutral
state devoid of either.
15
it
is
unintelligible language.
Obscurity
is
The surname
So dark
of the Obscure
who
bore.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
non ut nos non intellegainus quae
sed ut
ille
summum bonum
facit,
ille
voluptateni putat
(sic
dolentis,
nibil
non
efficere
doloris,
in
sit in
motu/
cuiquam qui
motu
illam
quid tendit?
stabilitate')
possit ut
in
autem
cum
sit,
vim
est
afFerre,
idem
esse videatur.
Hoc
rerum
cum
tria?
unum cum
queatur:
tu
vos,
nee
in dolore
nee in voluptate
sit
autem
nem hominum
inter
Non
prorsus," inquit,
self,'
natura
sumus, alteram
in dolore, tertium
ut in voluptate
liaec esse in
in voluptate
Ergo
in
omnesque
quidem sum-
qui
reminiscence of the maxim yvwOi creanrdv, know thyinscribed on the temple of Apollo at Delphi.
'
96
BOOK
11.
multitude of persons who are feeling neither gratifiI certainly do not," said he
17 cation nor pain?"
I maintain that all who are without pain are
enjoying pleasure, and what is more the highest
form of pleasure."
Then you think that a man
who, not being himself thirsty, mixes a drink for
H
97
;
CICERO DE FINIBUS
misceat
alteri
illud sitiens
VI. Turn
mulsum
non
ipse
sitiens, et
eum
qui
bibat?"
ille:
videtur ; quod
quidem ego a
principio ita
me
si
malle
ctice disputare?"
oratio
quam
nos mavis
'
diale-
perpetua
sit."
omnem vim
hoc Stoici;
tuae dicamque
si
torica philosophorum,
necesse
1
est,
cum
non nostra
ilia
forensi,
paulo hebetiorem.
Sed
dum
dialecticam, Torquate,
omnem
et
scientiam
et
quid in quaque re
sit
sit
quidem
98
quam
Summum
Aperiendum
est
videtur, nee
ut haec ipsa
a vobis
bonum
BOOK
II.
v-vi
,,
discussing.
cureans.
h2
The Chief Good is pleasure, say you EpiWell then, you must explain what pleasure
99
CICERO DE FINIBUS
voluptas;
non
enim
aliter
Quam
potest.
aut enim
taret;
si
explicari
quod
quaeritur
explicavisset,
non
tarn haesi-
earn
movetur,
quam
si
si
ut
Omnes Uanai
alqiie M^'cenenses,
Attica pubes,
reliquique Graeci qui hoc anapaesto citantun hoc
vohqitatis
cum
coniunxit,
volu-
Multi enim et
fece-
usum cum
vitae perfe-
Callipho
adiunxit ad
si
coniunxisset
enim
cum
et,
Idem
fecisset
inter se dissentiunt
utuntur,
doloris.
Illi
summum bonum
dicit, in
ut Aristoteles;
a
100
inf.
MSS. ut
Aristoteles qui.
BOOK
II.
vi
is
otherwise
it is
impossible to
Had
all,
men
of Mycenae,
Scions of Athens,*
CICERO DE FINIBUS
summum bonum statuit non dolere, voluptatis nomine
umquam utitur pro ilia indolentia, quippe qui ne in
expetendis quidem rebus numeret voluptatem.
20
VII.
Unum
solum putes.
cum
voluptate
vos ex his
tam
unam
etiam rem
fieri
nullo
modo
ambobus debuit
dit verbis.
res quoque,
potest.
que
ibi
hoc
neque tamen
illo
non
dissimilibus rebus
Cum enim
seiunctum ab
ne tu verba
divi-
quam
quidem
se
ullum bonum
dicit ubi
at-
summo
bono.
maxime
edi-
ratas,
rum
et
102
Si
ea quae
sunt
mortis et doloris
metu docerentque
qui
BOOK
vi-vii
II.
/'I'lT
two
which
is
absolutely impossible.
Epicurus,
approving both sorts of pleasure, ought to have reas he really does in fact,
cognized both sorts
though he does not distinguish them in words. In
a number of passages where he is commending that
real pleasure which all of us call by the same name,
he goes so far as to say that he cannot even imagine
any Good that is not connected with pleasure of the
kind intended by Aristippus. This is the language
that he holds in the discourse dealing solelj^ with
Then there is anthe topic of the Chief Good.
other treatise containing his most important doctrines in a compendious form, in which we are
Here
told he uttered the very oracles of Wisdom.
he writes the following words, with which you,
Torquatus, are of course familiar (for everj' good
Epicurean has got by heart the master's Kuriai Doxai
or Authoritative Doctrines, since these brief aphorisms or maxims are held to be of sovereign efficacy
So I will ask you kindly to notice
for happiness).
If the
21 whether I translate this maxim correctly:
things in which sensualists find pleasure could deliver
them from the fear of the gods and of death and
pain, and could teach them to set bounds to their
103
;
But as
it is
he
^*^ll1'^J'!.t
two things as
one; for (i)
it
be cautious and
^^ ^ '
CICERO DE FINIBUS
essent fines cupiditatum, nihil haberemus quod re-
prehenderemus/ cum undique complerentur voluptatibus nee haberent ulla ex parte aliquid aut dolens
aut aegrum, id est autem malum.'"
Hoc loco tenere se Triarius non potuit. Obsecro,"
inquit,
Torquate^ haec dicit Epicurus?" (quod mihi
quidem
cum
visas est,
tamen confitentem
non pertimuit saneque
sciret, velle
At
quidem
audire Torquatum).
ille
fidenter:
Istis
Si alia sentit/'
sed
inquam,
non
si
sapientes sint,
non reprendendos
parricidas si nee cupidi sint nee deos metuant nee
mortem nee dolorem. Et tamen quid attinet luxu-
si
dicat
riosis
cum
luxuriose viverent, a
ais
tu,
summa
voluptas nihil
dolere
haheremus :
inf.
added by Mdv.,
a
cf. 23.
patella
hold gods.
bA comedy by Caecilius
Greek of Menander.
101
Statius, translated
from the
BOOK
II.
vii
we should have no
since on everj-
(For
my own
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Mihi sex menses
satis
sunt vitae
septimum Oreo
spondeo.
lam
doloris
medicamenta
narthecio proment
Uiium
levis.'
sit, finitas
est dicere
essent
si
si
longus,
luxuviosus
si
haberem
haberent?'
Isto
asoti.'
sent boni
possit,
cupiditates habere.
quod reprenderem,
Hoc
quomodo
nescio,
"Quid ergo
VIII.
23
Epicurea tamquam de
ilia
Si gravis, brevis
viri.
quate, ut
qui
tem umquam
Nemo
patrimoniis egeant.
asotos
his
'
dum
sit vis
some have
106
Cf
40.
BOOK
II.
vii-viil
Enough
'
Wine
in flask
cask,
it,
107
CICERO DE FINIBUS
hibentes ludos et quae sequuntur^
ilia
sit
quibus detractis
bonum
adsint
!24
vestiSj
hos
numquam
ne
dixerim.
bonum. Nee
post
Ex quo
efficitur
ille
qui
sit
Diogenem Stoicum
autem Panaetium
aut beate
non ut voluptas
non
sit
ipse, aedificium;
vivei'e
summum
adulescens,
ei
non
esset
sapiat
o-o</)os ille
sis
solebat
croc^o?,
illudque vere
Cenasti in vita
Is
eum bene
2. 2.
Roman
tables.
108
BOOK
II.
vin
24-
by
it.
sage' indeed.
How
lines:
speaker
is
CICERO DE FINIBUS
tamen non negat libenter umquam cenasse Gallonium (mentiretur enim), sed bene. Ita graviter et
Ex quo illud
severe voluptatem secernit a bono.
efficitur, qui bene cenent omnes libenter cenare, qui
libenter, non continue bene.
Semper Laelius bene.
Dicet Lucilius:
25 Quid bene?
cocto,
Condito,
scd cedo caput cenae
sermone bono,
quid ex eo?
si
quaeris, libenter;
Recte ergo
desideria naturae.
is
negat
umquam
in
eo
libenter cenasse
porro
prave,^
nequiter,
igitur
bene.^
Nee
turpiter
lapathi
cenabat
suavitatem
non
acipenseri
si
in voluptate
sum-
mum
C6
bonum poneret.
IX. Semovenda est
igitur voluptas
non solum
ut
110
brackets.
BOOK
11.
\dii-ix
25
What
does
well'
mean?
Well-cook'dj well-season'd,
ah, but
now
with a deal
Of honest
and the
talk,
result:
a pleasant meal;
for
'
weir implies
Avhereas
Gallonius dined wronglj", disreputably-, basely thereIt was not th.at Laelius
fore he did not dine well.
thought his 'dinner of herbs' more palatable than
Gallonius's sturgeon, but that he disregarded the
pleasures of the palate altogether; and this he could
not have done, had he made the Chief Good consist
rightly, respectably, wortliih'
in pleasure.
26
IX. "Consequently you are bound to discard pleamerely if you are to guide your conduct
aright, but even if you are to be able consistently to
Can we
use the language of respectable people.
111
sure, not
liter.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Possumusne ergo in vita summum bonum
di-
cere
Duo genera
cupiditatum,
naturales
inanes
et
non necessariae.'
Confecta res esset.
Vitiosum est enim in dividendo
Sed hoc sane conce27 partem in genere numerare.
Contemnit disserendi elegantiam confuse
damus.
naturalium duo, necessariae
et
An
potest cupiditas
finiri ?
sed
finite, et adulter,
luxuriosus
eodem modo.
mediocritate vitiorum ?
rem ipsam
cam cum de
'
cupiditatis
avaritia,
112
contenta
servet alio, ut
et
cum
I.
Ap-
nomen
cum de intem-
id ne in cena Mdv.
45.
BOOK
II.
ix
of dialectic
his
we
'
113
CICERO DE FINIBUS
perantia,
cum de
maxirais
tamquam
loquetur
vitiis
capitis accuset.
28
saepius.
tamque
tanti philosophi
nobilis
et
enim
est
creta defendere.
saepe
vehementiuSj
in
magnis
nihil
tam turpe
sit
quod
esse
enim
est
non
voluptatis causa
videatur
facturus.
illuc ut
(vis
neget
At
Non
iota est
iste
non dolendi
status
Reperiam multos
non vocatur
voluptas.
Quid quod
res alia
velim
summa,
facile
si
persuadeam.
fit?
Quia
estis,
Quid
dolori
sit
sit
maximus
29
X.
Hoc
voluptatem
illani,
omnino quid
quae palato
114
sit
maximo argumento
esse
percipiatui",
ita
quae auribus,
persequitur,
cetera addit,
BOOK
11.
ix-x
all
(2)
while eke-
back on absence
chfeTcood^^
CICERO DE FINIBUS
quae
appelles,
si
honos pjaefandus
sit)
hoc
igitur,
esse,
desi-
vit,
cum
deremuSj
50 contraria
loquendi vim,
teneret,
dolore careamus
Hie
si
definire,
si
si
Quam
si
numquam
Nunc
appellavit, appellat
in
haec sunt
dividere didicisset,
motu voluptatem
cnim
(sic
unum
voluptatem
lias
facit.
Hanc
suaves et quasi
praeterea
sit
bonum neget
Quae iam
dem.
oratio
se posse
non
est
enim vitium
Hoc
ne suspicari qui-
Luxuriam non
et timore.
51
summi
boni.
voluptate
et
eam
dolorem ut malum.
lis
me
116
De
malis
autem
est,
gaudet
aspernatur
et bonis ab
animalibus quae
iudicari.
appetit ut bonum,
BOOK
pleasure,
apology),
II.
which cannot be
he
specified without an
to see that this, the sole
strict and serious philosopher
fails, I say,
'
extols
sopher.
31
Again, if inFor the origin of the Chief Good he goes back, I stinct
s6Gks
understand, to the birth of living things. As soon as active pleasure,
pleasure
and
seeks
it
in
an animal is born, it delights
p^fn^fnot the
as a good, but slums pain as an evil. Creatures as yet Chief Good.
uncorrupted are according to him the best judges of
Good and Evil. That is the position both as you ex117
-^
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Qiiam multa
vestra sunt.
bonum
malum
et
placet,
si
animal illud
sit,
modo natum
in
si
dis
stante,
hoc
dicitis,
Si
se^
et simul
summa
non dolendo.
enim
voluptate
utra
quoniam,
mus
Summum
puer
an movente
stante
diiudicabit^
vitiosa
vagiens
non
vo-
Nee
iis
nihil dolendi.
potest ap-
sum
voluptate.
ille pellit
in
hoc eodem
non
Qui
ilia
motu sit
stabilis in
igitur convenit
proficisci, in alia
33
et parvos
ad se
alliciat et bestias,
alia
nihil
summum bonum
ponere
sunt.
Ut bacillum
de industria, aliud
lis
dolere.
sint,
Quam-
ita
natum,
sic
BOOK
pounded
and
x-xi
ir.
as it
is
'
'
'
'
'
'
1.1
U9
CICERO DE FINIBUS
est ilia qiiidem depravata mala disciplina, sed natura
sua.
Nee vero iit voluptatem expetat natura movet
infantem, sed tantum ut se ipse diligat, ut integrum
cum
et in corpore,
quae
Si contraria.
ad virtutem nihil adiunxit nisi voluptatem; Diodorus vacuitatem doloris. ..." His omnibus
quos dixi consequentes sunt fines bonorum Aristippo
simplex voluptas Stoicis consentire naturae, quod
esse volunt e virtute, id est honeste vivere, quod ita
datis. Callipho
who
Mdv.,
[et]
cating the
'
'
next mentioned.
i.e.
120
BOOK
II.
xi
all its
members
primarily
1.1
CICERO DE FINIBUS
cum intellegentia rerum earum
interpvetantur, vivere
Ita tres
cum
quibus lionestas
Calliphontis, Diodori
(Nam
iam diu
constiterunt, ut extrema
cum
Reliqui sibi
abiecti.)
initiis
convenirentj ut
neadi
frui
cum
voluptatem
dixisset,
si
in
prima commendatione
eam quam
Aristippus,
quam Hieronj^mus,
Aristippi in prima
Nam
56
extremum
fecisset
ille
sin
idem
eam
commendatione poneret?^
quod
Nihil
cum sententiam
*
Aristippi
Mdv.,
2
pronuntiant, addere
po>ieret ? ed.
si
[Aristippi]
nisi
soleut,
quid mei
.
poneiet.
Miiller.
cum
inserted here
by
122
litium
Orelli.
by Mdv.
BOOK
II.
xi-xii
if in
so that
Epkuius
attraction,
S6
the senses,
the senses themselves decides pleasure to be good and ^^^t decide the
to the senses than ^"'^- ^"'^ rsason
pain
evil, he assigns
more authority
^
pronounces lor
the law allows to us when we sit as judges in private Virtue,
suits.
We cannot decide any issue not within our
jurisdiction and there is not really any point in the
proviso which judges are fond of adding to their ver* if it be a matter within my jurisdiction,' for
dicts
if it was not within their jurisdiction, the verdict
123
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
iudici
est';
enim non
si
fuit
illud
eorum
iudici, nihilo
Quid
est iudicatum.
quae potest
deinde
omnium
do-
nuntiabit
tem
De
applicetur.
38 tentia
vacuitate doloris
eadem
sen-
erit.
summo bono
Ita relin-
Aut enim
nihil
malum
nisi
bonum
turpe, cetera
nisi
honestum,
tum etiam
ipsis initiis
moveri
Quod
Reid.
'
eo liquidius faciet,
edd., qtiani
MSS.
BOOK
II. xii.
What
equally invalid with the proviso omitted.
does come under the verdict of the senses ? SweetnesSj sourness, smoothness, roughness, proximity,
distance ; whether an object is stationary or moving,
A just decision can therefore
37 square or round.
only be delivered by Reason, with the aid in the
first place of that knowledge of things human
and divine, which may rightly claim the title of
Wisdom and secondly with the assistance of the
Virtues,which Reason would have to be the mistresses
of all things, but you considered as the handmaids
and subordinates of the pleasures. After calling all
of these into council, she will pronounce first as to
Pleasure, that she has no claim, not merely to be
enthroned alone in the seat of our ideal Chief
Good, but even to be admitted as the associate
As regards freedom from pain
of Moral Worth.
For Carneades
38 her decision will be the same.
will be put out of court, and no theory of the
Chief Good will be approved that either includes
pleasure or absence of pain, or does not include
moral worth. Two views will thus be left. After
prolonged consideration of these, either her final
verdict will be that there is no Good but moral
worth and no Evil but moral baseness, all other
things being either entirely unimportant or of so
little importance that they are not desirable or to be
avoided, but only to be selected or rejected or else
she will prefer the theory which she will recognize
as including the full beauty of moral worth, enriched
by the addition of the primary natural objects and
And her
of a life completed to its perfect span.
judgment will be all the clearer, if she can first of all
settle whether the dispute between these rival
is
125
CICERO DE FINIBUS
si
sit
con-
trover sia.
XIII.
SP
faciam.
semovendas
putaboj primum Aristippi Cyrenaicorumque omnium, quos non est veritum in ea voluptate quae
maxima dulcedine sensum moveret summum bonum
iO ponere, contemnentes istam vacuitatem doloris.
Hi
non viderunt, ut ad cursum equum, ad arandum
bovem, ad indagandum canem, sic hominem ad duas
res, ut ait Aristoteles,
dum
ad intellegendum et ad agen-
humani
significat
summum bonum
potius
si
est
nimium saepe
malum
126
malo
Non
satis est
cui
vel
enim,
ad bene
BOOK
theories
is
one of
fact^ or
II.
xii-xiii
only.
39
XIII.
now adopt
[^'^tbe
possible
be discarded
all
End must
-,
CICERO DE FINIBUS
vivendum.
Hoc
Nimium
Iiic,
sed agendo
42
late
est.
virtus
minimi
facit, vel
mum
ea
cum
Dum
[sHninnim'] Reid.
From
quod Mdv.
cum MSS.
Keivos dAjSitoTOTOs
128
BOOK
Let Ennius say
if
II.
xiil
he likes that
but
who hath no
ill
;^
evil
42
"ThesameargumentscanbeurgedagainsttheChief
less
from a
ex^eraai^goods
^'^'^
jgj*
CICERO DE FINIBUS
voiuerunt ut earn rerum selectione exspoliarent,nec
quam amplexabantur
virtutem ipsam
Erillus
sustulerunt.
quoddam bonum
vidit,
gubernari possit.
reiectus
ei
tatum.
XIV.
44 simile videatur.
Cum
quodcumque
veri
quodque
qui auctoritatem
cum illis
virtus, omne
populus
nis
est.
Ita
minimam
Quos
facit.
maximam
vim,
redarguimus, om-
Quam quidem
discrimen
putat.
virtuti
certationem
et diligens, Chrysippus,
tum
nisi
habet,
cum
homo
voluptate
et acutus
aliquid ostendero
quod
sit
BOOK
II.
xiii-xiv
rob
and
it
to
is
somehow
public.
all
essentially
at
CICERO DE FINIBUS
ad omnia
tua,
Torquate,
memoria
nisi
forte
de-
fecerit.
Honestum
45
ullis
tarn definitione,
tale est ut
praemiis fructibusve
Quod
non
quod
igitur id intellegimus
quale
sit,
intellegi potest
(quamquam aliquantum potest) quam communi omnium iudicio et optimi cuiusque studiis atque factis,
qui permulta ob earn
decet, quia rectum, quia
unam causam
honestum
consecuturum
emolumentum
enim,
multis,
etsi
aliis
faciunt quia
est,
etsi
vident.
nullum
Homines
datam
mentemque
acrem
et
vigentem
et,
celer-
ut ita dicam,
iungat et cum praesentibus futura copulet omnemque complectatur vitae consequentis statum.
Eademque ratio fecit hominem hominum appetentem cumque iis natura et sermone et usu congruen-
omnium mortalium
scripsit Plato,
non
primum
civium, deinde
Archytam
natum meminerit sed
societate atque, ut ad
sibi se soli
132
BOOK
II.
xiv
iTi
CICERO DE FINIBUS
46 Et quoniam eadem natura cupiditatem ingenuit homiiii veri videndi,
quod
cum
vacui
avemus, his
initiis
facillime apparet
tum
Eadem
ratio
imperandum magis quam ad parendum accommodatum, omnia humana non tolerabilia solum sed etiam
levia ducens, altum quiddam et excelsum, nihil timens,
Atque
his tribus
eadem pulchritudine
et
aptum ex
illis
tribus, in
Cuius similitudine
Nam
dixi, et
temeritatem
48
XV.
quate,
quod parum
virile videatur.
formam
tutibus quae a te
netur.
Hanc
se tuus Epicurus
conti-
omnino ignorare
dicit
BOOK
II.
xiv-xv
4.7
48
unmanly.
XV. "There, Torquatus, is a full, detailed and com- Morality is not,
plete scheme of Moral Worth, a whole of which these alnere^conven^*'
four virtues, which you also mentioned, constitute the tioa
parts.
Yet your Epicurus tells us that he is utterly
at a loss to know what nature or qualities are assigned
to this Morality by those who make it the measure
135
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
bonum
metiantur.
Si
enim
sit
Ut enim consuetude
subicienda sententia.
loquitur, id
Quod,
fama gloriosum.
inquit,
est popular
quamquam
voluptati-
Videsne quam
49 propter voluptatem.
sensio ?
et
sed
sit, si
intellegere,
saepe iudico
cum
et, si
id a
id
non
forte
nisi
rumore laudetur.
turpe
dis-
illud
in voluptate, negat
illud
quod multitudinis
dici
esse
mines vel
si
est,
sit
sit
ipsum
causam
magna
Italia
honestum quid
se
sit
sit ut^
vel
si
ignorarent id ho-
non
quod a te
non posse iucunde vivi
honeste
dicit?
50 nisi etiam honeste. Quid nunc
idemne quod iucunde
Ergo ita
non posse
cui obsisti
est,
'
'
.''
equivalent of t6
136
\-aX(5i',
'
BOOK
XV
II.
'
Epicurus
is
its
CICERO DE FINIBUS
honeste vivatur ? An
honeste
fama
vivi nisi
honestum
ter
Certe nihil
is
quod
nisi
Nam
iure laudari.
se
quae
populare
sit
posse^ aut
sit
ipsum prop-
propter voluptatem,
si
quae possit
loco intellegit
possit
e macello peti
cum honestatem
Non
quod
nisi populari
honestum quod
quidquam
honestum
aliud
se,
sua
intellegat nisi
vi,
sua sponte,
XVI.
51
Itaque, Torquate,
vivi nisi
honeste et sapi-
Tanta
ut interdum insisteres, ut nos intuens quasi testificarere laudari honestatem et iustitiam aliquando ab
Epicuro.
Quam
te decebat
iis
si
egeremus.
posse se vivere
138
MSS.
BOOK
xv-xvi
II.
'
stand
mean anything
which
moral'
is
right,
to
that
praiseworthj'.
139
CICERO DE FINIBUS
homines se ad pliilosophiae studium contulerunt.
52 Oculorum, inquit Plato, est in nobis sensus acerrimus,
quibus sapientiani non cernimus quani ilia ardentes
amores excitaret sui, si videretur^ Cur tandem? an
quod ita callida est ut optime possit architectari voluptates?
Cur iustitia laudatur? aut unde est hoc
eontritum vetustate proverbium
quicum in teneHoc, dictum in una re, latissime patet, ut
bris'^?
53 in omnibus factis re, non teste moveamur. Sunt enim
levia et perinfirma quae dicebantur a te, animi conscientia improbos excruciari, tum etiam poenae timore
qua aut afficiantur aut semper sint in metu ne afficiantur aliquando. Non oportet timidum aut imbecillo
animo tingi non bonum ilium virum, qui quidquid
fecerit ipse se cruciet omniaque formidet, sed omnia
callide referentem ad utilitatem, acutum, versutum,
veteratorem, facile ut excogitet quomodo occulte,
54 sine teste, sine ullo conscio fallat. An tu me de
L. Tubulo putas dicere ? qui cum praetor quaestionem
inter sicarios exercuisset, ita aperte cepit pecunias ob
rem iudicandam ut anno proximo P. Scaevola ti'ibunus
plebis ferret ad plebem, vellentne de ea re quaeri.
Quo plebiscite decreta a senatu est consuli quaestio
Cn. Caepioni profectus in exsilium Tubulus statim
nee respondere ausus erat enim res aperta.
;
^si
videretur
Phaedr. 250 D.
IpXfTai. aladrjffeujv,
^pcjras,
ei
ti
6\j/Li
yap
tj/jliv
d^i'Tdri;
r;
6\j/iv i6v.
quicum
enim fidem
"^
alicuiiis
140
MSS. Cp.
dignum esse
laudant,
dig-itis).
BOOK
II.
xvi
'
'
so
open was
his guilt.
141
CICERO DE FINIBUS
XVII. Non igitur de improbo sed de^ callido improbo quaerimus, qualis Q. Pompeius in foedere Numantino infitiando fuit, nee vero omnia timente sed
primum qui animi conscientiam non curet, quam
scilicet comprimere nihil est negoti.
Is enim qui
occultus et tectus dicitur, tantum abest ut se indicet,
perficiet etiam ut dolere alterius improbe facto videatur quid est enim aliud esse versutum ?
Memini me adesse P. Sextilio Rufo cum is rem ad
55
amicos ita deferret, se esse heredem Q. Fadio Gallo,
cuius in testamento scriptum esset se ab eo rogatum ut
omnis hereditas ad filiam perveniret. Id Sextilius
factum negabat poterat autem impune quis enim
redargueret ? Nemo nostrum credebat, eratque veri
similius hunc mentiri, cuius interesset, quam ilium,
qui id se rogasse scripsisset quod debuisset rogare.
Addebat etiam se in legem Voconiam iuratum contra
eam facere non audere, nisi aliter amicis videretur.
Aderamus nos quidem adulescentes, sed multi am;
'
plissimi viri,
dum quam
eam
heiress.
'
142
'
BOOK
II.
xvii
XVII
It is not therefore a question of a rascal For crafty dismerely, but of a crafty rascal, like Quintus Pompeius escp^e defecwhen he disowned the treat}- he had made with the ^?'' ^^^.
Numantines nor yet of a timid, cowardly knave, fies some risk in
but of one who to begin with is deaf to the voice of p^e^P^^^"'' *
.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
nummum nullum
attigisset.
postea
Nihil minus,
contraque
Si
cum pecunia
magna
res,
magna
voluptates pariantur
si
suuin
magna
gloria proposita
retraxisset.
si
Hannibalem
in
Africam
Ad
inf.
unitm..
*
cum
amico
causa
cicuta
BOOK
II.
xvii-xviii
troubled by remorse ? Not a bit of it. On the contrary, the inheritance made liim a rich man, and he
was thoroughly pleased with himself in consequence.
He thought he had scored heavil}- he had won a
fortune, not only by no illegal means, but actually
by the aid of the law. And according to your school
it is right to tr^' to get money even at some risk ;
for money procures many verj' delightful pleasures.
Therefore just as those who hold that things right
and honourable are desirable for their own sake must
often take risks in the cause of honour and morality,
so Epicureans, who measure all things by pleasure,
maj' properly take risks in order to obtain considerable pleasures.
If a large sum of monej' or a great
inheritance is at stake, inasmuch as money procures
a great many pleasures, your Ejiicurus, if he Avisiies
to attain his own End of Goods, will have to act
as Scipio did, when he had the chance of winning
great renown by enticing Hannibal back to Africa.
To do so, he risked enormous dangers. For honour
and not pleasure Avas the aim of that great enter:
prise.
stirred
when
you are maintaining that the Wise Man will always terested justic
'^.^^^y "*.
command a preponderance of Good.
c
tpicunis s pnna
XVIII.
But suppose that our evil-doer is not only cipies.
I145
,
CICERO DE FINIBUS
quid improbe
facial,
impune.
58
nemo possit
repreliendere
quam
qui
hunc nostrum
filiae,
nee us-
nee cuiquam
Tu quidem reddes;
quae
ipse Epi-
optimus et iustissimus,
gatum a
C. Plotio,
sino, ultro
mandatum
nonne
intellegas eo
ipsi vos,
maiorem vim
ad voluptatem
dicitis
referatis,
fecisses,
esse naturae
commodum
tamen ea
viri
Sed
quod
et ut ipsi
facialis
59 valere ?
latere
aspidem occulte
146
emolumentum
futura
sit,
BOOK
II.
xviii
CICERO DE FINIBUS
improbe
monueris ne
feceris nisi
punite tamen
scisse
enim
Perspicuum
si
omnia haec
deque
a natura, et
Sed im-
assidat.
re-
multa in nostris de re
60
XIX.
pareat?
An
etiamsi
nulla
viri
si
voluptatumne
ipsum flagitiosum,
Quid?
infamia?
comitetur
calculis subductis
fortes
proelium ineunt,
ardore
impetu
Imperiosum
censes, Torquate,
tuamne de
audiret,
fuisse
Utrum tandem
concitati?
ilium,
si
nostra verba
auditurum
se orationem libentius
nihil
eum
fecisse
sua?
Si vero id
diceres nihil
61
etiam explanare
eum
si
ita vis,
148
fuisse existimas?
velles, apertiusque
num
quam
Esto;
utilitates
P.
Decius,
BOOK
down on
xviii-xix
II.
unawares
then j'ou will do a
to sit
wicked deed if jou do not warn him not to sit down.
But still j'our wickedness would go unpunished, for
who could possiblj' prove that 30U knew ? However,
it
obvious
It is
60
my
volumes Ow
XIX.
the State.
,,..,,
'
his
own
man).
his
colleague
Publius
14.9
CICERO DE FINIBUS
cum se devoverat
mediam aciem Latinorum irruebat,
ubi ut earn
cum sciret confestim esse moriendum, eamque mortem ardentiore studio peteret
quam Epicurus voluptatem petendam putat. Quod
caperet aut quando ?
quidem
eius
factum
nisi
ex eo natus
set in
proelio seque e
62 victimam
rei
Epaminondas,
Contineo
modicum
hoc
ego
me
deficiet, et,
nostros
si
quidem ut
se vir-
consessori
tamen
citarentur:
solebat,
sic
me
te ipsum,
datis
satis
testibus
alii
satis
est aut
datum
est te-
dignissimum maiori-
tuum
cum
sit,'
Quid enim?
tuis,
me
dicere
stium.
ab
Leonidas,
est,
tuti
bus
neque porro
consul cecidis-
publicae praebuisset.
Graecis
exemplis.
filius,
Quem cum
ad patrem
a A reference to the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy and Cicero's subsequent exile.
150
BOOK
II.
xix
When
Decius, the first of his family to be consul ?
Decius vowed himself to death, and setting spurs to
his horse was charging into the thickest of the Latin
ranks, surely he had no thought of personal pleasure ?
Pleasure where to be enjoyed or when ?
For he
knew he must die in a moment, aye and he courted
death with more passionate ardour than Epicurus
would have us seek pleasure. Had not his exploit
won praise on its merits, it would not have been
nor
copied by his son in his fourth consulship
;
CICERO DE FINIBUS
parte ponebascumiilatum aliqiiem plurimiset maximis
voluptatibus nullo nee praesenti nee future dolore,
deinde concludebas
summum bonum
XX.
summum malum
voluptatem
illo
beatior
is ita
non abundaret.
gens et copiosus
ita
non
superstitiosus ut
ilia
intelle-
plurima
64
valetudinis
cenam
non
ob rem publicam
sit
interfectus.
bat
esse dolorem,
utebatur
exercitationibus
ut
ad
intellegere quid
qui
plus
Cetera
si
sit
bonum.
quam
philosophis uteretur.
tegra valetudo,
152
summa
gratia
tamen medicis
vita
denique conferta
BOOK
xix-xx
II.
'
61
Epicurus's classification
153
CICERO DE FINIBUS
65 voluptatum omnium varietate.
quidem vestra
ratio
sic
Hunc
cogit; at
isti
vos beatum,
dicet pro
vestro beato
me
ipsa
M. Regulum
vigiliis et
fame
quam potantem
Bella
magna
tamen
fuisse
sua
superiora
ilia
in rosa
Thorium.
videtur audientibus,
Non enim
ptarius.
illi
quem
propter
hilaritate
nee
lascivia
nee
risu
filio
beati.
primo anno et
manu
tum erat summo
quam
occidit potius
in
imperio, dederetur,
Before saepe
in with one
154
filiam sua
BOOK
n. XX
65 variety.
Carthage
so
Roman
people,
first
Sixty j^ears
155
CICERO DE FINIBUS
67
Aut haec
XXI.
aiit
tibi,
ec
Quodautem
quam
Nonne
tantis voluminibus
de
Themista loqui ? Sint ista Graecorum quamquam
ab iis philosophiam et omnes ingenuas disciplinas
habemus sed tamen est aliquid quod nobis non
Pugnant Stoici cum Peripateticis.
liceat^ liceat illis.
Alteri negant quidquam esse bonum nisi quod honestum sit, alteri plurimum se et longe longeque
plurimum tribuere honestati, sed tamen et in corpore
et extra esse quaedam bona. Et certamen honestum
et disputatio splendida
Omnis est enim de virtutis
;
dignitate
contentio.
At cum^
tuis
cum
disseras,
156
BOOK
II.
xxi
CICERO DE FINIBUS
tuas cogitationes et studia perspexeris
inquam^
tabulae
illius
quam
pudebit
Cleantlics sane
te,
com-
sedentem
set) ut caveret
ofFen-
mum bonum
ponat consentaneum
sit dicere.
Quid
cur Thorius, cur Chius Postumius/ cur omnium horum magister, Orata^ non iucundissime vixerit? Ipse negat, ut ante dixi, luxuriosorum vitam
reprendendam nisi plane fatui sint, id est nisi aut
cupiant aut metuant.
Quarum ambarum i-erum cum
medicinam pollicetur, luxuriae licentiam pollicetur.
His enim rebus detractis negat se reperire in asotoNon igitur potestis volu71 rum vita quod reprendat.
ptate omnia dirigentes aut tueri aut retinere virtutem.
Nam nee vir bonus ac iustus haberi debet qui ne
afFers
Inf.
Chiits.
Mdv. marks
a corruption, suspecting that three persons were enumerated before ciiromnium horum : cur Hirrius (an epicure
mentioned by Varro and Pliny the Elder), cur Postumiiis,
Kayser.
158
BOOK
II.
xxi-xxii
You
tinue to defend the doctrines you profess.
will be put to the blush, I say, by the picture that
Clean thes used to draw so cleverly in his lectures.
He would tell his audience to imagine a painting representing Pleasure, decked as a queen, and
gorgeously apparelled, seated on a throne at her
side should stand the Virtues as her handmaids,
who should make it their sole object and duty to
minister to Pleasure, merely whispering in her ear
the warning (provided this could be conveyed by the
painter's art) to beware of unwittingly doing aught
to offend public opinion, or anything from which pain
As for us Virtues, we were born to
might result.
be your slaves that is our one and only business.'
in reality it has
XXII. " But Epicurus, you will tell me (for this is no
70
use for virtue
your strong point), denies tiiat anyone who docs not only for the
As if I cared what ^P^"^''""^
live morally can live pleasantly.
What I ask is, what is it
Epicurus says or denies
consistent for a man to say who places the Chief
Good in pleasure? What reason can you give for
thinking that Thorius, or Postumius of Chios, or the
master of them all, Orata, did not live extremely
Epicurus himself says that the life
pleasant lives ?
of sensualists is blameless, if they are not utter
fools
for that is what his proviso, if they are free
from fear and from desire,' amounts to. And, as he
offers an antidote for both desire and fear, he virtually offers free indulgence for sensuality. Eliminate
those passions, he says, and he cannot find anything
Consequently you
71 to blame in a life of profligacy.
Epicureans, by taking pleasure as the sole guide,
make it impossible for yourselves either to uphold
For a man is not to be thought
or to retain virtue.
good and just who refrains from doing wrong to
159
;
\ii
!
ij
J.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
malum habeat
abstinet se ab iniuria
nosti, credo,
vUud:
Nemo
celare
sive
poterit
sive
'^
quod certtssitnuni
est
Mdv. suspects as an
ineot inter-
polation.
a An unknown quotation.
Mdv. suggests that the sentence ended with metu colit or the like,
b Cp. 62 above.
160
BOOK
avoid incurring
line
harm
II.
xxii
None
is
;"
CICERO DE FINIBUS
73 contendimus, ut
ille
tuus non
offici
mercedem
quasi
luptatis causa
exigit.
cum
Gallo apud
gnomen
si
vo-
si
Anienem depugnavit
sibi et
torquem et
co-
quod
ei
talia facta
lam
Hoc
vult,
pudoi'j
modestia,
si
pudicitia,
si
si
uno
vei'bo
non
isto
non
illudj
nomine ingenio
gloria^
quae
facis,
quae conaris
iudices,
mereri
quod adulterium^
se proripiet ac proiciet
velis,
non audere
velis,
rei
te
quae cogitas,
causa perficere
conventu dicere
tionem ascenderis
(est
enim
tibi
Quid enim
inieris et in
con-
edicendum quae
li-
Quid ?
74
libido
sis
si tibi
more maiorum),
quid merearis
igitur ut dicas te in
teque
Tiihil
162
BOOK
II.
xxii
a word Temperance is to
on the fear of punishment or
of disgrace, and not to maintain itself by its own
intrinsic sacredness, what form of adulterj^, vice or
lust will not break loose and run riot when it is
assured of concealment, impunity or indulgence.
control,
depend
74
chastity,
if in
m2
163
CICERO DE FINIBUS
*
An me/
modo
imperitos isto
in iudicio aut,
quam
inquis,
loquar
'
At tu eadem
coronam times,
si
die in senatu.
faeies.
ista die
NumMene
75
verbum ipsum
fortasse intellegi-
quam
et
Rem
dicatis voluptatem.
obscuram
Individua
cum
voluptatis
intellegere nos
videlicet diffieilem
dicitis et
intermundia,
non potest
Tum
tatem,
in
si
efficio
ut fateare
me
tu velis esse
vis
motu ut
eam
sit
eam tum
eam stabilem
adesse
appellas.
dixi, et
Quid
nomen imponis
76 absit
sit
cum
cui
dolor omnis
ne hoc quidem
satis
ample,
satis
honeste
dici
in isto magistratu et in
omni
quod
putas, die te
164
omnia et
BOOK
take
me
for such
II.
xxii-xxiii
and
this
you
it
it ?
entitle
kinetic
'
For at one
I have just
pleasure, as
CICERO DE FINIBUS
expediat, nihil denique nisi tua causa
morem
tibi
contionis aut
fiteri
et in
quern cla-
Eamne rationem
medium
igitur sequere
ilia
quam spem
At vero
tibi
Oflicium, aequi-
barones stupemus, tu
77
Nam
inter ista
haee
videlicet
cum
loqueris, nos
tecum
ipse
motu
rides.
quam omnes
esse dicitis,
ilia
quam
urbani, rustici,
quidem
nemo
quam praeter
XXIV. Vide igitur
sententiis tuis. Quod
stabilis,
appellat voluptatem.
sit,
sit.
166
sequere
in senatu,
;
BOOK
II.
xxiii-xxiv
is
'
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
omni coetu concilioque profitendae
non pudeat sentire quod pudeat dicere.
quae
id
in
sint,
ne
78
Immo
videri for-
tasse.
nisi eris,
si
quae
Retinebis
tenda vides.
stitero tueri.'
qui convenit
utilitatis
causa expe-
Ne in odium veniam si amicum dePrimum cur ista res digna odio est
turpis ?
Quod si ne quo incommodo
quod est
non relinques amicum, tamen, ne sine fructu
alligatus sis, ut moriatur optabis.
Quid si non
modo utilitatem tibi nullam afferet, sed iacturae
nisi
afficiare
'
redeat quid.
For the suspicious words esse enim, nisi eris, non potes,
which make the followingf sentence tautological, Graser
" It paj-s
conjectures esse enim, nisi videris, non prodest.
me (you say) to be a disinterested friend.' No, to seem so
perhaps it doesn't pay to be so without seeming so. But
how can you be so unless, etc. . ."
'
'
168
BOOK
II.
xxiv
'
'
Yet
affection
169
CICERO DE FINIBUS
rei familiaris
adeundum
vitae periculum
voluptatibus ?
pro amico, ut Pj'tliagoreus ille Siculo fecit tyranno,
aut Pylades cum sis, dices te esse Oresten ut moriare pro amico, aut si esses Orestes, Pyladem refelJeres, te indicares, et si id non probares, quo minus
ambo una necareniini non precarere ?
80
nihil
in
caelum
amicitias.'
virum et
comem
At
efFerat laudibus.
quaeso,
Quis,
et
ilium
humanum
coluit ipse
negat et bonum
fuisse
De
non de moribus
ingenio
quaeritur.
170
BOOK
undergo
pert}', to
toil
II.
xxiv-xxv
and trouble,
Will jou not even then take interest into account, and
reflect that each man is born for himself and for his
own pleasure ? Will you go bail with your life to a
tyrant on behalf of a friend, as the famous Pythagorean* did to the Sicilian despot ? or being Pjlades*^
will you say you are Orestes, so as to die in your
friend's stead ? or supposing you were Orestes,
would you say Pylades was lying and re\eal your
identity, and if they would not believe you, would
111
'
'
'
171
CICERO DE FINIBUS
studio vel quavis scientia, vel in ipsa virtute,
quidque rarissimum
ipse
bonus
optimum
est.
et
hodie sunt et in amicitiis fideles et in omni vita constantes et graves nee voluptate sed officio consilia
minor
voluptatis.
vis
Atque ut
honestatis
et
quidam ut eorum
quam dicere.
XXVI. Sed haec nihil sane ad rem
melius
82
quae a
te
ilia
videamus
quibus
unum
et sine
posset.
cum autem
usus accessisset,
Hoc
etsi
se,
multis modis
non
satis.
Nam aliquando
posse recte
172
cum
alios
foedus
inserted by
quoddam
Mdv.
inter se
BOOK
supreme excellence
is
II.
xxv-xxvi
extremely
rare.
And
to
my
mind the
that of pleasure.
lives
fess.
trary
82
173
CICERO DE FINIBUS
quemadmodum
animati,
eodem niodo
sint in se ipsos
amicos
sint erga
id et fieri
Hoc
foedus
facere
si
vero
omnes per
fructibus
si
et
amicitias colemus,
si
emolumentis et
dubium
amicis anteponamus
An
utilitatibus
vi sua,
ex se et propter
comme-
Non quaero
Num
igitur
esse posse
quam
Utiliorem tibi
si
soletis
te,
Praesidium amicorum.'
satis in legibus,
praesidi
Collige
satis in
mediocribus amicitiis
poteris,
odium autem
enim
res ab Epicuro
praecepta dantur.
omnia quae
Et tamen
tantis
vectigalibus
85 munies.
deinde etiam
174
cum
mediocri amico.
Sed
BOOK
II.
xxvi
pleasure.
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
non importuna
Vides
igitur, si
emolumento, summas
familiari-
tates
non mea,
veri amici
si
futuri sumus.
XXVII.
neque
Sed
amicitiis
usquam locum
omnia referantur,
esse
cui loco
longi
ad voluptatem
magno opere
non videatur
nunc dicam ad
Quoniam
igitur
reli-
omnis sum-
unum
lerunt, beate
autem vivere
quale
sit.
alii
state
contra miseriam
sapientis.
Nam
caducum
sit?
si
in
si
totum poni
mode
sit
in pote-
Qui autem
diffidit
omnem
vivere vestrum
dabitis, ut opinor,
ct
si
Ac tamen, ne
dicendum.
ma
nimium
in rebus apertissimis
sumus.
est
fragile
perpetuitati
ne aliquando
BOOK
II.
xxvi-xxvii
wealth ?
So
valuable estate.
my possessions,
3'ou
must love
me
myself, not
if
plea-
CICERO DE FINIBUS
amissis
87
illis sit
miser.
marum rerum
timore
solet,
nee
alias
vivendum
88 terna.
Haec dicuntur
summum bonum
tempore
minorem voluptatem
quam si ilia sit sempi-
aetatis
inconstantissime.
in voluptate ponat,
voluptatem
fieri
Cum enim
negat
infinito
maiorem quam
finito
tabit, qui
sibi
is
conveniet
crescere longinquitate
An
negabit voluptatem
si
diuturnitas facit ?
Quid est
semper deum Epicurus beatum appelDempta enim aeternitate nihilo
let et aeternum ?
beatior luppiter quam Epicurus uterque enim sum-
178
dici
Manutius, Mdv.
duci
MSS.
BOOK
II.
xxvii
them and be
miserable.
But no one can be
uneasy about matters of the highest
moment. Therefore no one can be happy at all.
For we usually speak of a life as a happy one not in
reference to a part of it, but to the whole of a lifetime indeed 'a life means a finished and complete
life
nor is it possible to be at one time happy and at
another miserable, since he who thinks that he may
be miserable will not be happy. For when happiness
has once been achieved, it is as permanent as Wisdom
itself, which is the efficient cause of happiness; it does
not wait for the end of our mortal term, as Croesus
in Herodotus's history was warned by Solon to do.
" It may be rejoined that Epicurus, as you yourself were savincr,
~' maintains that long
" duration can
not add anything to happmess, and that as much
pleasure is enjoyed in a brief span of time as if
88 pleasure were everlasting. In this he is grossly
inconsistent. He places the Chief Good in pleasure,
and yet he says that no greater pleasure would
result from a lifetime of endless duration than from
If a person finds
a limited and moderate period.
the sole Good in Virtue, it is open to him to say that
the happy life is consummated by the consummation
for his position is that the Chief Good
of V^irtue
But if one thinks
is not increased by lapse of time.
that happiness is produced by pleasure, how can
he consistently deny that pleasure is increased by
If it is not, pain is not either. Or if pain
duration ?
is worse the longer it lasts, is not pleasure rendered
more desirable by continuance ? On what ground
then does Epicurus speak of the Deity (for so he
always does) as happy and everlasting? Take away his
everlasting life, and Jove is no happier than Epicurus
179
n2
lose
87 happy
who
is
'
increased
duration.
by
CICERO DE FINIBUS
mo bono
etiam dolore
89
si
At eum
'
Quam
uratur,
re a
id est voluptate.
fruitur,
nihili facit
hoc suave
deo vincitur
si
(addam,
si
vis^
animi,
non
summam
dum
se,
Qua
igitur
vincitur
In
voluptatem et
In
hie
enim
ait
dicturum.
Quid ergo
constanter loquare
nisi
'
aeternitate
eam sempiternam
At enim
;
vohiptate
corporis
ea ipsa, ut vultis,
Quid
sit
Nam
Non enim
beatum
in ipsa sa-
esse, sed in
autem
id
est.
externum
Ita
fit
est,
et
rebus
iis
Totum
quod externum,
id in
quam
Epicurus
90
casu
istam vo-
> I.e. in
180
cf.
V. 80,
85.
BOOK
II.
xxvii-xxviii
Wherein
89 would exclaim, * How delightful this is
then is he inferior to God, except that God lives for
ever ? But what good has everlasting life to offer
beside supreme and never-ending pleasure ? What
then is the use of your high-flown language, if it be
not consistent ? Bodily pleasure (and 1 will add if
you like mental pleasure, so long as this, as you hold,
is understood to have its source in the body) conWell, who can guarantee this
stitutes happiness.
For the
pleasure for the Wise Man in perpetuity
things that produce pleasure are not in the Wise
Man's control since happiness does not consist in
wisdom itself, but in the means to pleasure which
wisdom can procure. But all the apparatus of pleasure
'
.''
CICERO DE FINIBUS
enim
esse
Non
Hoc
quam ex
pretiosis-
anteponere
est,
est
summum bonum
modo
dolor
summum malum
est, esse
non
possit.
stitutum
sit
An
id
b PI.
182
BOOK
II.
xxviii
account,
when he
hunger
But I will not
listen to
sole standard,
when while
is
who despise
It follows that
we can never be
183
CICERO DE FINIBUS
metuetur semper etiamsi non aderit iam enim adesse
;
poterit.
Qui potest
93 mali nietus?
glegendi doloris.
Iam
malum
Maximus
neglegi.
id
ipsum absurdum,
dolor/ inquit,
brevis
Summus
Primum quid
maximum?
atque arripuit
est.'
potest?
maximum
tu dicis breve?
Quid enim ?
summi
manere non
Nisi forte
eum
Quis istum
interficit.
dolorem timet?
meum,
confici vidi,
cum omnes
id
videbatur.
At
miser,
si
Quos
ille,
cruciatus perferebat!
summum
F.,
esse, quia
laboriosus
afflueret voluptatibus.
94
non
non
amatis.
ac paene
dolore.
184
Fortitudinis
leges,
alia toleratio
potestis qui
Quamobrem
turpe putandum
est,
vetant in
non dico
BOOK
II.
xxviii-xxix
'
in pain.
forbid a
Hence
man
it
185
to
must
CICERO DE FINIBUS
dolere
(nam
saxum
id
quidem
Lemnium
illud
'
est
clamore Philocteteo
'
fune-
stare/
Quod
Resonando niutum
flebiles
voces refert.
potest, cui
Veneno imbutae
sic
si
[Epicurus]:^ 'Philocteta,
At iamdecimum annum
si
in speluncaiacet.
'Silongus,
Primum non
95 levis; dat enim intervalla et relaxat.'
saepe, deinde quae est ista relaxatio, cum et praeteriti
memoria recens
doloris
suadeas.
non
Potius ergo
ilia
ista vestra
sunt.
Si gravis, brevis
si
longus, levis
'
Nam
dictata
XXX.
96
Hermarcho
S.
cum
dictis discre-
* Martha.
inserted by Baiter.
Si (or sit) gravis dolor, brevis inf. MSS.; si brevis dolor,
Mdv. Philocteta, st ! Brevis dolor.' Butcp.
levis A, B, E.
22 and 95.
^
Philoctetes of Attius.
BOOK
xxix-xxx
II.
the
dumb
Echoing
his
wails
groanings.
spells, if
he can, the
man whose
Veins and vitals, from the viper's fang
Envenom'd, throb with pangs of anguish dire,
in this
short.'
way
Philoctetes
If pain is severe, it is
Oh, but he has been languishing in his cave
:
'
If it is long, it is light
these ten years past.
for
it grants intervals of respite.'
In the first place,
this is not often the case
and secondly, what is the
good of a respite embittered by recent pain still
fresh in memory, and tormented by fear of pain
impending in the future? Let him die, says EpicuPerhaps that were the best course, but what
rus.
becomes of the maxim about a constant preponderance of pleasure ? If that be true, are you not guilty
of a crime in advising him to end his life ? Well,
then, let us rather tell him that it is base and unmanly to let pain demoralize, crush and conquer
As for the formula of your sect, Short if
one.
it's strong, light if it's long,' it is a tag for copyVirtue, magnanimity, endurance, courage,
books.
it is these that have balm to assuage pain.
XXX. "But I must not digress too far. Let me Fortitude is the
remedy, as
repeat the dying words of Epicurus, to prove to 'ills
you i^.^*^own
dymg
1
11
between
his
practice
words
and his prinshow.
the discrepancy
Epicurus to Hermarchus, greeting. I write
ciples
187
'
'
'
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
vitae
bamus
beatum
haec.
et
et
scribe-
torminum
morbi ut
dere.'
Cum
quoque ut cupiebat
Cum
sui
id
eam qua
Ita
laiis,
188
BOOK
II.
XXX
.-'
189
CICERO DE FINIBUS
tione te gaudere dicis, hoc est
si
praeteritis
si
cum videamus
sint,
tanta
officia
morientis
Sed ut
epi-
verbis
summa
eius
MSS. om.
190
BOOK
II.
xxx-xxxi
says
'
take pleasure in
past feelings
If
my
you mean
What
past feelings.'
bodilj^ feelings,
notice
duty?
XXXI.
99
Ill
CICERO DE FINIBUS
eiusdem testamentum non solum a philosophi gravitate sed etiam ab ipsius sententia iudico discrepare.
Scripsit enira et multis saepe verbis et breviter aper-
teque in eo libro
nihil
ad nos pertinere
quod autem
sine sensu
quod dissolutum
101
sit,
Nam
non
tamen
quod,
cum
quod
ita
sit^
id
id nihil
elegantius
positum
est,
est ut
satis
sit,
Hoc ipsum
mortem
sit
dissolutum. Sed
dissolutione, id est
sit
stinguatur, et
cum
tineat ad nos,
et sanciat
sui,
ut
Amynomachus
et Timocrates, heredes
satis sit
ad
diem agendum natalem suum quotannis mense Gamelione, itemque omnibus mensibus vicesimo die lunae
dent ad eorum epulas qui una secum philosophati
102
sint,
Haec
praesertim,
quem
ullum esse
eiusdemmodi?
Ne
id
intercesserint milia^ ut
fuit.''
nisi
An
multa annorum
* stta ?
192
quidem,
Reid.
BOOK
II.
xxxi
'
193
CICERO DE FINIBUS
profecta sint
est igitur
ego id
fiat
unum tempus
ad
cuiusquam dies
nesciebam
scilicet
Sed ut
Nullus
reversio.
At
natalis.
sit,
etiamne post
biles
mundos
Num quid
103 appello
tale
quem
notandus
sapiens
Democritus
ille
fuit,
factus
unum
eumne
est
quarum
mente
(Ut
qui
infinitasque regiones,
is
mortem ad
nos pertinere?
Et
habetur.'
alios
secutus est.)
nulla
peragravisset.'
omittam, hunc
Quod si dies
eum quo
Non
potuit/ inquies,
Isto
modo ne
si
fieri
avia qui-
dem
ut ageretur.
104
XXXII.
dolore enim
lati
cum
(.de
sic licet
Qui
in
194
I.
74
mettte
BOOK
II.
xxxi-xxxii
am
so regarded.'
is
birthdays,
is
when he
is
Much
obliged,
.''
is
this ap{)ropriate
in
.''
'
''
celebration.
XXXI I. '' But to return to our subject (for we were Untrue that
discussing the question of pain, when we digressed ^memory;"'**
to the letter of Epicurus).
The whole matter may
now be put in the following syllogism A man un-
104
q2
195
CICERO DE FINIBUS
summo malo
non
illud quale
sapienti,
est igitur
tandem
non
in eo est
sapiens
dolore
cum
est, is turn
est beatus
summum malum
dolor.
est,
memoriae
sic
ei
Simonides an quis
pollicerctur,
nam memini
105 quae
cum
quidem,
volo.'
maiora
Quid
alius
artem
mallem
Oblivionis,' inquit,
Magno
hie ingenio
\'ide
si
ne
ista sint
vetare
sit
malorum
vestra dogmata.
Latine
in
Themi-
etiara,
si
labores'
effluere
meminisse.
lam
Primum
\"ulgo
enim
dicitur
quam
lucundi acti
si
nostis
potero,
omnes)
Quae
si
a vobis
probarem.
*
^*
See
absolvi
60.
From
n6v<i;v
Nee enim
the lost
Andromeda
quoted by Plutarch,
196
aW
etc.
ijdv toi,
awdivra
fj-envrjcrdai
BOOK
xxxii
II.
happy
'
all):
Sweet
is
the
memory
of sorrows
past.*^
CICERO DE FINIBUS
neque ad exitum perduci poterit, si prima quaeque
bene ab eo consulta atque facta ipsius oblivione ob106 ruentur. Sed vobis \'oluptatum pefceptarum recordatio vitam beatam facit, et quideru corpora perceptarum nam si quae sunt aliae, falsum est omnes
;
autem voluptas
intelle^o
cur
si
Corporis
Aristoteles
ille
epigramma
quam
tendi
cum
recordandi.
patria illo
modo
loquens:
Nam
tibi
labores.
Laboribus hie praeteritis gaudet, tu iubes voluptatibus; et hie se ad ea revocat e quibus nihil umquara
rettulerit
107
In a
umquam
work now
(video
lost.
198
Nihilne
loquar), te igitur,
The
quicum
(ap
Annals of Ennius.
BOOK
II.
xxxii-xxxiii
My
toils
His past
foes
what he delights
secure.*^
whereas you
bid us dwell upon our past pleasures he recalls experiences that never had any connection with bodily
enjoyment, but you never rise above the body.
XXXIII. Again how can you possibly defend the
107
dictum of your school, that all mental pleasures and
pains alike are based on pleasures and pains of the
body? Do you, Torquatus (for I bethink me who it
is I am addressing) do you personally never experi199
toils
in,
;
or that
all
e"/un(fimen"'
tally physical,
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Torquate, ipsum per se nihil delectat
Omitto digni-
orationem
factorum,
tabula, locus
(nam
si
tuam
amoenus,
diceres pertinere)
ad corpus
fers?
Aut pertinacissimus
ita
fit
ut gratulator laetior
sit
quam
is
cui gratulatur.'"]
Sed dum efficere vultis beatum sapientem cum maximas animo voluptates percipiat omnibusque partibus
maiores quam corpore, quid occurrat non videtis.
Animi enim dolores quoque percipiet omnibus partiIta miser sit aliquando
bus maiores quam corporis.
necesse est is quem vos beatum semper vultis esse;
^ qui id prohari
prob. other MSS.
B; quid id
proh.
E; quid
probari, qui
200
BOOK
II.
xxxiii
will
writing a
poem
1111
1-1
nee vero
id
CICERO DE FINIBUS
dum omnia ad voluptatem
doloremque
109 referetis
efficietis
voluptatem
est;
summo bono
bestiis
testibus
Quid
soletis.
etiam
si
cum
labore, ut in gignendo, in
iis
propositum, non voluptatem? partim cursu et peragratione laetantur^;congregatione aliae coetum quo1
dam modo
civitatis
volucrium
genere nonnulla
imitantur
videmus in quodam
indicia
pietatis,
co-
\-ide-
hominibus virtus
nisi voluptatis
XXXIV.
Nee tamen
honiiuis
ullo
modo summum
idem mihi
peeudis
videri potest.
bonum
et
diligenter} Reid.
*
202
[partim
/ supplied
laetantur]
by
Reid.
Miiller.
BOOK
II.
xxxiii-xxxiv
.''
ourselves.
theirs lavishes on
variety and
abundance
if
at all
supply our
20J
CICERO DE FINIBL'S
virtutiim comitatu,
si
ea nullam ad aliam
Ut,
si
rem
nisi
cum
Xerxes,
ad
tantis
Hellesponto iuncto, Athone perfosso, mari ambulavisset, terra^ navigivsset, si, cum tanto impetu in
Giaeciam venisset, causam quis ex eo quaereret tantarum copiarum tantique belli, mel se auferre ex
Hymetto
voluisse
diceret,
vide-
artibus atque
virtutibus instructum
et
113
"Ad
moderator
pudor,
cupiditatis
inest
humanam
ad
adeundisque periculis
laboribus
doloris mortisque
tu
tibi,
societatem
204
firma
et
ergo haec
stabilis
in animis
terra Baiter
mari
terram with MSS.
^ expetere ? Reid.
*
. .
contemptio
tuendam one
inf.
MS.
vir-
prints niana
ROOK
II.
xxxiv
loftier
Nor
is
this
205
CICERO DE FINIBUS
114 tutum sed ministri etiam videbuntur. Quod
si
in ipso
velocitas,
quiddam caeleste
esset
optabile
esset
vallo interiecto
sensus
et
in
illi
summum bonum,
maxima voluptate
Quod
omni quasi
ut
perfusi
si
dicitis,
nullo
dulcedine
in
veteres inesse
divinum putavei'unt.
voluptate
in
tandem
quid
pulchritude,
inter-
cum omnes
moverentur.
115 cundius,
fortasse
vestri
haec vere-
Sed lustremus
constantius.
num
non dico Homerum, Archilochum, Pindarum, sed Phidian, Polyclitum, Zeuxim ad voluptatem
Ergo opifex plus sibi proponet
artes suas direxisse.
ad formarum quam civis excellens ad factorum pulchritudinem? Quae autem est alia causa erroris
tanti, tam longe lateque difFusi, nisi quod is qui
voluptatem summum bonum esse decernit non cum
ea parte animi in qua inest ratio atque consilium,
existimes,
sed
cum
cupiditate, id est
cum animi
Quaero enim de
levissima parte
sunt
di,
cum
voluptates
sine eo genere
deliberat?
te, si
si
ut vos
206
the virtues,
cf.
IV.
4.
BOOK
II.
xxxiv
114 the virtues. But if even the body has many attributes
of higher value than pleasure, such as strength, health,
beauty, speed of foot, what pray think you of the
mind.'' The wisest philosophers of old believed that the
mind contains an element of the celestial and divine.
Whereas if the Chief Good consisted in pleasure as
your school avers, the ideal of happiness would be
to pass days and nights in the enjoyment of the
keenest pleasure, without a moment's intermission,
every sense drenched and stimulated with every sort
of delight.
But who that is worthy to be called a
human being would choose to pass a single entire
day in pleasure of that description ? The Cyrenaics,
it is true, do not repudiate it; on this point your
friends are more decent, but the Cyrenaics perhaps
1 1
more consistent. But let us pass in review not these
* arts
* of first importance, a lack of which with our
ancestors gave a man the name of 'inert' or goodfor-nothing, but I ask you whether you believe that,
I do not say Homer, Archilochus or Pindar, but
Phidias, Polyclitus and Zeuxis regarded the purpose
Then shall a craftsman
of their art as pleasure.
have a higher ideal of external than a distinguished
But what else is the
citizen of moral beauty?
cause of an error so profound and so very widely
diffused, than the fact that he who decides that
pleasure is the Chief Good judges the question not
with the rational and deliberative part of his mind,
but with its lowest part, the faculty of desire ? For
I ask j'ou, if gods exist, as your school too believes,
how can they be happj^, seeing that they cannot
enjoy bodily pleasures? or, if they are happy without
that kind of pleasure, why do you deny that the Wise
Man is capable of a like purely mental activity ?
207
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
1
16
XXXV.
qui sunt ab
non
xandri
liae
Homero
laudati,
non
non
Agesilai,
neminem videbis
Cyri,
ita
laudatum ut
comparandarum voluptatum
monumentorum
artifex callidus
Non
diceretur.
id significant, velut
clogia
hoc ad portam:
PRI-
quod praestantissimus
Ergo
tibus?
dicemus et
in
adulescentibus
iis
magnam indolem
bonam spem
esse
bimur
omnium
consequatur,
quanta
perturbatio rerum
confusio
Tollitur
ficium
Nee enim cum tua causa cui commodes beneillud habendum est, sed feneratio, nee gratia
videtur
deberi
Maximas vero
qui
ei
sua
virtut^
causa
iacere
commodaverit.
omnes necesse
est
rimae quae,
nisi
bene laudata
rabilia),
lino
defen-
118 dere.
1
facile
hunc
unum Mdv.
oiiio)
208
unnm
hiinc Orelli,
coinplurimae Lindsay.
BOOK
116
XXXV.
Read the
II.
XXXV
bj-
or Agesi-
Phihp or Alexander
but read those delivered upon our own great men,
be.
own
and
interests
to
do
mutual harmony.
j'our
act of generositj'
If
own advantage,
it
this
man who
In fact if
lends money for gain.
pleasure usurps the sovereignty, all the cardinal
and also
virtues must inevitably be dethroned
there are a number of base qualities which can
with difficulty be proved inconsistent with the
character of the Wise Man, unless it be a law of
118 nature that moral goodness should be supreme. Not
to bring forward further arguments (for they are
to a
Personal appeal
toTorquatus.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
cludat necesse
est.
tute introspice in
pertractans
cogitatione
tem
assumpto etiam
sine dolore^
adiungere
soletis
sed
fieri
illo
non
per-
te,
omnem
quam
aeta-
cum opem
Sic
enim maiores
nostri
salute
Quae cum
ad quos
dixissem,
ista
referam,
et,
quamquam
aliquid ipse
Sironem
cum optimos
Recte,"
quam;
viros,
inquit,
homines
turn
intellegis."
doctissimos."
Age
sane,"
in-
quidem," inquit,
audacius,
210
Fami-
Philodemum,
dicis et
tu
enim
Tum Triarius
Posthac
MSS.
eligerem, exigerem,
BOOK
II.
XXXV
Do
p2
shall
have just
211
CICERO DE FINIBUS
promptu quae modo audivi nee ante aggrediar
quam te ab istis quos dicis instructum videro." Quae
cum essent dicta, finem fecimus et ambulandi et disin
putandi.
219
BOOK
IL.
vxxv
213
CICERO DE FINIBUS
BOOK
III
TULLII CICERONIS
M.
DE
BONORUM ET MALORUM
FINIBUS
LIBER TERTIUS
Voluptatem quidem, Brute,
I.
si
ipsa pro se
lo-
suram
arbitror,
Etenim
si
sit
convictam superiore
impudens
si
libro, dignitati.
virtuti diutius
repugnet aut
quidem dimittanius
eadem
dici
Itaque quamquam in eo sermone qui cum Torquato est habitus non remissi fuimus, tamen haec
acrior
est
cum
enim
de
voluptate
parata
Stoicis
dicuntur,
contentio.
nee
ea
Quae
acutissime
probatiir Reid.
[tit]
possit
216
B and
inf.
MSS.
posset A,
potest
Mdv.
DE FINIBUS
BOOK
I.
My
dear Brutus.
III
for introduction
to
nufics
my
would own
strict philo-
The
.^
stoicism
|han Epkur?a^n-*
jsm because of
ing and novel
tfnimoiogy.
217
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
fendunt earn versuti in disserendo sunt nee qui
contra dicunt causam difficilem repellunt. Ipse etiam
Epicurus ne argumentandum quidem esse de
quod sit positum iudicium eius in sensibus,
dicit
voluptate,
Quare
ilia
disputatio.
Nee enim
in Torquati
videtur,
attineat doceri.
nihil
sit,
fuit,
sermone quidquam
nostraque, ut mihi
Stoicorum
oratio.
autem
non
ignoras
quam
quibus
spinosum potius disserendi genus, idque cum Graecis, tum magis nobis
nova
rebus
sit
subtile vel
nomina.
novis
communisque non
novitatem
nominum
cum
esse
sit
in
multam
constituantur earum
sint,^
iis
quae
geometrae vero et
atque populares,
privatis
II.
utuntur ac
verbis
tamen
in
ai'tes
elegantes et in-
Quin etiam
artificia
possent
politiore elegantia,
cultura,
tamen
sibi.
>n/Mdv.;^MM/MSS.
218
docendo quasi
suis.
BOOK
dialectic,
III. i-ii
2\9
Apoiogj for
words1n
din,
CICERO DE FINIBUS
nominibus notavit
faciendum est;
novis.
philosopho
enim philosophia
vitae, de
qua disserens arripere verba de foro non potest.
5 Quamquam ex omnibus philosophis Stoici plurima
novaveriintj
ars est
inventor fuit
ea lingua
quam
est ut doctissimi
inusitatis
attingere?
volunt, nos
quam
nostros haberi
vinci a Graecis
verborum
non
in nostris
Quamquam
in
ea verba
ut
rhetoriea,
geometria, musica,
rant,
mus.
6
dialectica,
quamquam
grammatica,
tamen quoniam usu percepta sunt nostra ducaAtque haec quidem de rerum nominibus.
220
aCp.
I,
'^viz.
Ethics.
8ff.
BOOK
III.
ii
and fordedia*work'on^m"or^
phUosophy.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
iure
dienS;
Sed ab eo plurimiim
reprehendefer.
notissima
tibi
et iudicem.
eamque controversiam
cum avunculo
Nam
diiudicabis
quae mihi
in
fuit
libris uti^
venissem, M. Catonem
biblio-
veni in eius
Quo cum
Erat enim ut
libris.
satiari poterat;
scis in
vulgi
inanem reformidans
saepe
detrahens
utendum
libris, si
Quod cum
est, videbatur.
accidisset,
Deinde prima
tim.
Quid
Si
tu," inquit,
ibi
te
esse
Heri," inquam,
222
ilia
hue? a
scissem,
villa
ad
te
enim credo;"
ipse
et:
venissem."
BOOK
deserved.
I dedicate
name
III.
ii
me
attention,
and act
as
man
to consult
;
223
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Causa autem fuit hue veniendi
veni ad vesperuni.
ut quosdam hinc libros promei*em. Et quidenij Cato,
'
diligis.
dicis
non equidem
inquam
'
224
avunadi
(Schiitz).
BOOK
III.
ii
whom
he
for
yourself, to
is
And
so closel}' related.
my
interest in him.
cherish
the memory of his grandfather^ (and you are aware
how highly I esteemed Caepio, who in my belief would
to-day be in the front rank, were he still alive). And
also Lucullus is always present to my mind; he was
a man of general eminence, and united to me in
9 sentiment and oj)inion as well as by friendship."
" I commend you," rejoined Cato, "for your loyalty
to the memory of men who both bequeathed their
children to your care, as well as for 3'our affectionate
interest in the lad.
My own responsibility, as you
I
it,
share
it
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
10
III.
rum
Tuuiille:
"
Tu autem cum
tandem requiris?"
tarios
inquam,
quosdam,"
tantum
ipse
"
quos hie
AristoteHos,
essem otiosus
inchnavisses
vellem," inquit,
Erat enim,
nihil praeter
te
ad Stoicos
si
magis, inquam,
tuum
milii videretur,
non nova
fuerit,
cum
te rebus
re
'
idem
\"ide
tibi
consentit.
ille,
sit
ne
quod
nomina imponere.
ris
dum
Quam
tingit."
libro-
Commen-
Mi-
Quidquid enim
expetendum
esse dixe-
everteris."
quam;
'
sed
'
Dicuntur
videsne
ista,
verborum gloriam
tibi
cum
communem?
Egone
quaeris," inquit,
in
re
naturam ipsam
secuti,
multa laudabilia
senta philosophia,
si
ft-
cerunt, eos
quam institui
potuis-
226
Cf. V. 12.
BOOK
III.
iii
''
111
"
'
'
make
'
g2
227
CICERO DE FINIBUS
omnino
rem
alia
ullani virtutis
Minime vero
cum enim
virtutis
hoc
sit,
discrimen
omne
tollenti."
affere edd.
228
Si
quidem," inquit,
Quonam modo?"
in-
of
BOOK
III.
iii-iv
And
'
said;
'
'
229
ciccro:
How
do
^Hsfolnd'""'
Pyrrho ? They
^toLleiy
indif-
'<='"' d '
you?
CICERO DE FINIBUS
unum
una
quam.
Si
appellas,
rectum,
virtus,
laudabile,
Non
fugiendum?"
quid
explicatio
ista profecerit."
tua
etsi
tur,
est,"
inquam.
'
Si
enim Zenoni
licuit,
cum rem
verbo necesse
cum
erit,
ut inter-
sit
2oO
7iova
BOOK
III.
iv
is
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Et tamen puto
exponere.
verbis
concedi
Latinum, ne hoc
occurret
phoris
nis
'
modo
me
et
adiuvas; et
videbis."
Sed fortuna
fortes;
acrato-
et
'
apoproegme-
haec quidem
me haerentem
ciam.
'
praepo-
Bene
reiecta' dicerelicebit,"
quod
inquit,
si
Quamquam
concedatur.
l6 sita'recteet
ephippiis
quam proegmenis
potius
'
nobis
quando niiuus
si
istis
facis,"
quidem quae
in ceteris subvenies
Sedulo/' inquam
fa-
quorum
natum
ordiendum), ipsum
sibi conciliari et
se
sit
mihi pro-
ratio
commendari ad
conservantia
autem ab
deantur
quam
sunt
eius
diligenda,
status
quae interitum
afferre.
Id
alienari
vi-
quod non
fieret nisi
sui
aliquid nisi
eoquc se diligerent.
Ex quo
Fieri
sensum
intellegi
BOOK
III.
iv-v
come
do
to
my
my
me
in difficulties."
I'll
best," I re})lied
creature
feels
an
impulse to preserve
its
own
constitution
attachment
itself
and
and
for
itself,
and an
'
jhe new-born
which tend
preservation and
to preserve that constitution while on the other hand dudve'To^ uTinit conceives an antipathy to destruction and to those
^'"^'knt^^^fedge
;
In but
things which appear to threaten destruction.
proof of this opinion they urge that infants desire
things conducive to their health and reject things
that are the opposite before they have ever felt
pleasure or pain this would not be the case, unless
thej" felt an affection for their own constitution and
were afraid of destruction. But it would be impossible
that they should feel desire at all unless they pos;
233
not pleasure
CICERO DZ FINIBU5
17 debet prin
pnncipiis
-e
a se
In
dilig:endo.
s.
tant rolop---.
menter
__
assentior, ne,
Satis esse aatem ar^omenti videqoamobrem iHa quae prima sunt aseita natura
tnr|ria seqoantnr.
tnr
aptas
ooes rel perceptiones rel, si haec verba aut minus placent ant minus intelleguntur, jca-aAi^^cts appellemus
licet),
Id antem in
par^'is intellegi
intersit, si
eorum
ipsi invenerint.
dignom assumptione,
nihil
Artes
cum quia
sit
in
lis
corpcav,
aliqnid
qnomm
utilitas
234
quanta
sit
turn
a medicis etiam
BOOK
1
III.
7 impulse to action. Pleasure on the contrary, according to most Stoics, is not to be reckoned among
the primary objects of natural impulse; and I very
strongly agree "vvith them, for fear lest many
immoral consequences would follow if we held that
nature has placed pleasure among the earliest objects
of desire.
But the fact of our affection for the
objects first adopted at nature's prompting seems to
require no further proof than this, that there is no one
who, given the choice, would not prefer to have all
the parts of his body sound and whole, rather than
maimed or distorted although equally serviceable.
Again, acts of cognition (^hich we may term
comprehensions or perceptions, or, if these words are
distasteful or obscure, katalepseis),
tliese we consider meet to be adopted for their own sake, because
the}' possess an element that so to speak embraces
and contains the truth. This can be seen in the
case of children, whom we may observe to take
pleasure in finding something out for themselves by
the use of reason, even though thej" gain nothing bj^
The sciences also, we consider, are things to be
8 it.
chosen for their own sake, partly because there is in
them something worthy of choice, partly because
they consist of acts of cognition and contain an
element of fact established by methodical reasoning.
The mental assent to what is false, as the Stoics
believe, is more repugnant to us than all the other
things that are contrary to nature.
(Again,^ of the members or parts of the body,
some appear to have been bestowed on us by nature
for the sake of their use, for example the hands,
legs, feet, and the internal organs, as to the degree
of whose utility even physicians are not agreed;
235
CICERO DE FINIBUS
autem nullam ob
disputatur, alia
quendam ornatum,
ad
ut
mammae
Haec
diciintur
ieiunius
fortasse
utilitatem quasi
atque barba.)
ipsae res
Est ut
omne quod de
ornate
velle
dicas,
gravior, turn
dicis/'
inquam;
cum
ita fit
puerile
plane autem
et
20
Progrediamur igitur,quoniam,"inquit,
VI.
abhis
appellemus)
sit
id
sit
matione,
bile
enim, ut opinor,
efliciat,
ut selectione
dignum
quam
quod
(sic
pterea
sit
illi
aesti-
superior! contrarium.
constitutis ut ea
pro-
236
BOOK
III.
v-^n
and
clearly."
'
the former they term valueless.' The initial principle being thus established that things in accordance
with nature are things to be taken for their own
things to be
sake, and their opposites similarly
'
237
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
primum
enim appello
KaOriKov) ut se
in
"il
quam appellant
rum ordinem et
evvotav
atque
ita
laudandum
positum
sit in
ilia
tueret in eo collocatum
se
quam omnia
pluris aestiniavit
rat,
illi,
summum
hominis per
illud
quamquam
a
in bonis ducitur,
The Latin
is
here inadequate
what
is
meant
is
appa-
mark of
Cicero
is
inaccurate
above when he applies officium to the instinct of selfpreservation and the instinctive choice of natural Goods.
238
BOOK
III.
vi
apDrooriate
act' (for so I render
\
r *
-in
the Greek kathekon) is to preserve oneseli in one s
natural constitution the next is to retain those things
whicli are in accordance with nature and to repel
rejected,' the first
,,,,,,_,
'
'Appropriate
actions.
'
1,
,.
Ill-
'
originally felt an afl'ection, and by exercise of intelligence and reason infers the conclusion that herein
resides the Chief Good of man, the thing that is
praiseworthy and desirable for its own sake and that
inasmuch as this consists in what the Stoics term
hoinulugia and we with your approval ma}' call con^
formit}'
inasmuch I saj' as in this resides that
Good which is the End to which all else is a means,
moral conduct and Moral Worth itself, which alone
is counted as a good, although of subsequent development, is nevertheless the sole thing that is for its
;
'
239
CICERO DE FINIBUS
expetendum est, eonini autem quae sunt
prima naturae propter se nihil est expetendum.
22 Cum vero ilia quae officia esse dixi proficiscantur ab
initiis naturae, necesse est ea ad haec referri, ut
recte dici possit omnia officia eo referri ut adipiscamur principia naturae, nee tamen ut lioc sit bonorum
ultimum, propterea quod non inest in primis naturae
conciliationibus honesta actio; consequens est enim
Est tamen ea secundum
at post oritur, ut dixi.
naturam multoque nos ad se expetendam magis horSed ex hoc primum
tatur quam superiora omnia.
error toUendus est, ne quis sequi existimet ut duo
Ut enim si cui propositum sit
sint ultima bonorum.
collineare hastam aliquo aut sagittam, sicut' nos
ultimum in bonis dicimus, sic illi facere omnia quae
possit ut collineet: huic in eiusmodi similitudine
omnia sint facienda ut collineet, et tamen, ut omnia
faciat quo propositum assequatur, sit" hoc quasi ultidignitate
mum
quale nos
2."
summum in
vita
bonum
dicimus, illud
autem ut
feriat, quasi
commendatus sit alicui pluris eum faciat cui commendatus quam ilium a quo sit, sic minime mirum
^sicui
MSS.;
collineet
: tlie
may
'
240
BOOK
own
efficacy
III.
vi-vii
is
desirable for
its
own
sake.
22 But since those actions which I have termed appropriate acts are based on the primary natural objects,
it follows that the former are means to the latter.
Hence it may correcth' be said that all appropriate
acts are means to the end of attaining the primary
needs of nature. Yet it must not be inferred that their
attainment is the ultimate Good, inasmuch as moral
action is not one of the primary natural attractions,
but is an outgrowth of these, a later development, as
I have said. At the same time moral action is in accordance with nature, and stimulates our desire far more
strongl}' than all the objects that attracted us earlier.
But at this point a caution is necessary at the outset.
It will be an error to infer that this view implies two
Ultimate Goods.
For though if a man were to make
it his purpose to take a true aim with a spear or
arrow at some mark, his ultimate end, corresponding
to the ultimate good as we pronounce it, would be
to do all he could to aim straight: the man in this
illustration w^ould have to do everything to aim
straight, and yet, although he did everything to
'
'
All action,
tive, deliberate,
"[ed^'ImlTueTa
plan of life
CICERO DE FINIBUS
est
primo
nos
naturae, post
quam
banc venerimus.
data sunt ut ad quandam
rationem vivendi data esse appareant, sic appetitio
animi, quae opjj.-)] Graece vocatur, non ad quodvis
genus vitae sed ad quandam formam vivendi videtur
24 data, itemque et ratio et perfecta ratio.
Ut enim
histrioni actio, saltatori motus non quivis sed certus
fieri
sint
ilia
a quibus ad
ita
illi
ipsa insit,
effectio.
potius
quam modo
dixi et saltationi, ut in
est artis
his
ipsis
quod in
quae recte facta sunt non continent tamen
illis
Oianes partes e quibus constant; quae autem nos aut
rect aut recte facta dicamus, si placet, illi autem
appellant KaropOwfiara, omnes numeros virtutis continent. Sola enim sapientiainsetotaconversaest,quod
25 idem in ceteris artibus non fit. Inscite autem medicinae
et gubernationis ultimum cum ultimo sapientiae comparatur.
Sapientia enim et animi magnitudinem
artibus
'
'
structive art.
2J2
'
BOOK
III. vii
manner
of
life
wisdomitsown
^'"^
'
and
is
is
'
'
r2
243
CICERO DE FINIBUS
coniplectitur et iustitiam et ut omnia quae honiini
quarum modo
mentionem nemo
feci
mum
ab
honesta et turpia.
alio praeter
2C
quod
ipsas
poterit nisi
quae
(sentis enim,
tum extremum,
licebit
cum
turn ulti-
igitur
hoc
sit
extremum,
feliciter,
abso-
eam
que nostras,
bonum
omnibus
et
id est ut
electissimis verbis
tentiis rhetorice
me
S7
quod honestum
sit id
solum
gravissimisque sen-
et augeri et ornari
sed consectaria
VIII.
sic:
Quod
Concluduntur
est
rhetorice
244-
some
inf.
edd. oni!t.
BOOK
III.
vii-\iii
and
ness.
"
Hence the
We may now observe how strikingly the prin- Sapiensisalway
rihave established
1111 support the
iz-iiloilowmg happy
1
ciples
corollaries.
'
'
"'^
^il
by
proved
sjUogisms:
X''*!!'"
(-"Of'",
'
'
245
(i)
Good=
h"noiiraMe
(moral);
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Duorum autem
sum.
laudabile
nam quod
conceditur.
laudabile
Ita
sit.
Et quoniam
is
fit
de
honestate
cernitur,
solum habendum
29
Ita
quod honestum
si
est
beata vita
id
bonum
est.
"Quid vero? negarine ullo modo possit numquam" quemquam stabili et firmo et magno animo,
quem fortem virum dicimus, effici posse, nisi constitutum sit non esse malum dolorem ? Ut enim qui
mortem in malis ponit non potest eam non timere,
sic nemo ulla in re potest id quod malum esse decreQuo posito et
verit non curare idque contemnere.
omnium assensu approbato, illud assumitur, eum qui
^
'
246
BOOK
III.
viii
premises.
The usual line of reply is to deny the
major premise, and say that not everything good is
praiseworthy for there is no denying that what is
praiseworthj' is morally honourable.
But it would
be paradoxical to maintain that there is something
good which is not desirable or desirable that is not
pleasing; or if pleasing, not also esteemed; and
therefore approved as well and so also praiseworthy.
But the praiseworthy is the morally honourable.
Hence it follows that what is good is also morally
;
honourable.
247
CICERO DE FINIBUS
maj?no
sit
honestum
cum
30
idem
illud,
sit,
virtute vivere.
sententias,
iis
summo bono
seirregaverunt,
cum
mancam
momento
et
ullo
anteponentem, et
248
20-23.
qui,^
BOOK
III.
viii-ix
30
IX.
I am well aware, it is true, that varieties of 2. The Stoic
opinion have existed among philosophers, I mean *'onecfb'com^
among those of them who have placed the Chief Good, parison with
the ultimate aim as I call it, in the mind. Some Though it
of those who adopted this view fell into error 's an error
either to inclitdp
T
11
r
but nevertiieless 1 rank all those, or whatever type, other things than
who have placed the Chief Good in the mind SdeVir"ue,in
and in virtue, not merely above the three philoso- *^^^''''^''^'^~
phcrs' who dissociated the Chief Good from virtue
altogether and identified it either with pleasure or
freedom from pain or the primary impulses of nature,
but also above the other three, who held that virtue
would be incomplete without some enhancement,
and therefore added to it one or other respectively
of the three things I have just enumerated. But still yet it h also erthose thinkers are quite beside the mark who pro- airoher th^ngs"
nounced the ultimate Good to be a life devoted to indifferent, since
Virtue consists in
,
knowledge and those who declared that all things right choice
*^''are indifferent, and that the Wise Man will secure ^"^
happiness by not preferring any one thing in the
least degree to any other; and those again who said,
;
111-1
249
CICERO DE FINIBUS
ut quidam Academici constituisse dicuntur, exlremum
bonorum
visis
summum munus
et
selectio^nulla
sit
ab
iis
secundum naturam,
sint
tollatur^
dentia
His singulis
sint
Circumscriptis
posui, et
igitur
sententiis
iis
quas
iis si
ut
reicientem,
id
est
convenienter
congruenterque
naturae vivere.
Sed
32
cum
in ceteris artibus
dicitur
artificiose,
quod
est,
in
debet
continue
partibus
esse
in eo
expletum
enim positum
expetendum.
Nam
cum autem
primo rectissime
dicitur.
id
appellant
id a
esse
est id
proficiscitur,
omnibus
suis
quod dicimus
peccatum
^
'
tollatur
'
secretio
tollatur
?
:
Verum
ut haec non
I'eid.
of corruption
(^fore
uty
Lambinus.
dicimus
omits.
250
by
BOOK
III.
ix
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
in posteris et in consequentibus, sed in primis con-;
sic
iudicanda.
33
Bonum autem
X.
qiiod in
eorum
et
qui
tamen eodem
bonum
Ego
spectant.
definierit id
quod
assentior Diogeni
enim
sic
(M(f)eXri[ia
appellemus)
natura absoluto.
fiant si
Sed
sit
dixit e
animis
aut coniunctione
enim ab
Cum
iis
tum ad notionem
Hoc autem ipsum bonum non accesneque crescendo aut cum ceteris comparando,
34 boni pervenit.
sione
sed propria
vi
Ut enim mel,
dulcissimum
est,
quidem
genere
plurimi
valet,
quae a^ta
dicitur,
252
dulce
est illud
non magnitudine.
rursus in malis,
aliis
neque
Nam cum
in bonis
aestimatio,
numerata
quantumcumque eo
sit
nee
addideris, in suo
BOOK
III.
ix-x
completion.
Good,' wliich has been
X. "Again, the term
employed so frequently in this discourse, is also exThe Stoic definitions do inplained by definition.
deed difler from one another in a very minute degree,
but they all point in the same direction. Personally
I agree with Diogenes in defining the Good as that
which is by nature perfect. He was led by this also
to pronounce the beneficial (for so let us render the
Greek ophelema) to be a motion or state in accordance
Now notions
with that which is by nature perfect.
of things are produced in the mind when something
has become known either by experience or combinaThe
tion of ideas or analogy or logical inference.
fourth and last metliod in this list is the one that has
given us the concei)tion of the Good. The mind ascends
by inference from the things in accordance with
nature till finally it arrives at the notion of Good.
34 At the .same time Goodness is absolute, and is not a
question of degree the Good is recognized and i)ronounced to be good from its own inherent properties
and not by comparison with other things. Just as
honey, though extremely sweet, is yet perceived to
be sweet by its own peculiar kind of flavour and not
by being compared with something else, so this
Good which we are discussing is indeed superlatively
valuable, yet its value depends on kind and not on
Value, in Greek axid, is not counted as a
quantity.
Good nor yet as an Evil so that however much you
increase it in amount, it will still remain tlie same
23
'
'
253
Definition and
go'"!^^""''*
CICERO DE FINIBUS
genere manebit. Alia est igitur propria^ aestimatio
virtutis, quae genere^ non crescendo valet.
Nee vero perturbationes animorum, quae vitam
35
insipientium miseram acerbamque redduiit (quas
Graeci irddi] appellant, poteram ego verbum ipsum
'
ad omnia; quis enim misevicordiam aut ipsam iracundiam niorbum solt-t dicere? at illi dicunt irddo^;
sit igitur perturbatio, quae nomine ipso vitiosa denee eae perturbationes
videtur;
clai-ari
natural!
quamque
Stoici
plures,
aegritudo,
communi nomine
appellant, ego
rjSovi'jv
formido,
libido,
corporis et animi
tiones
aliqua
partibus
tuor,
vi
ea sunt opiniones ac
vi
:)
perturba-
commoventur, omniaque
iudicia
levitatis
itaque his
S6
nihil aliud
(^ety
pYopiia
Reid.
conveniet MSS.
conveniret edd.
nee moventur Mdv. brackets.
his
Mdv.
Reid.
254
his Stoicis
MSS. ;
BOOK
III.
x-xi
The passions
no!
Man
XI.
The view
255
CICERO DE FINIBUS
eandem
ut
velit
illam
rem quam
foeditate
Innumesed non
est.
Nihil est
possit
quam
et honesta
modo
necesse
"9
dici
rabilia
Constituto autem
256
BOOK
III. xi
to achieve his
mode and
257
CICERO DE FINIBUS
illo
honestum
sit
aestimandum
esse
quam
ilia
cum dicimus
et iniustitiam et intemperantiam
esse
malum quod
oratio, propterea
dum
e
vltiis
quam
40
malitias nominare)."
Ne
XII.
quod
et id
tu,"
vis
inquam,
declarantibus
quasi civitatem
ei
dare; quae quidem adhuc peregrinari Romae videbatur nee oft'erre sese nostris sermonibus, et ista
(Scio
enim
rerum et
quosdam qui
nullis enim partiet
esse
;
ea se
tacita assentiatur
iisdem
istis
fortasse
iam utendum.
Virtutibus igitur
Quod enim
vitu-
258
BOOK
HI.
xi-xii
'
kakid)."
'
The translation
memory
s2
259
^''"''
siKia
CICERO DE FINIBUS
perabile est per se ipsum, id eo ipso vitium nomina-
tum
Sin
unum certum
41
Tum
tur
magna
nomine opponitur."
His igitur
ille:
contention
quam
sequi-
tractatam^ a Peripateticis
mollius (est
satis
summaque
quadam
eloquentia
exercitatione in dialecticis
rem
summum
in
pugnare non
non
esse
rerum
Stoicis
cum
discrimen
destitit
in
et malis appelletur
Peripateticis contro-
cuum videtur quam has sententias eorum philosophorum re inter se magis quam verbis dissidere
maiorem multo
omnia quae
rerum
ipsi
aestimatione aliqua
dignum
sit
putent.
42
XIII.
quam
An
vero
certius
quidquam potest
esse
non posse sapientem beatum esse cum eculeo torqueatur? Eorum autem qui dolorem in malis non
^'qua tractaia
260
Reid.
BOOK
III.
xii-xiii
Whereas
vice.'
if
its
is
own nature
derived from
11
11
261
CICERO DE FINIBUS
habent
ut in omnibus tormentis
Etenim
si
dolores
quam
facit,
non
Ne
43 natura, vim doloris aut maiorem aut minorem.
illud quidem est consentaneum, ut si cum tria genera
bonorum
sint,
beatior quisque
plenior, ut hoc
idem approbandum
sit
nobis, ut qui
fieri
aut
262
BOOK
III.
xiii
when they
suffer it for
43
some lesser
depends on
the state of mind of the sufferer, not on its own intrinFurther, on the Peripatetic theory that and(2)happines^
nature.
there are three kinds of goods, the more abundantly grees.
supplied a man is with bodily or external goods, the
happier he is but it does not follow that we Stoics can
accept the same position, and saj- that the more a man
has of those bodily things that are highly valued the
happier he is. For the Peripatetics hold that the sum of
happiness includes bodilj' advantages, but we denjthis altogether.
hold that the multiplication even
of those goods that in our view are truly so called does
not render life happier or more desirable or of higher
value; even less therefore is happiness affected by
Clearly if
the accumulation of bodily advantages.
wisdom and health be both desirable, a combination
of the two would be more desirable than wisdom
alone but it is not the case that if both be deserving of value, wisdom phis wealth is worth more than
wisdom by itself separatel}'. We deem health to be
deserving of a certain value, but we do not reckon
it a good
at the same time we rate no value so
highly as to place it above virtue.
This is not the
view of the Peripatetics, wlio are bound to say that
an action which is both morallj' good and not attended
by pain is more desirable than the same action if
accompanied by pain. We think otherwise whether
rightly or wrongly, I will consider later but how could
there be a wider or more real difference of opinion ?
sic
We
44'
263
CICERO DE FINIBUS
45
Aegaei
stilla
Indiam,
sic^
cum
dicunt, omnis
sit is
ista
dum
opportunitas
(sic
non fit
suum modum quae opportuna dicuntur), sic recta
effectio {KaTopOiocnv enim ita appello, quoniam rectum
factum
venientia, denique
est
ut
naturae
consentiat,
crescendi
Ut enim opportunitas
46 nullam habet.
de quibus dixi, non fiunt temporis
Ob eamque causam
maiora.
Stoicis
item con-
in eo
positum
accessionem
ilia, sic
haec
productione
quisque
sit
264
plurimi.
Non
intellegunt valetudinis
BOOK
45
xiv
III.
XIV. "The light of a lamp is eclipsed and overpowered by the rays of the sun a drop of honey is lost
an additional sixin the vastness of the Aegean sea
pence is nothing amid the wealth of Croesus, or a single
Similarlj' if
step in the journey from here to India.
the Stoic definition of the End of Goods be accepted,
it follows that all the value you set on bodily advantages mnst be absolutely eclipsed and annihilated by
And just Morality, and
the brilliance and the majesty of virtue.
;
right conduct,
Good
itself,
so, in
good of which consists solely and entirely in propriety and opportuneness, a larger number of these
things
will
not be
rated
tlie
fact that,
CICERO DE FINIBUS
aestimationem spatio
lit
bonam mortem
esse
48 aestimari,
est
his
alia
et
Itaque
diuturnitate.
consentaneum
alio
alio vel
Ut enim
rare possunt
si
nee catulus
quam
ille
is
si
qui
modo
minus
XV.
in miseria est
Haec
quam
ille
qui
niliil
processit.
ac
sed
cum
ea
veritate dubitandum.
vitia
crescere,
tamen utrumque
They may be
266
a i.e.
BOOK
health
is
estimated
bj^
III.
xiv-xv
is
on the theory of those who deem the End of Goods, Wisdom incathat which we term the extreme or ultimate Good,
to be capable of degree, they should also hold
that one man can be wiser than another, and similarly that one can commit a more sinful or more
righteous action than another which it is not open
to us to say, who do not think that the End of
Goods can vary in degree. For just as a drowning
man is no more able to breathe if he be not far from
the surface of the water, so that he might at any
moment emerge, than if he were actuall}' at the
bottom already, and just as a puppy on the point of
opening its eyes is no less blind than one just born,
similarly a man that has made some progress towards
the state of virtue is none the less in misery than he
that has made no progress at all.
I am aware that all this seems paradoxical
XV.
yet capabis of
expanbut as our previous conclusions are undoubtedly true certain
sioa.
1
and well established, and as these are the logical
inferences from them, the truth of these inferences
also cannot be called in question. Yet although the
Stoics deny that either virtues or vices can be in;
1111111
267
Wealth
CICERO DE FINIBUS
habere ut quasi duces sint ad voluptatem et ad valetudinem bonam, sed etiam uti ea contineant: non
Quod
de artibus concedamus,
ratio, propterea quod
haec plurimae commentationis et exercitationis indigeat, quod idem in artibus non sit, et quod virtus
stabilitatem, firmitatem, constantiam totius vitae
complectatur nee haec eadem in artibus esse videamus.
"Deinceps explicatur differentia rerum: quam si
non ullam esse diceremus, confunderetur omnis vita,
ut ab Aristone, neque ullum sapientiae munus aut
opus inveniretur, cum inter res eas quae ad vitam
degendam pertinerent nihil omnino interesset neque
Itaque cum
ullum dilectum adhiberi oporteret.
esset satis constitutum id solum esse bonum quod
esset honestum et id malum solum quod turpe, tum
inter ilia quae nihil valerent ad beate misereve
50 continei'i potest.
virtutis
tamen non
sit
si
eadem
'
ars vivendi.'
268
BOOK
XV
III.
to affirm that-
importance
among
for
269
to happiness;
CICERO DE FINIBUS
51
lium rerum/
alia
autem non
satis
quod
diroTrpoyiyuevoi'
irporiyiikvoi',
nominavit,
cum
contraque
uteretur
is,
in
quod
quamquam
Sed non
alienum est, quo facilius vis verbi intellegatur, rationem huius verbi ^ faciendi Zenonis exponere.
52
XVI,
Ut enim, inquit, nemo dicit in regia regem
ipsum quasi productum esse ad dignitatem (id est
'
270
BOOK
III.
xv-xvi
riif-
between piorg7fie?m
and the opposite, apoproegmena for Zeno using the
copious Greek language still employed novel words
distinction, in Zeno's terminologj',
'
'
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
pua, et
ilia
Re enim
reiecta.
intellecta in verbo-
53 rum usu
faciles
esse
54 praeposita.
vim naturamque
eius
55
nihil pertinent.
illud
ilia
divisio,
ultimum pertinentia
ut
(sic
272
BOOK
for the opposite
III.
rejected.'
xvi
If the
meaning
is
intel-
we need not be
But since we
'
'
'
'
'
273
<
CICERO DE FINIBUS
mus,
lit
Graeci
nihil est
bonum
autem
quae
efficientia,
De
utrumque.
alia
TroajrtKa,
pertinentibus
effi
56
illo
quia
pertinenti
Haec quae
XV^II.
Nam
volunt esse.
partim utrumque
ponenda quaedam
et reicienda
ob earn rem
alia
pecunia, alia
famam hoc
quidem
quidem
evSo^iav aptius
loco appellare
quam
est
bonam
gloriam), Chr3'sippus
ne digitum
porrigendum esse dicebant, quiQui autem post eos
bus ego vehementer assentior.
fuerunt, cum Carneadem sustinere non possent, lianc
quam dixi bonam famam ipsam propter se praepositam et sumendam esse dixerunt, esseque hominis
ingenui et liberaliter educati velle bene audire a
eius causa
viris,
idque
Mdv. est
Mdv. brackets.
esi in illo
id
274
illo
A, B,
est
cum
illo inf.
MSS.
BOOK
xvi-xvii
III.
so
'
'
'
ductive.
56
,.
i-
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
liberis
propter ipsos,
esse propter
sic
futurae post
rem etiam
58
sit id
officio
cum
id officium
enim
sint
quidem
Est
ita
ut
autem
quod neque
sunt neque in
possit esse,
in
iis
quod
neque
ita
reddi possit;
medium quiddam
in bonis ponatur
Quoniamque
officium
esse
in contrariis.
vitiis,
est
tollendum id non
est.
est id officium
usui
eorum
appellamus
ut
quod
;
est
nee in
59
contrariis.
XVIII.
istis
illud est, in
igitur
cum
numquam
276
ludicat
Quod quoniam
mediis rebus
BOOK
III.
xvii xviii
just as
we
own
58
advantage.
" But although we pronounce Moral Worth to be An appropriaie
the sole good, it is nevertheless consistent to perform fn seiccttag*'^'''
an appropriate act, in spite of the fact that we count among in(Uncrent things
..
,^
.,
../
appropriate action neither a good, nor an evil, ror in those in .icconithe sphere of these neutral things there is an element nature-'t'hisas
of reasonableness, in the sense that an account can done by the
**''"^'
be rendered of it, and therefore in the sense that an a^'^'igh\
account can also be rendered of an act reasonably action.'
performed now an appropriate act is an act so performed that a reasonable account can be rendered
of its performance and this proves that an appropriate act is an intermediate thing, to be reckoned
neither as a good nor as the opposite.
And since
those things which are neither to be counted among
virtues nor vices nevertheless contain a factor which
can be useful, their element of utility is worth preserving. Again, this neutral class also includes action
of a certain kind, viz. such that reason calls upon us
to do or to produce some one of these neutral things
but an action reasonably performed we call an appropriate act; appropriate action therefore is included
in the class which is reckoned neither as good nor
the opposite
'
59
XVIII.
It is also clear that some actions are
performed by the Wise Man in the sphere of these
neutral things. Well then, when he does such an
action he judges it to be an appropriate act. And
as his judgment on this point never errs, therefore
277
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Quod
officium.
efficitur
hacetianiconclusionerationis:
etiam inehoatum
erit
in recte factis
dere
illo
autem
id
;
enim addito
fit
ita
aliud
fit
sumendum,
omne
aut dicitur
intellegitur
quoniam
secundum naturam
pientis
ex quo
officia,
sint
continetur.
Ex quo
omnes natura
diligant,
officio
efficitur
Sed cum ab
non
Quoni-
se ipsi
quoddam commune
60 dicamus.
iis
tam insipientem
est
in officio ponitur.
depositum reddere
iuste,'
mus
perfectum ofticium,
est
ut, si iuste
in officiis
sit,
esse
officium
sapientis
versari in
his
omnia
iis
et insi-
quae media
proficiscantur
omnes
mansionem.
In
in
est in vita
quo appai'et et
278
est
sapientis esse
vita
excedere.
ahquando
officium
BOOK
III.
xviii
restitution in itself
is
action which
and
is
Thus there
common
is
a region of appropriate
to the wise
with
him
to
remain alive
when he
possesses or sees
it
is
279
4.
Practical
su^"ide
may
an 'appro-
be
CICERO DE FINIBUS
excedere e vita
61
vita
cum
cum
miser.
sit
beatus
Nam
sit,
et stulti
manere
in
ilia
metienda.
nee
iis
Nam
neque
subiecta
ilia
iis
.
si
opportune facere
id
possit.
cum
Sic
sit
enim
Quamobrem cum
si
usus
sit
Itaque a sapientia
sapiens ut relinquat.
sit
ut causam
afFerant
in vita,
iis
manendum.
Pertinere autem ad rem
XIX.
62
arbitrantur in-
Mdv.
like.
conj.
neque
is
amentur
opposites.'
280
BOOK
III.
xviii-xix
of the Foolish
61
nuserable.
necessarily retained in
who
62
XIX.
life.
Again, it is held by the Stoics to be important to understand that nature creates in parents
281
^
nature.
a quo initio
societatem
CICERO DE FINIBUS
profcctam communem liumani
Quod primum
perseqiiimur.
generis
intellegi
debet figura membrisque corporum^ quae ipsa declarant, procreandi a iiatura habitam esse rationem.
tura
procreari
at
curaret.
quos genueri-
ilia
quae in concha
eam
eandemque cum
'
ut inserted by edd.
'
Ethics.
98Q
'
BOOK
III.
xix.
an affection for their children and parental affection is the source to winch we trace the origin of the
association of the human race in communities.
This
cannot but be clear in the first place from the conformation of the body and its members, which by
themselves are enough to show that nature's scheme
Yet it could
included the procreation of offspring.
not be consistent that nature should at once intend
offspring to be born and make no provision for that
offspring when born to be loved and cherished.
Even in the lower animals nature's operation can be
clearly discerned; when we observe the labour that
they spend on bearing and rearing their young, we
seem to be listening to the actual voice of nature.
Hence as it is manifest that it is natural for us to
shrink from pain, so it is clear that we derive from
nature herself the impulse to love those to whom we
From this impulse is developed
63 have given birth.
the sense of mutual attraction which unites human
beings as such; this also is bestowed by nature.
;
'
283
Parent-il affee-
Philanthto^ia
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Multo haec^ coniunctius
causa quaedam faciunt.
Itaque natura sunius apti ad coetuSj conhomines.'
cilia, civitates.
6i
ponunt,
sic vir
civilis ofRci
non ignarus
utilitati
omnium
plus
quam
unius alicuius aut suae consulit. Nee magis est vituperandus proditor patriae quam communis utilitatis
aut salutis desertor propter suam utilitatem aut
Ex quo fit ut laudandus is sit qui mortem
salutem.
oppetat pro re publica, quod deceat cariorem nobis
Quoniamque ilia
esse patriam quam nosmet ipsos.
vox inhumana et scelerata ducitur eorum qui negant
se recusare quo minus ipsis mortuis terrarum omnium
deflagratio consequatur (quod vulgari quodam versu
Graeco pronuntiari solet), certe verum est etiam iis
qui aliquando futuri sint esse propter ipsos con-
sulendum.
XX.
65
Ex hac animorum
afFectione
testament
commendationesque morientium natae sunt. Quodque nemo in summa solitudine vitam agere velit ne
cum infinita quidem voluptatum abundantia, facile
intellegitur nos ad coniunctionem congregationemque hominum et ad naturalem communitatem esse
Multo haec A, B, E; Multo tnagis haec inf. MSS.
^coniunctius homines Mdv.; coniunctio est hominis
MSS
BOOK
III.
xix-xx
fij"
And
as
we
feel it
for
men
to
28.5
Care for
P"^^'^"'^-
xiie imparting of
kuowleUge.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
natos.
quam
66 prudentiae tradeudis.
ita
non solum
datum
dum.
Atque ut
tulis
contra leones
sic
ii
tauris natura
summa
impetuque contendant,
vi
cum Optimum
et
Maximum
dicimus cumque
eundem
autem
convenit,
cum
ipsi inter
Minima
Quemadmodum
diligamur.
mur
prius
habeamus,
quam didicimus
sic inter
igitur
membris
uti-
Quod
ni ita se
67
inter
homines
iuris
cum
eos
autem communitatis
et
286
sed Mdv.
ei
MSS.
BOOK
III.
XX
we caHjand
many people
and
Animals have no
^'^
''
sippus well said, that all other things were created for
the sake of men and gods, but that these exist for their
own mutual fellowship and societj', so that men can
make
injustice.
287
of
CICERO DE FINIBUS
ius intercederet, qui id conservaret
migraret iniustum
fore.
eum
iustum^ qui
modi
alii
si
qui eius-
faciendum
sit,
alii
nullo modo.
69
XXI.
'
hominem
et detrimenta (quae
communia
io4>eXy^fjLaTa
et
/5 Aa/i/iara
appellant)
hominis ? Reid.
After emolumenta Lambinus inserts
et
detrimenta.
The Cynics cast off the ties of country and family, and
proclaimed themselves Kosmou Politai, citizens of the
Universe and members of the universal brotherhood of
man.
288
BOOK
xx-xxi
III.
unjust.
But
man
just as,
who
departs from
is
Property.
to
all,
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
289
CICERO DE FINIBUS
facta et peccata non habentur communia
Amicitiam autem adhibendani esse censent quia
sit ex eo genere quae prosunt.
Quamquam autem
in amicitia alii dicant aeque caram esse sapienti
rationem amici ac suam, alii autem sibi cuique
cariorem suam^ tamen hi quoque posteriores fatentur
alienum esse a iustitia, ad quam nati esse videamur,
detrahere quid de aliquo quod sibi assumat. Minime
autem
70
Eaedem enim
utilitates
amicitia esse
71 expetuntur.^
Etenim nee
iustitia
nee
defenditur
verissime
numquam
gravissimeque
aequitatem ab
honestum
id
^
expetuufnr :
\ni.
MSS.
fore.
expefantiir.
Moral and immoral acts (a) viewed for their results for
ill affect all
mankind, (b) viewed in themselves
concern the agent oiil}-; while in both aspects the\- do not
admit of degree, but are either good or bad, right or wrong
a
good and
absolutely.
290
and
to
BOOK
III.
xxi
common.'^
necessarilj'
him
latter
at the
rich oneself
loss is
saj'
'
that a
be dearer to
admit that to enan action repugnant
we seem to possess a
But the school I am discussing
emphatically rejects the view tliat we adopt or ap-
natural propensity.
utilitj-.
utility
them.
and friendship
will
and
own
by nature
Wise Man not
only to wrong but even to hurt anjone.
Nor again
is it righteous to enter into a partnership in wrongdoing with one's friends or benefactors and it is
most truly and cogentlj^ maintained that honesty
is always the best policy, and that whatever is fair
and just is also honourable,^ and conversely whatever
is honourable ^ will also be just and fair.
so styled
and
it is
d2
291
Friendship, like
the other virtues,
desirable for its
owasake
CICERO DE FINIBUS
72
'
Ad
umquam
nam
Recte
fallique posse.
igitur,
omnibus
si
in rebus
73
XXII.
idem
naturae victurus
mundo
tollit
est.
sit
ei
quisquam de bonis
Nee vero
potest
omni
(et
'
sequi
et
deum
'
et
se noscere,' et
Atque
iis
una
74
esse longius
provectum quam
BOOK
72
III.
xxi-xxii
Logic and
Phiiosopby are
^''^'ues.
73
XXII.
The same honour is also bestowed with
good reason upon Natural Philosophy, because he
who is to live in accordance with nature must base
his principles upon the system and government of
Nor again can anyone judge truly
the entire world.
of things good and evil, save by a knowledge of the
whole plan of nature and also of the life of the gods,
and of the answer to the question whether the
293
pp^jg"^!"^'""
stoic system.
jf,^
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Verum
ordo
quem
admirabilis com-
me rerum
traxit
in natura,
qua
manu
situra
sic
tamque compactum
at
labent omnia
si
est
quod mo-
veri possit.
75
qui,
cum
ratio docuerit
id esse
quam
numquam Euphraten
discriptius
Reid
descriptius
MSS,
Cicero plays
BOOK
III.
xxii
plan that I set before me. The fact is that I have been
led on by the marvellous structure of the Stoic system and the miraculous sequence of its topics pray
;
tell
me
seriously, does
it
not
fill
is
Then, how
dignified,
how
loft)',
how
is
'
295
CICERO DE FINIBUS
obediens
corpus
cupiditati,
recte
invictus,
cuius
etiamsi
constringatur,
76 nulla possint.
ut turn denique iudicetur beatusne fuerit cum extremum vitae diem morte confecerit quod ille unus
e septem sapientibus non sapienter Croesum monuit,
;
nam
boni beati
sint,
96
BOOK
III.
xxii
ject to
Nor
76 into fetters, no bondajre can enchain his soul.
need he wait for any period of time, that the decision
whether he has been happy or not may be finally
pronounced only when he has rounded off his life's
last day in death,
the famous warning so unwisely
given to Croesus by old Solon, one of the seven
Wise Men for had Croesus ever been happy, he would
have carried his happiness uninterrupted to the pyre
raised for him by Cyrus.
If then it be true that all
the good and none but the good are happy, what
possession is more precious than philosophy, what
more divine than virtue?"
297
CICERO DE FINIBUS
BOOK
IV
TULLI CICERONIS
M.
DE
FINIBUS
BONORUM ET MALORUM
LIBER QUARTUS
I.
Ne
Quae cum
tu,
ille.
Ego autem;
ista exposuisti,
ut tain multa,
dixisset,
inquam, Cato,
finem
Itaque aut
memoriter, ut tain obscura, dilucide.
omittamus contra omnino velle aliquid aut spatium
tarn enim diligenter,
sumamus ad cogitandum
etiamsi minus vere (nam nondum id quidem audeo
dicere), sed taraen ^ accurate non mode fundatam
verum etiam exstructam disciplinam non est facile
Tum ille: Ain tandem?" inquit;
perdiscere."
"cum ego te hac nova lege videam eodem die accu;
satori
quam
illae
me
quae tamen a te
praesertim et ab
aliis
Tum
ego:
Non meher-
non quo
pudore impedior; ita
Obscura,"
multa dicunt, quae vix intellegam."
inquit, "quaedam esse confiteor; nee tamen ab illis
cule," inquam,
illis
admodum
assentiar, sed
ita
'
sed tamen
Passed by Pompey, 52 B.C., to limit the concludingin lawsuits to two hours for the prosecution and
three for the defence, both to be delivered on the same day.
a
speeches
300
DE FINIBUS
BOOK
IV
A most
and lucid exposition, Cato," said l/' considering the wide range of j'our subject and its
obscurity.
Clearl\' I must either give up all idea ot
repljing, or must take time to think it over; it is
no eas}^ task to get a thorough grasp of a system so
elaborate, even if erroneous (for on that point I do not
I.
faithful
all
ed both
You
pose
don't
'
am
I protest,"
I exclaimed, "l
not by way of challenging the Stoics lightlj^;
not that I agree with them entirely, but modesty
there is so much in their teaching
restmins me
" I admit," he said,
that I can hardly understand."
" tiiat some parts are obscure, yet the Stoics do not
affect an obscure style on purj)ose
the obscurity is
inherent in the doctrines themselves." "How is it,
am
301
Refutation of th
^1,";','>'''''"
introduction
^^
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Cur
obscuritas."
non intellegatur?"
parum
disserui
easdem
igitur
Peripateticis dicentibus
inquam,
res,"
verbum nullum
'Easdemne res?"
inquit;
te
totum
me
Cato,
si
Putabam equidem
Quare ad ea primum,
Immo
inquam,
Ut
arbitratu meo."
illud erat aptius,
.^
nisi
ad
videtur; sin
istud quidem,"
iniquum postulo,
etsi
enim
Cato,
illos
me
satis," inquit,
si
placet," inquit;
Existimo igitur,"
II.
"Atqui/'
licebit."
dixisse.
"an
Peripateticis sed
inquam,
quod
est
veteres
Aristotelem,
tam
satis et copiose et
disciplinam, ut
Polemonem
animadvertas
exspectes
dum
velim
quid
mutandum
nee
putes,
puto.
cum
ita
nos
esse
occurrerit or
some
quidque (_ponendum
302
sit,
BOOK
IV.
i-ii
then,"
"O
himself."
303
CICERO DE FINIBUS
quae notae illustresque sunt, iustitiam dico, temperantiam, ceteras generis eiusdem (quae onines similes
artium reliquarum materia tantum ad meliorem
partem et tractatione differunt), easque ipsas virtutes
viderent nos magnificentius appetere et ardentius;
habere etiam insitam quandam vel potius innatam
cupiditatem scientiae, natosque esse ad congregationem hominum et ad societatem communitatemque
generis humani, eaque in maximis ingeniis maxima
elucere, totam philosophiam tres in partes diviserunt,
quam partitionem a Zenone esse retentani videmus.
5 Quarum cum una sit qua mores conformari putantur,
difFero earn partem, quae quasi stirps est huius
qui sit enim finis bonorum, mox
quaestionis
hoc
;
loco
cisque, qui
re
quam multa de
legibus!
etiam
tum
definientes,
tum
partientes, ut vestri
illorum vides
quam
niteat
304
c. III.
BOOK
IV.
ii-iii
standard virtues in general, I mean Justice, Temperance and the others of that class (all of which
resemble the rest of the arts, and differ only by excelling them in the material with which they work
and in their treatment of it); tliey observed moreover that we pursue these virtues with a more lofty
and (s) that
enthusiasm than we do the arts
we possess an implanted or rather an innate appe;
-Til-
Ethics de/erreci:
poiiiic'sand'
Rhetoric, fully
treated by the
Old Academy
"'
patetics.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
6
oratio.
Deinde
ornatam
et
quam
de
iustitia, de temperantia, de
de aetata degenda^ de philosophia, de capessenda re publica, hominum nee*
spinas vellentium, ut Stoici, nee ossa nudantium,
sed eorum qui grandia ornate vellent, enucleate
illis,
splendide
fortitudine, de amicitia,
minora dicere. Itaque quae sunt eorum consolationes, quae cohortationes^ quae etiam monita et
Erat enim apud
consilia scripta ad summos virosi
eos, ut est reruin
tatio duplex.
ipsarum natura,
Nam
sic
dicendi exerci-
iis
utroque exercebantur
eaque disciplina
tantum illorum utroque in genere dicendi
copiam. Totum genus hoc Zeno et qui ab eo sunt
aut non potuerunt tueri " aut noluerunt, certe reQuamquam scripsit artem rhetoricam
liquerunt.
Ergo
in
efFecit
deserunt usitata.
At quanta conanturl
mundum
hunc omnem oppidum esse nostrum. \^ides quantam rem agat ut Circeiis qui habitet totum hunc
mundum suum municipium esse existimet. Incendit
^
^tueri inserted
aCp.
306
Ill, 64.
BOOK
at-elbows, while theirs
is
P
IV.
iii
noticeably elegant.
Tlien,
themes demanding ornate and dignified treatment, how imposing, how brilliant is their diction!
On Justice, Temperance, Courage, Friendship, on the
conduct of life, the pursuit of wisdom, the career
in
were twofold, like the nature of the subjects themFor every question for debate can be argued
either on the general issue, ignoring the persons or
circumstances involved, or, these also being taken
into consideration, on a point of fact or of law or of
selves.
Zeno and
roiiticsnog-
whole
field
his
treatise
'='"*''^^
''*"'"^-
CICERO DE FINIBUS
igitur eos qui audiunt.
stinguet
citius
Quid?
ardenteni
si
ille
incendat
acceperit.
Re-
Ista
ipsa
esse
quippe
ipsa
quam
enim,
te
de
exsilia
quidem apte
virtutis vi!
beatum per
ut
esse
quasi
aculeis,
rotunde
ac
quam tantam
se efficere
volunt
Pungunt
possit.
interrogatiunculis
angustis,
animo
tasse
verae,
non
graves,
certe
enim
for-
tractantur
ita
ut
ut dixi, videbimus et ad
explicandum disputationem
duabus
omnem
conferemus.
quod Zeno
commutare gestiret res enim se praeclare habebat,
Quid enim ab antiquis
et quidem in utraque parte.
ad
disserendum
valet praetermisgenere
quod
ex eo
In his igitur partibus
nihil erat
sum
est?
quodque
artes
reliquerunt,
ctum,
quemadmodum
fieri
est
definitioni
fit
ab
adiunillis
et
trariis,
Tunt.
lam argumenti
generum vene-
sequuntur
turn'
quid verum
303
[esse]
? (cf.
sit in
singulis
68) Reid.
extrema
BOOK
What?
more
IV.
iii-iv
rouse enthusiasm?
a Stoic
likely to extinguish
He
is
much
to
j'ou
loo petty.
309
CICERO DE FINIBUS
9 conclusio
est.^
Quanta autem ab
varietas argu-
illis
mcntorum
ratione
etsi a Chrj'sippo
Cumque duae
10 relicta.
ratio et oratio
quidque positum
Nam
? Reid.
ne supplied by Lambinus, Mdv.
' After institula sunt all but one inferior
sunt : Mdv. brackets.
^
exhibet or effecit
ars
Cp.
res.
39.
'
SIO
BOOK
IV. iv
Logic,
the Stoics at
all.
Of
CICERO DE FINIBUS
dux certior quam natura. Aliud est enim
poetarum more verba fundere, aliud ea quae dicas
tamen
est
V.
1 1
quandam
2 Inest in
dam
eadem
et
ilia
summa
e cognoscendis
rebus voluptas, in
qua una,
liberaliter
rent.
num
esse ex qua
quo etiam de animis
cuius generis essent quaereretur, Zeno id dixit esse
ignem nonnulla deinde aliter, sed ea pauca de
maxima autem re eodem modo, di\dna mente atque
quinta
Mdv. que
q7ia et hi
a Aristotle
spoke of a
hie,
in
circle, aetherial,
S12
'
body moving^
the origin of
that mind is
legards mind
BOOK
11
IV. iv-v
A poetic out-pouring
is a safer guide than nature.
of language is one thing, the systematic and scientific
marslialHng of one's matter is another.
V.
Much the same may be said about Natural in Physics too
Philosophy, which is pursued both by the Peripatetics p^edecessore* but
and by your school, and that not merely for the two aremuchinfe...
'"'o'' in complete!-
ri
objects, recognized by Epicurus, or banishing super- ness.
JIT'-
the
313
CICERO DE FINIBUS
natura mundum universum atque eius maximas partes
Materiam vero rerum et copiam apud
illos uberrimam reperiemus. Quam
multa ab iis conquisita et collecta sunt de omnium
animantium genere, ortu, membris, aetatibus quam
multa de rebus iis quae gignuntur e terra quam
multae quamque de variis rebus et causae cur quidque fiat et demonstrationes quemadmodum quidque
fiat
qua ex onini copia plurima et certissima argumenta surauntur ad cuiusque rei naturam explicandam. Ergo adhuc, quantum equidem intellego,
causa non videtur fuisse mutandi nominis non enim,
omnia non sequebatur, idcirco non erat ortus
si
Equidem'etiam Epicurum, in physicis quidem,
illinc.
Democriteum puto. Pauca niutat, vel plura sane; at
cum de phu'imis eadem dicit, turn certe de maximis.
Quod idem cum vestri faciant, non satis maadministrari.
gnam
VI.
14
de
summo
tandem
ceretur,
314.
and not
Peri-
BOOK
IV. v-vi
What
stores of facts
in Ethics, the
jounced t^hT
f^^'^^
'^4 ^"
^<=
according to
nature
life
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Cum enim
secundum
naturam vivere
summum bonum
Stoici
esse
dicunt,
unum
K-arrJp^w/xa
non
quod
Tertium
autem, omnibus aut maximis rebus iis quae secundum naturam sint friientem vivere. Hoc non est
positum in nostra actione completur enim et ex eo
in
offici est,
nonnullos insipientes
perfecti,
potest.
bono degitur, quia coniuncta ei virtus est, in sapientem solum cadit, isque finis bonorum, ut ab ipsis
Stoicis scriptum videmus, a Xenocrate atque ab
Itaque ab iis constitutio
Aristotele constitutus est.
quoque ordiebare his
a
qua
tu
naturae
ilia prima
prope verbis exponitur.
'^fruitur: inferior
MSS.
^Cp. 111,59.
Sl6
ha.\e finifur.
BOOK
IV. vi
'
317
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Omnis natura
VII.
16
et salva sit et in
sit,
animum et corpus cumque eorum utrumque per se expetendum esse dixissent, virtutes quoque utriusque eorum per se expetendas esse dicebant
hominis in
et^
cum animum
corpori, virtutes
intinita
Sed cum sapientiam totius hominis custodem et procuratricem esse vellent, quae esset
naturae comes et adiutrix, hoc sapientiae munus esse
17 ponebant.
dicebant ut
animo
eum
cum
Atque
neret.
ita
re
eum
simphciter primo
ac conticollocata,
iis
iustitiae
ii
qui pro-
quod
318
cognationum. ^ Atque ab
et originem et
omnium virtutum
et
[cogtiationum] (gloss,
on
stirpe)
Raid.
BOOK
IV.
vii
VII.
Every natural organism aims at being its Forstartinp
from the in-L
c L
J
-i
preserver, so as to secure its saiety and also its stinct of selfpreservation true to its specific type.
Witli this
thr"ook"c'
object, they declare, man has called in the aid of the count oi body a?
and chief among them is tToMgWeeming
arts also to assist nature
counted the art of living, which helps him to guard ''"'^ infinitely
the gifts that nature has bestowed and to obtain tant,
They further divided the
those that are lacking.
nature of man into soul and body.
Each of these
parts they pronounced to be desirable for its own
sake, and consequently they said that the virtues
also of each were desirable for their own sakes
at
the same time they extolled the soul as infinitely
surpassing the body in worth, and accordingly placed
the virtues also of the mind above the goods of the
17 body.
But they held that wisdom is the guardian
and protectress of the whole man, as being tlie comrade and helper of nature, and so they said that the
function of wisdom, as protecting a being that consisted of a mind and a body, was to assist and preAfter thus laying the
serve him in respect of both.
first broad foundations of the theory, they went on
to work it out in greater detail.
The goods of the
body, they held, required no particular explanation, and also the
but the goods of the soul they investigated with ^nrf, viz. the
more elaboration, finding in the first place that in Virtues.
them lay the germs of Justice and they were the
first of any philosophers to teach that the love of
parents for their offspring is a provision of nature
and that nature, so they pointed out, has ordained
the union of men and women in marriage, which is
prior in order of time, and is the root of all the
family affections.
Starting from these first principles they traced out the origin and growth of all
1
own
319
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Ex quo magnitudo
quoque animi exsistebat qua facile posset repugnari
obsistique fortunae^ quod maximae res assent in
potestate sapientis; varietates autem iniuriasque fortunae facile veterum philosopliorum praeceptis inPrincipiis autem a natura
stituta vita superabat.
datis amplitudines
quod erat
insitus
quo etiam
quebatur
est
in
ante
dixi
seminibus a natura
datis,
initiis
et^ ut
temperantia,
Habes/' inquam,
VIII.
19
de
quibus
scire cupio
loquor
Cato,
philosopliorum.
quae causa
formam eorum
Qua
exposita
sit
constitutione desciverit,
sit
probatum
cem sui
commendatum
ut se salvum
et
se
inserted by
salvum
Mdv.
Mdv,
I.aiiibinus,
^ywoc? inserted by
320
vitae,
iMd%'.
;
se et
salvum MSS.
BOOK
IV.
vii-viii
loftiness of
nature's bestowal, were developed Temperance, Selfcontrol, Justice and moral virtue generally in full
flower and perfection.
\TII. " There, Cato," I said, " is the scheme of the
19
1,.,
I
TTphilosophers or whom 1 am speakmg.
Havmg
put
I
should
glad
to
learn
what reason
be
it before you,
Zeno had for seceding from this old-established
Which precisely of their doctrines did he
system.
think unsatisfactory the doctrine that every organism
instinctively seeks its own preservation.'' or that every
animal has an affection for itself, prompting it to
desire its own continuance safe and unimpaired in
or that, since the End of every art
its specific type
is some essential natural requirement, the same must
be affirmed as regards the art of life as a whole or
these and also
that, as we consist of soul and bodv,
'
,
CI
I.
't
'^
321
Therefore Zeno
invented nothing
but anew terniinology,
CICERO DE FINIBLS
constaremus et corpore, et haec ipsa et eorum
An
quae tributa
vir-
vero displicuit ea
generis
magna antiquorum
enim
perversius,
modo
ille
veri inve-
ferre potuerit.
Quid
omnino
illi
sumenda
vita
quae
potius
quam expetenda;
in virtute
ea denique omni
sumendam; cumque
beatam
tamen quaedam
cum
possit,
sint beatissimi
itaque
repellant,
322
BOOK
IV.
viii
'
'
disease
v2
and
infii-mity.
323
CICERO DE FINIBUS
IX.
21
O niagnani
enim ea quae
omnium
om-
summe
nisi
esse miseros,
earn
neque
malum
reicienda
iudicem
exsilium, publicationem
esse,
esse
loqueretur,
si
non fugienda?
oportere
In
bonorum? haec
nee
misericordem
contione
autem
si
'
patriam amittere?
An
senatus,
cum
trium-
eailier edd.
324
BOOK
21
IX.
What
IV. ix
acuteness of intellect
produced in public life, in the law-courts, in the senFor who could tolerate such a way of sj^eaking
ate
in one who claimed to be an authority on wise and
moral conduct? Who would allow him to alter
the names of things, and while really holding the
same opinions as everybody else, to impose ditfei'ent
names on things to which he attaches the same
meanings as other people, just altering the terms
while leaving the ideas themselves untouched?
22 Could an advocate wind up his defence of a client by
declaring that exile and confiscation of property are
not evils? that they are to be rejected,' but not
to be shunned'? that it is not a judge's duty to
show mercy? Or supposing him to be addressing a
meeting of the people; Hannibal is at the gates
and has flung a javelin over the city walls; could he
!
saj'
that
captivity,
325
and thisso
*
repugnant to
^'"" ^^5*
CICERO DE FINIBUS
phum
in^
nisi
Quae
posset diceve,
'
sapiente
nee
neque
si
felicitas
vere
in foro loquitur, in
quod
quod
Africano decerneret,
felicitate
illi
libellis
posita,
potest?
communi more
cum
praesertim
alio
modo.
Quid enim
interest,
cum
ille
in ullo
dici
suo?
virtus
homo
in primis
ilia
niliilo
plus
familiaritate
iis tri-
praeposita nominas?
ilia
cum ad
si
probari posset,
quantumque
esset
ista
in
perferendi
cuius
verborum.
Sed ut propius ad
X.
dicta
te
posuit
esset et quale,
fuit,
24
nusquam
dixisti
sunt,
cum
sunt igitur
iis
pressius
ea, Cato,
eonferamus quae
communia
vobis
;
accedam quae
quae
tuis antepono.
cum
antiquis,
Quae
iis
326
signijicent
sic
in controversiam ve-
'
MSS., Mdv.
BOOK
IV. ix-x
whereas
by reason of his valour,' or good fortune,' if no
one but the Wise Man can truly be said to possess
What sort of a
or good fortune?
philosophy then is this, which speaks the ordinary
language in public, but in its treatises employs an
idiom of its own? and that though the doctrines
which the Stoics express in their own peculiar
terms contain no actual novelty the ideas remain
23 the same, though clothed in another dress. Wh}',
what difference does it make whether you call
things prewealth, power, health
goods,' or
ferred,' when he who calls them goods assigns no
more value to them than you who style exactly the
same things preferred'? This is why so eminent
and high-minded an authority as Panaetius, a worthy
member of the famous circle of Scipio and Laelius,
in his epistle to Quintus Tubero on the endurance
of pain, has nowhere made what ought to have been
his most effective point, if it could be shown to be
true, namely that pain is not an evil
instead lie
defines its nature and properties, estimates the degree of its divergence from nature, and lastly prescribes the method by which it is to be endured.
So that by his vote, seeing that he was a Stoic, j'our
terminological fatuities seem to me to stand coneither valour
24
demned.
X. " But
want
to
come
*i
*T^.t?'"'"'.v
ttnics
on the
tiasis of their
'v.?h"?hea^n-"*
"^'^"'^ 'S^
^*'^>-
CICERO DE FINIBUS
niunt,
tie
si
iis
placet disseramus."
inquitj
Quae enim
sius.
Mihi vero/'
"'
A mene
tu?" inquam;
25
non fugiam
occurrent
milii
positum
nobis
pvimum nosmet
sit
ipsos
si
minus multa
popularia.
Sed
commendatos
esse
ista
Hoc
convenit; sequi-
Sumus
ut nos
ipsi^
igitur
homines
ilium
sunt
ita constitui
ultimi
neeesse
est,
quem
adipisci.
Hunc
vi\ ere,
hoc
enim
iis
ista melius?),
isti
illi
tenuerunt, quodque
secundum naturam
328
sint
quam maxima
Age nunc
XI.
illi
et
brevius,
igitur finem
prima vera
si
honeste vivere
princi-
(id est
enim
BOOK
IV. x-xi
is
dispute."
'
329
CICERO DE FINIBUS
vel e virtiite vel naturae congruenter vivere)
mum bonum
sit,
et
sumloco
Quaero
officium.
quomodo hae
igitur
27 sapientia relictae
mum bonum
is
autem
raret
quo varum
animo non
finemque
sibi
sui
reperiamus),
doloris, appeteret
secundum naturam
constitueris,
animo quaed.im
modo
bonorum.
animantium
vivere,
ut nullo
Deside-
finis.
constitueret
est ut dixi
enim fingere
(liceat
facilius
etiam conservationem
quod
animus
illi
si
aliquid eiusmodi
tamen
Quod
sint.
similia
nisi ut
Chrj^sippus
ait alias
Cuiuscumnecesse
tamen
in corpore,
autem exponens
earum corpore
est,
esse in
finis
difFerentias
excellere, alias
valere utraque re
deinde
deceat extremum.
nere posuisset ut
330
ei
tribueret
in eo ge-
animi excellentiam.
BOOK
IV. xi
agreement with virtue or life in harmony M'ith nature.' By what means or at what
point did you sudden!}' discard the body, and all
those things which arc in accordance with nature
but out of our control, and lastl}' duty itself? My
question then is, how comes it that so many things
that Nature strongly recommends have been sudEven if we were not
27 denly abandoned by \\'isdom ?
seeking the Chief Good of man but of some living
your
life in
'
331
CICERO DE FINIBUS
summum bonum id constituit, non ut excellere animus sed ut nihil esse praeter animum videretur.
XII. Uno autem modo in virtute sola summum
bonum recte poneretur, si quod esset animal quod
totum ex mente constaret, id ipsum tamen sic ut ea
mens nihil haberet in se quod esset secundum natu29 ram, ut valetudo
est.
Sed
id
ne cogitari quidem
potest quale
sit
dicit
sit
magnum
(ut ei
similiora.
dicunt Mdv.
dicit
JNISS.
(in
next line
E has
dicunt
for dicit.
" ad iucundum
accessio edd. with inf. WSS., but ?
Other MSS. have ad iucundum or iucundam accessionem,
332
BOOK
IV. xi-xii
man's End as to make it appear, not that he is principally mind, but that he consists of nothing else.
XI. But the only case in which it would be correct
to place the Chief Good in virtue alone is if there
existed a creature consisting solely of pure intellect,
with the further proviso that this intellect possessed
nothing of its own that was in accordance with
29 nature, as bodily health is. But it is impossible even
to imagine a self-consistent picture of what such a
creature would be like.
" If on the contrary they urge that certain things
are so extremely small that they are eclipsed and lost
Epicurus also
sight of altogether, w^e too admit this
;
Bodily andex^""aiilcntse^d*
by mental goods
fheystm would'
be included
'things
among
.iccording to
"
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
interdum cum ita dicant, si ad illam vitam quae cum
virtute degatur ampulla aut strigilis accedat, sumpturum sapientem earn vitam potius quo haec adiecta
31 sint nee beatiorem tamen ob earn causam fore. Hoc
simile
eiciendum?
iure
tate^
levetj
membrorum et
magnam ineat
cruciatu dolorum
gratiam; nee
quis
si
si ille^
quem
sapiens ad
tortoris
beat vultum
capitali
depugnandum
adversario, dolore,
excitaret
omnes
videret,
quarum praesidio iniret difficile illud ut dixi magnumque proelium. Deinde non quaerimus quid
sit admodum parvum,
summam. Una voluptas
sit
ut expleat
e multis obscuratur in
ea,
quamvis parva
est in voluptate.
sit,
ilia vita
voluptaria
sed tamen
Nummus
32
XIII.
modo
Atqui
si,
' tile
334
BOOK
IV. xii-xiii
is so trifling as to be
eclipsed or lost altogether, but whether it is of such
In the life
a sort as to contribute to the sum total.
of pleasure of which we spoke, one pleasure is lost to
sight among the many but all the same, small as it is,
A
it is a part of the life that is based upon pleasure.
halfpenny is lost to sight amidst the riches of Croesus
Hence the circumstill it forms part of those riches.
stances according to nature, as we call them, ma)^ be
unnoticed in a life of happiness, only you must allow
that they are parts of that happiness,
XIII. " Yet if, as you and we are bound to agree, and must be
32
m,
there does exist a certain natural instinct to desire counted
however small.
the things in accordance with nature, the right procedure is to add together all these things in one definite
;
335
CICERO DE FINIBUS
summa
quanta!
Quo
facienda.
ista quaerere,
\yx
quoque
sit
ipsis obscurationibus
Nemo
omnium naturarum
quod omnia
ultimum rerum appetendarum.
Omnis enim est natura diligens sui. Quae est enim
quae se umquam deserat aut partem aliquam sui aut
eius partis habitum aut vim aut uUius earum rerum
quae secundum naturam sunt aut motum aut statum ?
Quae autem natura suae priniae institutionis oblita
Nulla profecto est^ quin suam vim^ retineat a
est ?
Quomodo igitur evenit ut
33 primo ad extremum.
referrentuTj
quod
simile esset id ad
est
enim
esset simile
si
in ceteris
quoque naturis
id
enim
igitur
dicis,
omne
sit
Quid
Quod*
ortum,
quanta
est
Quod con].
336
<(i7's>
Reid.
supplied
BOOK
IV.
xiii
total.
then be open
Then what of a
exists?
I mean
34
Why
337
CICERO DE FINIBUS
animal applicatinn esse ad id quod in eo
sit
optimum
et in eius unius
naturas nihil
maximarum
et
appetitione concluditur
Ut Phidias
non enim
ipsa genuit
hominem
perficiendum est]
'
praeter
nihil
Si
motum
virtute agere
rationis
ultimum
enim perfectio
summa
erunt
eo
[iii
quod
ingeni quendam,
esse ex
est virtus
si
ilia,
valetudo, vacuitas
Nunc de hominis
summo bono
quaeritur
enim constet
inter
sit
omnes omne
efFectum
officium
Cum
munusque
me
.''
alii
(ne
existimes contra Stoicos solum dicere) eas senin eo quod perficiendum fs/ bracketed by ed., cp. ayf.
in quo (i.e. in aliquo ariimali) perficiendum est,
Mdv.
338
BOOK
IV. xiii-xiv
is reason's consummation.
If it
nothing but a bodj% the chief things will be health,
freedom from pain, beauty and the rest. XIV. But
as a matter of fact the creature whose Chief Good
we are seeking is man. Surely then our course is
to inquire what has been achieved in the whole
of man's nature.
All are agreed that the duty
and function of Wisdom is entirely centred in the
work of perfecting man
but then some thinkers
(for you must not imagine that I am tilting at the
Stoics only) produce theories which place the Chief
z2
339
"^
CICERO DE FINIBUS
sumnium bonum in eo genere
ponant quod sit extra nostram potestatem, tamquam
de inanimo aliquo loquantur, alii contra, quasi
corpus nullum sit hominis, ita praeter animuni nihil
curant, cum praesertim ipse quoque animus non
inane nescio quid sit (neque enim id possum intellegere) sed in quodam genei'c corporis, ut ne is
quidem virtute una contentus sit sed appetat vacuitatem doloris. Quamobrem utrique idem faciunt ut
si laevam partem neglegcrent, dexteram tuerentur,
aut ipsius animi, ut fecit Erillus, cognitionem ampleEorum enim omxarentur, actionem relinquerent.
nium, multa praetermittentium dum eligant aliquid
quod sequantur, quasi curta sententia at vero ilia
perfecta atque plena eorum qui, cum de hominis
summo bono quaererent, nullam in eo neque animi
neque corporis partem vacuam tutela reliquerunt.
S7 ^ OS autem, Cato, quia virtus, ut omnes fatemur,
altissimum locum in homine et maxime excellentem
tenet et quod eos qui sapientes sunt absolutos et
perfectos putamus, aciem animorum nostrorum
tentias afTeruut ut
virtutis
splendore
animante est
praestringitis.
summum
aliquid atque
omni enim
optimum, ut in
In
340
animali quo
BOOK
Good
IV. xiv
irir
perfection
is
manifested in
his noblest part
its
chief glorj' in
what
is
namely
virtue.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
habituni perduxit.
Semper
Itaque
S8 ut ea quae prima dederit non deserat.
sensibus rationem adiunxit et ratione effecta sensus
non
reliquit.
Ut
si
cum omnibus
quam optime
sed
se habeat,
si
sic
munus
partibus suis
intellegamus (licet
docendi
bunt
sicut antea, se
similiter sensus,
cum
illam
assumpta
omnia
ilia
est
ratio,
quam
tuetur
cum autem
satis
op/iriv, itemque
ipsam etiam virtutem volunt esse earum
rerum quae secundum naturam sunt. Cum autem
otticium,
ad
summum bonum
342
BOOK
IV. xiv-xv
SS Thus
'
End.
40
343
CICERO DE FINIBUS
constitui, si
vivendum pertineant. Quod totum contra est; introduci enim vii'tus nullo modo potest, nisi omnia
quae^ leget quaeque reiciet unara referentur ad
Nam si omnino nos^ neglegemus, in
sunimani.
Aristonea vitia incidemus et peccata obliviscemurque
quae virtuti ipsi principia dederimus si ea non neglegemus neque tamen ad finem summi boni referemus, non multum ab Erilli levitate aberimus;"'
;
duarum enim
tutio
si
? Reid.
edd. conj. ea.
qi{ae <^q'tiy
Hos
Quid
a I.e.
34
Quid
our
own
probabiliter
ergo aliud
nature.
Mdv.
'
Mdv.):
etc.
BOOK
virtue
established.
other
IV. XV
way about:
,
11
it is
1
rejects are
virtue
is
uniier-
As a matter of
fact
it
is
II
J
thmgs that she chooses and
.
ture' contri-
butetohappiconsis\s^n'se-*
lecting these, and
to desire them IS
a part of man's
345
CICERO DE FINIBUS
rationem,
sit
in
una virtute
finis
bonorum;
explanatio naturae
sin est
nempe hoc
etiam corpus^
ista
efFecerit ut ea
Ergo
i-elinquamus.
id
est
convenienter naturae
Ut quidam philosophi,
profecti maiora quaedam et diviniora
cum
a sensibus
tione
rerum
isti,
cum
pulcliritudinem
vii'tutis
ex appeti-
aspexissent,
omnia quae praeter virtutem ipsam viderant abiecerunt, obliti naturam omnem appetendarum rerum
ita late
neque intellegunt
43
rerum
se
illarum
fines,
pulchrarum
illi
quodcumque^ in mentem
quodcumque tamquam occurreret.' Is
quam
natura recessit.
Stoici
in una virtute
autem principium
offici
quaerunt,
melius
quam
346
BOOK
IV. xv-xvi
desire whatever.
XT
Next
in error
comes
Aristo,
who
347
Anstoand
Pyrrho, though
|be^' pr^mV'^""'
naturae 'of
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Pyrrho; quod ea non
Neutrum
nam
et a te perfici
potest."
Optime/' inquam
cum
quid enim
Catone,
omnium
si
quidquam
nisi
quod
348
BOOK
IV. xvi
44'
'
Now
let us
349
CICERO DE FINIBUS
honestum
modo
sit
autem
Mihi
nominavi.
aequius
quos
illis
videbatur
a quo quae
et
cum
iis
qui ne dicerent
Minime vero
XVII.
46
illud
honestum
sit,
tum rursum
proponi ne-
dicitis initia
ctione virtus
cum
probo quod,
ponenda
bonorum ultimum
Non enim
erat, ut id
in sele-
Nam
adeptus
quibus
iis
tet
faciendum
est in voluptate
sit
officia
quod nunc a
350
me
is
ut
qui
eam
Videsne ut
perspicuum
eorum omnia
sint officia,
ut
praeterea desideret.
sit nihil
summa
summa bonorum,
sit
nemo
quid
dubi-
quae actiones.
BOOK
IV. xvi-xvii
thing that
something
is
else.
inconsistency of
chief"Good
something dis-
naturaimotives
'*<='''
CICERO DE FINIBUS
estaliud propositum nisi rectum atquehonestum,iinde
offici,
47
Hoc
igitur quaerentes
rei
gerendae peti
esse
enim unam rationem qua et principia rerum agendai'um et ultima bonorum continerentur, atque ut
Aristonis esset explosa sententia dicentis nihil differre aliud
ab
alio
errare
Zenonem
quidquam omnino
interesset, sic
summum bonum
movetur.
XVIII.
sectaria
Nunc
venio ad
esse dicebas,
et
ilia
primum
illud,
quo
nihil
352
BOOK
IV. xvii-xviii
to
vices, so
in
invalid;
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Bonum
potest brevius:
primuni
nihil
49
O plumbeum
onine laudabile;
pugionem
omne honestum
laudabile
si
Quis enim
tibi
concesserit?
illiid
bile est,
les? quos tu
tota
ilia
familia
vires, divitias,
laudabilia
non
dicant.
bonorum
virtute finem
Et
hi
quidem
contineri
ita
non
sola
putant, ut rebus
'
354
csi inserted
by Baiter, Mdv.
BOOK
IV. xviii
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
non tuum, gloriatione dignam esse beatam
vitam, quod non possit sine honestate contingere, ut
Dabit hoc Zenoni Polemo
51 iure quisquam glorietur.'
scilicet,
ilia
gens et
reliqui qui
tamen
bonis esse
bonum
ducendum.
Illi
potest
dicunt
istis
illi
contra naturam,
difficile toleratu,
sit
glorietur Manutius
ut
356
what
is
rejects as interpolated.
moral
is
a thing to be proud
of.
BOOK
IV. xviii-xix
p^wrries^tocon^^'"ce or to
CICERO DE FINIBUS
culpa nee turpitude non esse illud malum.
Haec
tamen
niliilo
firmior ad
quemquam
posse qui
una
plina.
littera
Utrum
commota
sit,
paginas commovere?
Et
Ut enim
sit
apud
an totas
illos,
id
in ingeni praestantia
quidquam
aliud
Recte dicis
ea quae consequuntur, ut
ilia
sed
ita falsa
sunt
fit ilia
quidem.
S58
conclusio
BOOK
moral blame or baseness.
JY. xix
He who
359
CICERO DE FINIBUS
tolluntur.
Quae
sequuntur
igitur?
Omnes
qui
clientes
tuos e
aeutus^ causam
^ aesfitnabiles
br. hahiles.
/labi/es
MSS.
Mdv.
360
BOOK
IV. xix-xx
clusions?
*'
1.
361
CICERO DE FIMBUS
minoris aestimanda duccbat
negaret esse
Quid
quam
quae
ipse
bona
aestimavisset ea
quam
aliud,
ipsa
ea
qui ea
aliquid
que
illi
beata
vita,
Quid? de
dicitis?
sit iis
rebus
Cumque omnis
ponitis.
in
controversia
si
Quorum
si
neutrum
utamur quam
58 est
si
rem
declarantibus.
in re ipsa nihil
quam maxime
aptis, id
est quin,
commodius utantur?
eorum
est,
usitatissimis et
Videamus
igitur
illi
sententias
que
quae
secundum naturam
secundum naturam
ram
sint,
quantum
aestimatione
in
quoque
sit
BOOK
IV. xx-xxi
least to
respectively.
later.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
laudabilia dicantur, partim quae voluptatem habeant
in omni animante, sed in liomine rationem etiam
laudabilia, ilia
decreverit;
esse
omniaque
quae
dura,
difficilia,
'
esse coiij.
MSS.
W. M.
364
BOOK
IV. xxi
is
Moral Worth and what is praiseworthy but if one is offered the choice between
Moral Worth plus health and Moral Worth plus
disease, there is no doubt to which of the two Nature
herself will guide us; though at the same time
Moral Worth is so potent, and so overwhelmingly
superior to all other things, that no penalties or
rewards can induce it to swerve from what it has
decided to be right; and all appai'ent hardships,
difficulties and obstacles can be trodden under foot
by the virtues with which nature has adorned us
not that these hardships are easily overcome or to
be made light of (else where were the merit of
excellent
;
virtue
(i.e.
365
CICERO DE FINIBUS
vitam autem beatam
illi
iis
XXII.
Si
milii
Nee hoc
ille
non
vidit
si
eum
interesset
cum
61
quid inter
si
et vel
quibuscum
iis
Quid
Pjrrhonem
vel
Aristonem
eorum
Nos cum
reviviscant Platonis
illi
et deinceps qui
tecum
ita
loquantur?
auditores fuerunt et
virum,
nominibus uterentur
bas
'
praesertim
quod propriam
3(56
cum
in
br. Baiteri
re publica princeps
esse
BOOK
IV. xxi-xxii
and they
own
the
life
happy but
life
XXII.
facts,
61
What
r-
again,
"
here, but
who expressed
first
Reno's novel
bdng'no^irn-
provement, why
desert the ancients?
CICERO DE FINIBUS
eamque tuendam cum summa tua
velles ad
maxime
enim
ista quaesita, a
dignitate
A^ nobis
'
"
?
Rogarem te,"
idem qui illis orationem
dictavisses, vel potius paulum loci mihi ut lis responderem dares, nisi et te audire nunc mallem et
istis tamen alio tempore responsurus essem, tum
62 tandem talibus
viris
responderes
ut diceres pro
inquit,
cum
scilicet
me
tu
tibi."
XXIII.
Atque si verum respondere velles, Cato,
haec erant dicenda, non eos tibi non probatos, tantis
ingeniis homines tantaque .auctoritate, sed te animadvertisse quas res
illi
eisdemque de
rebus hos
et
expetendam negent
bonum
sit valei*e
bonum
esse,
sed quia
illis
non dubi-
quod antiqui
illi
The
early
Romans wore
368
it
BOOK
IV. xxii-xxiii
truly, this
all
men
Stoics'
fccu"?acV"^"''
so gifted, examined,
The
CICERO DE FINIBUS
solemus dicere) crediderint^ eius qui honeste viveret,
si idem etiam bene valeret, bene audiret, copiosus
esset, optabiliorem foi'e vitam melioremque et magis
expetendam quam illius qui, aeque vii* bonus, niultis
modis esset, ut Enni Alcmaeo,
63
miseros
autem
Stoici
esse.
id fugerat superiores,^
quam eos
nondum perfe-
qui,
cum
Atque hoc
mas
proferebas.
alto
emergere
illi
velint,
si
plures ex
respirandum, qui ad summam aquam iam appropinquent sed nihilo magis respirare posse quam eos
qui sint in profundo? nihil igitur adiuvat procedere
et progredi in virtute quominus miserrimus sit antequam ad earn pervenerit, quoniam in aqua nihil
Et quoniam catuli qui iam dispecturi sunt
adiuvat.
ii qui modo nati, Piatonem quoque
quoniam nondum videbat sapientiam,
aeque caecum animo ac Phalarim fuisse.
XXIV. " Ista similia non sunt, Cato, in quibus
65
caeci aeque et
necesse
est,
* After superiores
omit.
370
BOOK
IV. xxiii-xxiv
Roman
Ennius,
With
sickness,
CICERO DE FINIBUS
quamvis mulium processeriSj tamen
causa est a quo abesse velis, donee
enim
ille
respirat
antequam emersit,
Ilia
sunt
similia
illud in
evaseris.
aeque
semper
et catuli
ita futuri
si
eadem
Nee
omnes qui
levantur
Ti.
vitiis^
levantur erroribus.
filium,
cum
virtuti student;
beatiorem fuisse
quam
alter stabilire
alter evertere.
multum
in virtute
ille
sanabat.
Si nihil est
is
Levatio igitur
vi-
tiorum magna fit in'* iis qui habent ad virtutem proVestri autem progressionem
67 gressionis aliquantum.
ad virtutem fieri aiunt, levationem vitiorum fieri
372
inf.
BOOK
IV. xxiv
373
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Quai-um, inquit, artium summae crescere possunt.
earum etiam contrariorum siimma poterit augeri ad
virtutis autem sumiiiam accedere nihil potest; ne
;
vitia
quidem
tutuni contraria.
Utrum
igitur
quae sunt
tandem
vir-
pei'spicuisne
Si
enim
necesse
illud
eum consequens
est,
cuius id consequens
sit
aliquod falsum
non posse
esse
verum.
XXV.
Gloriosa ostentatio
in
constituendo
sit id
summo
bono.
69 ut
Ex
ea difficultate
malitiae,' natae
illae "^fallaciloquae,"
sunt.
Quod enim
374
BOOK
IV. xxiv-xxv
the case of arts or sciences which admit of advancement, the opposite of those arts and sciences will also
admit of advance but virtue is absolute and incapable of inci-ease
tlierefore the vices also, being the
;
is
false,
it
depends cannot be
true.
health, the
management
>
TheStoicsmisled
Thdr'irKonsi'st"""^y '"
the
"^^mpg
same things
MndiBerent'
'^*^*^
choice!'
'
nay,
to
itself,
which
37.5
CICERO DE FINIBUS
pedem
sapientia
omni
omnibus,
officiis
officia
et discrimine remoto,
rebus omnibus
exaequatis
sic
ut
inter
eas
nihil
quam
Aristonis.
tamen
Ilia
suta.
haec,
vacuitas
doloris,
divitiae,
Zenonem
magis.
roges
his
ei
\ideantur
valetudo
malane?
neget.
Nihilo
si
famem
dolore, frigus,
possimus.
praeclare
70 angere,
Vives,
;
quod
erit
numquam
modo
posse vivi
Aristo,
magnifice
cupies,
possimus necne
propulsare
inquit
atque
numquam
numquam
timebis.
Quid
neque ea ratione uUo
inter honestum et turpe
esse dicit
se dicere
'
immensum, inter
Idem adhuc
audi reliqua et risum contine si potes.
Media ilia,
inquit, inter quae nihil interest, tamen eiusmodi
sunt ut eorum alia eligenda sint, alia reicienda, alia
omnino neglegenda, hoc est ut eorum alia velis, alia
nolis, alia non cures.
At modo dixeras nihil in istis
quid
interesse.
376
MSS.
BOOK
ground
to stand
IV. XXV
were abolished when all choice ajid distincwas done away with distinction was impossible
when all things were made absolutely' equal and indifferent
and these perplexities resulted in jour
paradoxes, which are worse than those of Aristo.
His were at all events frank and open, whereas yours
are disingenuous.
Ask Aristo whether he deems
freedom from pain, riches, health to be goods, and
he will answer No. Well, are their opposites bad ?
No, likewise. Ask Zeno, and his answer would be
desires
tion
inquire of each,
how can we
we
capitally;
;
CICERO DE FINIBUS
esse
quod
interesset.'
72
XXVI.
audiamus.
intei'esse.'
Ista/
quae
inquit,
dixisti,
Verum
valere,
ilia
tolerabilius
sit
cum
cum
Aristone verbis
Aristotele et
Cur
igitur
paratiorem
me
illis
re
cum de
re
Aut doceat
quam
si
si
in bonis duxero,
'
Gorenz,
*
Miiller.
Mdv. with
378
loco
inf.
MSS.;
tnodo B, E, Miiller.
BOOK
IV. xxv-xxvi
the same now,' he will reply, but I mean no difference in respect of virtue and vice.'
XXVI. " Who, pray, did not know that? How- The Stoics'
The things ferrecf ^ are simever, let us hear what he has to say.
you mentioned,' he continues, health, affluence, ply Aristotle's
freedom from pain, I do not call goods, but I will
call them in Greek proegmena, that is in your language brought forward" (though I will rather use
preferred " or
pre-eminent," as these sound
smoother and more acceptable) and on the other
hand disease, poverty and pain I do not stj'le evils,
but, if you please,
things rejected."
Accordingly
I do not speak of
desiring" but selecting" these
things, not of wishing" but
adopting" them, and
not of 'avoiding" their opposites but so to speak
discarding" them.'
What say Aristotle and the
other pupils of Plato? That they call all things in
accordance with nature good and all things contrary
to nature bad.
Do j'ou see therefore that between
your master Zeno and Aristo there is a verbal harmony but a real difference whereas between him
and Aristotle and the rest there is a real agreement
and a verbal disagreement? Why, then, as we are
agreed as to the fact, do we not prefer to employ
the usual terminology?
Or else let him prove that
I shall be readier to despise money if I believe it to
be a thing preferred' than if I believe it to be a
good, and braver to endure pain if I say it is irksome and hard to bear and contrary to nature, than
call it an evil.
Our friend Marcus Piso was
often witty, but never more so than when he ridiculed the Stoics on this score.
What?' he said.
You tell us wealth is not good but you say it is
'preferred"; how does that help matters? do you
if I
379
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Quomodo?
Si
Ne
sit
sane
quo appellatum
'Nihil ad rem
Nam bonum
at certe gravius.
sit,
quod praeponatur
nescio
aliis:
in praepositis poneret
id
magnum
mihi
Aristotele qui
bonum
contemnendum
videtur.'
divitiis a
quam ab
ex
praepositum ex eo credo,
ac despici-
de
istis
ita disputa-
mala,
ilia
optimus tuique, ut
scis,
amantissimus
XXVII.
'
Nam
longum
est
te dicta sunt.
divitiae, et tantae
cum prope
omnia
Haec
rrapd^o^a
illi,
nos admira-
dicamus.
accesseris
*
S80
solum civem
bilia
nos paucis ad
dicatis.
quam
stultos inserted
by Mdv.
BOOK
IV. xxvi-xxvii
For
my
me add
a few words
For it would be a
long task to reply to all your arguments.
XXVII. " The same verbal legerdemain supplies
74
you with your kingdoms and empires and riches,
riches so vast that you declare that everything the
\\r.
11
li
r
,
world
contains is the property or the Wise Man.
He alone, too, you say, is handsome, he alone a free
man and a citizen: while the foolish are the
opposite of all these, and according to you insane
The Stoics call these j)aradojca,
into the bargain.
to yourself.
._
}iart, let
finally conclude.
. 1
as
Their paradoxes
{rursm"' and
their favourite
analogies will not
hold water.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
verbo rem subicias; nulla
Omnia
erit controversia.
Non ego tecum iam ita iocabor ut iisdem his de rebus cum L. Murenam te
Apud imperitos turn ilia
accusante defenderem.
peccata paria
sunt
dicta
dicitis.
aliquid
75 agendum est
modo ?
etiam
turpi turpius.
sensio
est;
omnia
ribus,
datum
coronae
Peccata paria.
subtilius.
magna
dis-
ilia
nulla
nunc
honestius nee
isto
Quonam
earum
ita
Ut, inquit,
fidibus plu-
contenta nervis
sit
ut con-
centum servare
possit,
navem
evertit
et
si
auri,
si
palearum
Hoc non
amne
artem
nihil interesse
^
nihil
pei'tinere
portet, ad
;
Mdv.
inf.
MSS.
*
6c 66.
3S2
in Cicero's
Pro Murena,
BOOK
IV. xxvii
So
that all are equally out of tune.
parison does not help you ; for it does
that because we pronounce every case
equally to be avarice, we must therefore
76 them
all
to
be equal.
Here
is
pronounce
another of these
A skipper, saj'S mj' adversary, commits an equal transgression if he loses his ship with
a cargo of straw and if he does so when laden with
gold; similarly a man is an equal transgressor if he
beats his parent or his slave without due cause.
Fancy not seeing that the nature of the cargo has
nothing to do with the skill of the navigator so
that whether he carries gold or straw makes no difference as regards good or bad seamanship whereas
the distinction between a parent and a mere slave
false analogies
383
CICERO DE FINIBUS
intersit intellegi et potest et debet.
nando
nihil, in officio
peccetur.
Et
si
plurimum
in ipsa
Ergo
guber-
in
quam in
Omnibus enim artibus volumus attributam
esse eam quae communis appellatur prudentia,
quam omnes qui cuique^ artificio praesunt debenl
habere.
Ita ne hoc quidem modo paria" peccata
navis eversa, mains est peccatum in auro
palea.
sunt,
77
quoque
ipsas
in
Scaevolam
sint,
ut,
quo
eo quae peccentur in
Quid enim
est
tam
381
ne hoc
BOOK
IV. xxvii-xxviii
<-.
life
Thus
cc
385
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Aristonem incidunt cum id fugiunt,
eadem defendant quae Peripatetici, verba tenent
Quae rursus dum sibi ev^elli ex ordine^
mordicus.
conveniunt, in
re
79 oratione
et raoribus.
Quam
Panaetiu^
nee acerbitatem
sententiarum nee disserendi spinas probavit, fuitque
fugiens
asperitatem
in altero
illustrior,
semperque
Theophrastum, Dicaearchum, ut
clarant.
Quos quidem
tibi
studiose et diligenter
dicta, discessimus.
ere
Manutius
nolunt
S86
inf.
perhaps oratione.
MSS.; volunt
B, E.
BOOK
IV. xxviii
Peripatetics,
their
own
though
still
terminologj-.
cc2
387
CICERO DE FINIBUS
BOOK V
M.
TULLI CICERONIS
DE
FINIBUS
BONORUM ET MALORUM
LIBER QUINTUS
I.
Cum
cuui M.
iioster
Pomponius
cognatione patruelis,
vacuus
quam
volue-
2 ramus.
videanius in quibus
mus multum
memoria dignos
viros acceperi-
moveamur quam
si
quando eorum ipsorum aut facta audiamus aut scriptum aliquod legamus? Velut ego nunc moveor.
Venit enim mihi Platonis in mentem, quem accepi-
mus primum
illi
S90
solebam Mdv.
solehat
MSS.
DE FINIBUS
BOOK V
'^
My own
am reminded
391
Philosophical
fssocialion^ot
Athens.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
ilia ipsa sessio fuit quam videmus.
Equidem
etiam curiam nostrani (Hostiliam dico, non banc novam, quae minor mihi esse videtur posteaquam est
maior) solebam intuens Scipionem, Catonem, Laelium, nostrum vero in primis avum cogitare tanta
ut non sine causa ex
vis admonitionis inest in locis
iis memoriae ducta sit disciplina."
Tum Quintus: Est plane^ Piso, ut dicis," inquit.
" Nam me ipsum hue modo venientem convertebat
ad sese Coloneus ille locus^ cuius incola Sophocles
ob oculos versabatur, quem scis quani admirer quamque eo delecter. Me quidem ad altiorem memoriam
Oedipodis hue venientis et illo mollissimo carmine
quaenam essent haec ipsa loca requirentis species
quaedam commovit, inaniter scilicet^ sed commovit
tamen."
cuius
Tum
Pomponius:
392
BOOK
V.
upon
locality.""^
of Colonus, and it brought to iwy imagination Sophocles who resided there, and who is as you know my
great admiration and delight.
Indeed my memory
took me further back for I had a vision of Oedipus,
advancing towards this very spot and asking in those
most tender verses,*^ What place is this ?
a mere
fancy no doubt, j^et still it affected me strongly."
For my part," said Pomponius, you are fond of
attacking me as a devotee of Epicurus, and I do
spend much of my time with Phaedrus, who as you
;
'
'
know
my
'^
f.
rj
tivQiv
dvSpwv
7r6X(i'
to his suc-
cessors.
'
'
393
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Pomponius quidem," inquam,
enim
se Athenis collocavit ut sit paene unus ex Atticis, ut
ego autem
id etiam cognomen videatui* habiturus
tibi, Piso, assentior, usu hoc venire ut acrius aliquanto et attentius de claris vii'is locorum admonitu
Scis enim me quodam tempore Metacogitemus.
pontum venisse tecum neque ad hospitem ante
devertisse quam Pythagorae ipsum ilium locum ubi
vitam ediderat sedemque viderim. Hoc autem tempore, etsi multa in omni parte Athenarum sunt in
ipsis locis indicia summorum virorum, tamen ego ilia
moveor exhedra modo enim fuit Carneadis quem
videre videor (est enim nota imago), a sedeque ipsa
II.
Hie ego:
ducitur."
Quamquam
sepulcrum accederem.
quisqiie
Mdv. with
inf.
MSS.
id qui-
unus quisque B, E.
known from
b
his
BOOK
4
V.
ii
and
395
CICERO DE FINIBUS
dem
quacumque enim
Tum
Piso
si
ad
imitandos
sin
'
'
quem amat,
vel ut illud
quem
ille
audis,
satis
l)elle
videris attendere."
Tum
Facio," inquit,
illuc
quem audiamus."
Tum
fovtasse non
(me autem dicebat),
"tamen audebo te ab liac Academia nova ad illam
veterem vocare, in qua,ut dicere Antiochum audiebas,
non ii soli numerantur qui Academici vocantur,
III.
Piso:
cum
hie adsit"
396
BOOK
is
no end to
it
in
V.
ii-iii
this city
wherever we go we
'
'
Pisorecom
^^"^pj^yVjg'''
the view-s ad-
Antiochus as
eari^Acadcmics
and Peripatetics.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
dixerim principem philosophorum.
converte
institutis
oninis
te,
cum omnis
Ad
Ex eorum enim
quaeso.
eos igitur
scriptis
et
tanta artium ut
rem
Ab
quam omnium
Atque ego:
artificum^
Scis
Piso, sed a te
officina
me," inquam,
pi'ofecti
sunt."
idem
sentire,
istud
studet
^artificum B, E, Miiller
398
artium with
inf.
MSS. Mdv.
BOOK
if
Plato be excepted,
V.
iii
I beg of you.
From their writings and
can be learnt the whole of liberal culture,
and of style moreover they include such
of sciences, that without the equipment
give no one can be adequatelj^ prepared
to embark on any of the higher careers. Thej^ have
produced orators, generals and statesmen. To come
to the less distinguished professions, this factory of
experts in all the sciences has turned out mathematicians, poets, musicians and physicians."
You know
that I agree with j"ou about that, Piso," I replied;
but you have raised the point most opportunely
for my cousin Cicero is eager to hear the doctrine
of the Old Academy of which j^ou speak, and of the
Peripatetics, on the subject of the Ends of Goods.
We feel sure you can expound it with the greatest
ease, for you have had Staseas from Naples in your
household for many years, and also we know you
have been studying this very subject under Antiochus for several months at Athens."
Here goes,
then," replied Piso, smiling, "(for you have rather
craftily arranged for our discussion to start with me),
let me see what I can do to give the lad a lecture.
If
an oracle had foretold that I should find myself discoursing in the Academy like a philosopher, I should
not have believed it, but here I am, thanks to our
having the place to ourselves. Only don't let me
bore the rest of you while 1 am obliging our young
friend." " What, bore me.''" said I. "Why, it is I who
asked you to speak." Thereupon Quintus and Pomponius having declared that they wished it too, Piso
began. And I will ask you, Brutus, kindly to consider
join them,
teachings
of history
a variety
that they
399
CICERO DE FINIBUS
satisne videatur Antiochi
Quantus ornatus
Peripateticorum disciplina
frequenter audi-
sit,
satis
est a
Sed
in
me, ut
est
forma
:
una
Natura
mari,
sic
ab
terra
iis
(ut
poetice
loquar)
praetermissa
sit.
nium
10 lerunt.
ortus,
victus,
stirpium naturas
figuras,
omniumque
Theophrastus autem
fere
rerum occultissimarum.
etiam oratorie praecepta sunt tradita; ab Aristoteleque principe de singulis rebus in utramque partem
dicendi exercitatio est instituta, ut non contra omnia
semper, sicut Arcesilas, diceret, et tamen ut in omnibus rebus quidquid ex utraque parte dici posset
1
expromeret.
Cum autem
tertia pars
bene vivendi
400
BOOK
V.
iii-iv
sumbeheve to
be the system which you most approve, as j'ou have
often attended the lectures of his brother Aristus.
IV. Accordingly Piso spoke as follows:
About 2. Preiiminarv
9
the educational value of the Peripatetic system I pe'dpatetic Syshave said enough, in the briefest possible way, a few ^g"]^'^^"^'*'"
moments ago. Its arrangement, like that of most Philosophy;
other systems, is threefold: one part deals with RjJetoric; Ethks
nature, the second with discourse, and the third ^"'^ Politics.
with conduct.
Natural Philosophy the Peripatetics
have investigated so thoroughly that no region in
sky or sea or land (to speak poetically) has been
passed over. Nay more, in treating of the elements
of being and the constitution of tlie universe they
have established much of their doctrine not merely
by probable arguments but by conclusive mathematical demonstration, applying a quantity of material
derived from facts that they have themselves investigated to the discovery of other facts beyond the
Aristotle gave a complete
10 I'each of observation.
account of the birth, nutrition and structure of all
living creatures, Theophrastus of the natural history
of plants and the causes and constitution of vegetable organisms in general and the knowledge thus
attained facilitated the investigation of the most
obscure questions. In Logic their teachings include
the rules of rhetoric as well as of dialectic and Aristotle their founder started the practice of arguing
both pro and contra upon every topic, not like
Arcesilas, always controverting every proposition,
but setting out all the possible arguments on either
The third division of philo11 side in every subject.
sophy investigates the rules of human well-being
DD
401
;
CICERO DE FINIBUS
solum ad privatae vitae rationem, sed etiam ad rerum
Omnium fere civitapublicarum rectionem relata.
tum non Graeciae solum, sed etiam barbariae ab
Aristotele mores, instituta, disciplinas, a Theophrasto
Cumque uterque eorum
leges etiam cognovimus.
docuisset qualem in re publica principem esse^ conveniret, pluribus praeterea conscripsisset qui esset
optimus rei publicae status, hoc amplius Theophrastus, quae essent in re publica rerum inclinationes et
momenta temporum quibus esset moderandum ut-
cumque
maxime
res postularet.
illis
quidem
12
De summo autem bono quia duo genera librounum populariter scriptum quod e^wrepiKov
V.
rum
sunt,
esse inserted
by edd.
class.
402
BOOK
V. iv-v
was treated by the Peripatetics, so as to comprise not only the principles of individual conduct
but also of the government of states. Fi-om Aristotle
this too
we
as
12
dd2
403
Divergences
school on^tbe
importanceof
CICERO DE FINIBUS
phrasti de beata vita liber, in
ad pleraque,
dum modo
cum
Primum Theophrasti,
se voluit; in
quo
etsi
est
Strato, phjsi-
deratur a
magno philosopho
gravitas
in
eo non
scripta sane
et
hominem
et sua-
a Aristotle's principal work on Ethics is entitled The Nichomachean Ethics, to distinguish it from two other treatises
ascribed to him, the Eudemian Ethics and the Magna
Mornlia. The title may imply that the book was dedicated
to, or possibly that it was edited by, Nichomachus; but
hardly, pace Cicero, that it was written by him, since he
It seems certain that
died in battle while still a youth.
Cicero had never read, or had forgotten, the book, for he
Cp. IV 12 n.
entirely ignores its distinctive doctrines.
401.
BOOK
V. V
antee happiness.
may
me
to be,
so call
it,
it is
true,
and he wrote
is
some-
40.5
CICERO DE FINIBUS
sentitj
dissentit.
Crito-
et
quoque suus
est,
quam eandem
diligentissime,
Hie
dici
Antiquorum autem
Aristoteli
fuisse
et
Polemonis docet.
15
audire de
constitute
Nam
igitur
philosophia
velit;
hoc enim
sunt omnia.
constituta
ratum
mum
1
tioque
omnium
"Quod quoniam
in
quo
sit
magna
dissensio est,
406
BOOK
V. v-vi
the ancients
them
in
which
*'
all desire.
Now
there
is
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Antiochus libenter uti solet.
modo quot
fuisscnt
Negabat
igitur
non
ullain
possent
esse
sententiae.
esse
proficisceretur ; etenim
semper
arte comprehenditur.
quod
quod propositum
sit
arti;
qaoniam
igitur^ ut
autem
fere inter
vei'saretur et
modatum
omnes,
quod assequi
id,
vellet,
in
sic
eam quoque
Consti-
quo pi'udentia
aptum
et
accom-
Quid autem
Graeci vocant.
sit
quod
ita
moveat
deque eo
exquiritur,
omnis
dissensio.
sit
bonorum et malorum,
extremum, quid ulti-
in
quo
sint
prima invita-
'
primam depulsionem
iU8
alii
BOOK
V. vi-vii
111
nii-i-
*uy
natural goods,
CICERO DE FINIBUS
censent primum ascitam et primum declinatum do-
lorem
ab
alii
lis
nominant proficiscuntur,
in quibus
mitatfem conservationemque
numerant
omnium
incolu-
partium^ vale-
vireSj
si-
ducat exordium.
19
"Ex
cum
illis
congru-
nihil consequare.
Ita
fit
malorumque
principiis
dissimilitudo.
omne
Alii
bonorum
rursum iisdem a
'After omnia
410
MSS. add
atit,
Mdv. brackets.
BOOK
V.
vii
411
CICERO DE FINIBUS
aut ad non dolendum
naturam obtinenda.
20
aiit
ad prima
ilia
secundum
Expositis iam igitur sex de summo bono sententrium proximarum hi principes: voluptatis Aristippus, non dolendi Hieron3-mus, fruendi rebus iis
quas primas secundum naturam esse diximus Carneades non ille quidem auctor sed defensor disserendi
causa fuit. Superiores tres erant quae esse possent;
tiis,
quarum
Nam
est
una
eaque vehementer.
omnia cum, etiamsi nihil
sola defensa
This
is
412
BOOK
sure^
20
V.
vii-viii
three are
^^^f ^Ift^^^'^f;'
upheld)
21
Vm.
;
'
413
or the
End may
==,'s'
.!"
'be
combination
of
one of these
^*"'
vktue.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Sed quoniam non possunt omnia simul
haec
semoquando ad maiora quaedam, ut iam apdici,
vendam
esse,
22
De
vacuitate doloris
eadem
fere
omnem
"^
414.
BOOK
V.
viii
But
it is
....
1.
Til
/<
f.
1
Moral W orth gives a system under winch tliere
is no room either for duty, virtue or friendship,
Moreover the combination with Moral Worth either
of pleasure or of freedom from pain debases the
very morality that it aims at supporting.
For to
uphold two standards of conduct jointly, one of which
declares freedom from evil to be the Supreme Good,
while the other is a thing concerned with tlie most
,
ot
all
415
the Academics
Peripatetics,
and
that
of'
the Stoics
goods-
CICERO DE FINIBUS
quern ciicumscripsimus incidere non possunt^ adhi-
Nam cum
omnis haec
bonorum
et
iis
et Erillus,
si
scientiam,
omnem
tionemque
offici sustulit.
ita
consili
esse
bonum
praeter
cum praeterea nulla esse possit, haec antiquorum valeat neSic exclusis sententiis reliquorum,
cesse est.
Igiiur
2 [et]
^
inf.
MSS.
ergo.
Mdv.
416
Mdv.
BOOK
V. viii-ix
as follows.
24
"Every
IX.
the
moment of
and from
own
4.
Proof of the
preser- poetic
chief
because the earliest impulse bestowed on it {')'^el/-preservaby nature for its life-long protection is the instinct tioa and self defer self-preservation and for the maintenance of thee^rifestln.itself in the best condition possible to it in accord- stincts and later
the conscious
..
..,
i
ii
J
ance with its nature. At the outset
this tendency aimofau
creatures.
is vague and uncertain, so that it merely aims at protecting itself whatever its character may be it does
not understand itself nor its own capacities and nature.
When, however, it has grown a little older, and has
begun to understand the degree in which different
things affect and concern itself, it now gradually
vation
,_
commences
EE
to
make
progress.
Self-consciousness
417
CICERO DE FINIBUS
gere
qiiem diximus
Ergo omni
naturae
est
optinie
accommodatum.
Ita
exsistit,
affici
possit
finis
sic
bonorum
affectum ut
ad naturamque accommodatissime.
omnium hunc
est,
esse ut natura
cum
se animalibus reliquis et
nia,
quoniam omnium
extrema
ilia
et
est
bestiis
homini commu-
inter anima-
secundum naturam
est quasi
sed ut
dicamus
vivere,
unum
omnium artium
esse
non
ita
accipiendum
omnium extremum
suam cuiusque
artis
esse, sic
equo
sit
commune
autem
commune animalium
in animalibus sed
etiam in rebus
BOOK
dawns, and the creature
why
V. ix
be<;iiis to
comprehend the
reason
25
it
tliat is possible.
(for there
b'
EE-S
419
CICERO DE FINIBUS
omnibus iis quas natura alit^ auget, tuetur in quibus
videmus ea quae gignuntur e terra multa quodam
modo efficere ipsa sibi per se quae ad vivendum crescendumque valeant, ut suo^ genere perveniant ad
extremum ut iam liceat una comprehensione omnia
complecti non dubitantemque dicere omnem naturam
;
quam in optimo
omnium rerum quae
finem, non eundem. Ex
ut necesse
quo
sit
intellegi
secundum naturam
vivere,
quod
ita
interpretemur,
Haec
igitur nobis
enodatiuSj vos
ignoscetis.
27 requirente.
si
modo
X.
dicerentur."
'
expetendarum, cur
ista
terminatione rerum
ut dixi
ut suo Mdv.
ei suo IMSS.
'^
comprehenditurque
420
Aliiller
cfld,;
contprehenditur
MSS.
aetati et
BOOK
V. ix-x
nature bestows nourishment, increase and protecAmong these things m'C notice that plants
tion.
can, in a sense, perform on their own belialf a number of actions conducive to tlicir Hfe and growtli, so
that they may attain their End after their kind. So
that finally we may embrace all animate existence in
one broad generalization, and say without hesitation,
that all nature is self-preserving, and has before it
the end and aim of maintaining itself in the best posand that consequently
sible condition after its kind
all things endowed by nature with life have a similar,
but not an identical. End. This leads to the inference,
that the ultimate Good of man is life in accordance
with nature, which we may interpret as meaning life
in accordance with human nature developed to its
27 full perfection and supplied with all its needs. This, Hence the End
then, is the theory that we have to expound but if it rLii'zTtioVof
requires a good deal of explanation, you will receive human nature at
For this is perliaps the first development.
it with forbearance.
time that Lucius has heard the subject debated, and
Very
we must make allowance for his youth."
true," said I
albeit the style of your discourse so
far has been suited to hearers of any age."
Well then," he resumed, having explained Self lovo
X.
what the principle is which determines what things "'"^''"*
are desirable, I have next to show why the matter is
as I have stated. Let us therefore begin from the position which I laid down first and which is also first in the
order of reality: let us understand that every living
creature loves itself. The fact that this is so admits of
no doubt, for indeed it is a fundamental fact of nature,
and one that everybody can grasp for himself by the
evidence of his senses, so much so that did anyone
choose to deny it, he would not get a hearing
421
;
CICERO DE FINIBUS
non
velit
audiatur),
ita sit
afFerendas puto.
Etsi
quod
cum
se oderit
appetitus
Nam
ille
ininiicus,
cum
quod
coiisulto
quod
non
fieri
sibi obsit^
sit sibi
potest.
inimicus est
quia
fugienda appetere
Neque enim,
si
est eversio.
ille
apud Terentium,
qui
29 putandus
tate
dum
Sed
est.
alii
fiat
dolore moventur,
alii
cupidi-
cum
in
'
Qui
sic est
ipsi sibi^
usus
tibi
dies, noctes
[.v/]
Mdv.
a
t>
si
play,
1.
So.
147.
BOOK
nevertlieless, so tliat
V. X
sup-
sincerity
It is
my way
do you do
as
it
suits you.' ^
for
(i)
to desire
fco^Tradic-"'
'ion '^ tenns;
CICERO DE FTNIBUS
qnis de se mereri sibique inimicus esse atque hostis,
Nee vero
nem
id satis est,
gendum
est,
neminem
esse qui
animi
ut in
si,
neutram
nobismet
iis
quoque
quomodo
nemi-
intelle-
se habeat
in
quemadmodum
ipsis
affecti
in
simus nihil
XI.
surdum
Atque etiam
illud
ita diligi
sit,
si
a sese
quemque
ut
ea vis
officiis,
cum
diligat.
Hoc cum
in virtutibus dicitur,
cum
quomodocumque
in amicitiis,
in
tamen quid dicatur potest
autem ne^ intellegi quidem ut'^
propter aliam quampiam rem, verbi gratia propter
voluptatem, nos amemus propter nos enim illam.
non propter eam nosmet ipsos diligimus. Quamquam quid est quod magis perspicuum sit quam ^ non
modo carum sibi quemque, verum etiam vehementer
carum esse ? quis est enim aut quotus quisque cui
mors cum appropinquet non
refugiat timido sanguen atque exalbescat metu ?
Etsi hoc quidem est in vitio, dissolutionem naturae
ne, ut, quam inserted by edd.
dicitur,
intellegi
nobismet
ipsis
Si
'
'
From
424
is
BOOK
V. x-xi
man
is
said of a
really indifi'erent.
'It would also be utterly absurd
XI.
one desired to maintain that, though the
if anj'-
fact of
(iii)
love of othei
5|]J."^^'jjgfj,j^g^jg
self-love;
"'
For
who
is
there,
whose
Blood does not ebb with horror, and face turn pale
with fear,'^
at the
approach of death
.''
No doubt
it is
a fault to
42.')
(iv) self
love
^'^^'^
^^."a^^.u"^
ot
death, seen
f^en in children.
'"
^'*
^'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
tarn valde perliorrescere
dendum
dolore)
in
omnes,
satis
horrere
sed
argumenti
est
quia fere
sic
afficiuntur
ita
faciunt ut iure
si"
tur, idcirco
qui nihil
horrescunt.'
astutia,'
Quis autem de
cum
decre-
verit esse
ipsa
in
et
vis est
perspicua naturae,
cum
qui
cum
bus, propagabat
tardus celeres,
'
item
^si
426
BOOK
V. xi
To
when
32 horror.'
seized
Who
"^
"''
CICERO DE FINIBUS
pennarumque contextu
33
corpori
tegumenta
faciebat.
De homimim genere aut omnino de animalium loquor, cum arborum et stirpium eadem paene natura
Sive enim, ut doctissimis
sit ?
viris
visum
est,
maior
ita
fortuito,
fit
minem dicere me
a se poterit
nihil
enim hoc
quisque discedere
rerum quae
sibi
difFert.
Nam prius
conducant amittere.
lure igitur
summi boni
a natura
ipsi
dibgunt.
Xil. "Deinceps
3+
apertum
sit
est sibi
hominis natura.
Mdv.
possint
Inf.
MSS.
mann.
428
BOOK
V. xi-xii
as Attius has it, and wove their plumage together to (v) the Uw of
But do I speak of the fniioreTMnM?"
33 make himself garments.
human race or of animals generallj-, when the nature a^mate aature.
of trees and plants is almost the same ? For whether
it be, as very learned men have thought, that this
yet
allow those
to hold
who
whenever
men-
'
429
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Deinde
corporis.
id
quoque videmus,
aliis,
et ita figu-
animumque
ita consti-
et habeat prae-
sit
qua
sit
mirabilis
quaedam
et scientiae virtutumque
ris
omnium.
comparandam
et
Nam
quae corpo-
cum animi
partibus
35
neque
est
dubium quin
sit
apparet,
sed
motus
autem etiam
status
sit.
actio
naturae
quaedam
congruentes tenet
peccetur distortione
motu
et
statuve deformi, ut
quis aut
corporis quae
depravatione
si
quibus
quadam
et
si
ac
Quamobrem
in
Est
motus
odisse videatur.
flexi fracti-
430
BOOK
\'.
xii
We
431
CICERO DE FINIBUS
eveniat
vitio id
tamen
36 natura videatur. Itaque e contrario moderati aequabilesque habitus, affectiones ususque corporis apti
esse ad
naturam videntur.
lam vero animus non esse solum sed etiam cuiusdam modi debet esse, ut et omnes partes suas liabeat
incolumes et de virtutibus nulla desit.
Atque in
sensibus est sua cuiusque virtus, ut ne quid impediat
expediteque
rebus celeriter
in
percipiendis quae
animi partis quae princeps est quaeque mens nominatur plures sunt virtutes, sed duo prima genera,
quarum
solent,
stantia.
est excellens in
eiusdem.
37
Et summatim quidem haec erant de corpore anidicenda, quibus quasi informatum est quid
hominis natura postulet; ex quo perspicuum est,
quoniam ipsi a nobis diligamur omniaque et in animo
'
moque
432
BOOK
V.
xii-xiii
defect of mind, suggest to the eye a bodily perver36 sion of man's nature. And so, on the contraiy, a
controlled and well-regulated bearing, condition and
movement of the body has the appearance of being
in harmony with nature.
" Turning now to the mind, this must not only The Seases.
exist, but also be of a certain character
it must
have all its parts intact and lack none of the virtues.
The senses also possess their several virtues or excellences, consisting in the unimpeded performance of
their several functions of swiftly and readily perceiving sensible objects.
XIII. The mind, on the The mind, and its
other hand, and that dominant part of the mind [i)*^innate!viz.
which is called the intellect, possess many excel- intellectual
sifts
de(11
lences or virtues, It
but 4-1
these are orc two main pending on voU''*'
classes one class consists of those excellences which 'i'^^yg^g^''
are implanted by their own nature, and which are
called non-volitional
and the other of those which,
depending on our volition, are usually styled ' virand the latter are
tues in the more special sense
the pre-eminent glorj^ and distinction of the mind.
To the former class belong receptiveness andmemorj-;
and practicallj^ all the excellences of this class are
included under one name of talent,' and their
possessors are spoken of as talented.'
The other
class consists of the lofty virtues properly so called,
which we speak of as dependent on volition, for
instance, Prudence, Temperance, Courage, Justice,
and the others of the same kind.
.'?7
Such is the account, a brief one, it is true, that Self -love comit was necessary to give of the body and the mind.
reaUzatlon ol all
It has indicated in outline what the requirements these excelof man's nature are
and it has clearly shoAvn
that, since we love ourselves, and desire all our
FF
4.S3
;
,.
,.
'
"
CICERO DE FINIBUS
et in corpore perfecta velimus esse, ea nobis ipsa
iis
esse ad
bene vivendum
genere laudabiles.
Ea enim
vita expetitur
quae
sit
mum bonum
poni necesse
esse debet ut
sunt in utriusque
motu
'
434
se ed.
BOOK
V.
xiii
able.
it
as
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
autem bestiae quaedam
virtutis,
in quibus
animorum
definitur,
etiam
explicandam
putant.
SP
ut
quam optime
in ipsa
se habere possit
si
nulla
ut inserted by edd.
patetics
by Antiochus.
436
BOOK
V. xiv
is
'
'
!.
437
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Sed videsne accessuram ei curam ut sensus
quoque suos eorumque omnem appetituni et si qua
bit?
stirpis
necesse est et
optimam quamque partem carissimam, in eaque exsummi boni finem consistere^ cum
longe multumque pi*aestet mens atque ratio? Sic
exstitit^ extremum omnium appetendorum atque
ductum a prima commendatioiie naturae multis
gradibus ascendit ut ad summum perveniret, quod
pletione naturae
41
Cum
X\'.
igitur ea sit
quam
si
esset
'^
4S8
BOOK
V. xiv-xv
it will further be concerned to prosensory faculties also and all their appetitive
instincts, and any additional organs it may have
developed? Thus with the properties that it always
possessed it will combine those subsequently added
to it, and it will not have the same End as the husbandman who tended it had, but will desire to live in
accordance with that nature which it has subsequently
acquired. And so its End or Goodwill be similar to, but
not the same as, what it was before it will no longer
seek the Good of a plant, but that of an animal. Suppose again that it have bestowed upon it not merely
sensation but also a human mind. Will it not result
that while its former properties remain objects of
its care, these added properties will be far more dear
to it, and that the best parts of the mind will be
Will it not find its End or Chief
the dearest of all ?
Good in this crowning development of its nature,
inasmuch as intellect and reason are far and away
the highest of all faculties.'' Thus there has ^fai^'s End the
emerged the final term of the series of objects of whole beiag.
desire thus starting from the primary attraction of
nature, by gradual stages of ascent we have arrived
at the summit, the consummation of perfect bodily
integrity combined with the full development of the
mental faculty of reason.
XV^. "The plan of our nature being then that ^fan attains only
41
which I have explained, if, as I said at the outset, knowiedgeof
every man as soon as he is born could know himself ^'^ nature,
and could appreciate the powers of his nature as a
whole and of its several parts, he would at once
perceive the true essence of the thing that is the
subject of our inquiry, namely the highest and last
of the objects of our desires, and he would be
tect
its
439
CICERO DE FINIBUS
cognosci potest
autem aetatibus
progredientibus
prima
ilia
commendatio quae
a natura nostri
appetitus
ille
mus
cum autem
primusque
atque
salvi
dispicere coepi-
ceteris difFeramus,
42 nati sumus.
Quam
tum ea
similitudinem videmus in
bestiis,
animo sint cum autem paulum firmitatis acceset animo utuntur et sensibus, conitunturque
sese ut erigant, et manibus utuntur, et eos agnosine
sit,"*
scunt a quibus educantur; deinde aequalibus delectantur libenterque se cum iis congregant dantque
rebus
cum
aequalibus decertant
si
vicerunt efferunt
animosque demittunt;
^ coepimus Mdv. with some MSS. (cp. 42 accessit), coeperimus B, E.
accessit
440
inf.
MSS.
accesserit.
BOOK
V. XV
But as
is
it
is,
our
curiously hidden
CICERO DE FINIBUS
43 quorum sine causa fieri
enini natura sic generata
nihil
putandum
vis honiinis ut
est.
Est
ad onineni
germen^
efficitur.
Nam cum
ita nati
factique simus
ut et agendi aliquid et diligendi aliquos et liberalitatis et referendae gratiae principia in nobis contine-
debet, ut
4:i
tantum" inchoata.
X\ I. Intrandum
igitur est in
rerum naturam
et
'^
carmen MSS.
4.4.2
rebus
BOOK
V. xv-xvi
affection, of liberality
we
gifted with
knowledge,
their oppo-
and of gratitude;
minds that are adajited to
prudence and courage, and averse from
hence there is a reason why we
sites
are also
observe in
children those sparks of virtue I have mentioned,
fi-om which the philosopher's torch of reason must
be kindled, that he may follow reason as his divine
For as I have
guide and so arrive at nature's goal.
repeatedly said already, in the years of immaturity
when the intellect is weak the powers of our nature
are discerned as through a mist but as the mind
grows older and stronger it learns to know the
capacity of our nature, while recognizing that this
nature is susceptible of further development and lias
by itself only reached an incomplete condition.
XVI.
must therefore penetrate into the To know ournature of things, and come to understand thoroughly whole'of nature
its requirements; otherwise we cannot know our- "st be studied.
That maxim was too lofty for it to be thought
selves.
to have emanated from a human being, and it was
Accordingly the
therefore ascribed to a god.
Pythian Apollo bids us ' learn to know ourselves ;
but the sole road to self-knowledge is to know
our powers of body and of mind, and to follow^ the
path of life that gives us their full employment.
;
44:
"We
'
443
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Quoniam autem is animi appetitus a principio fuit,
quam perfectissima natura haberemus,
confitendum est, cum id adepti simus quod appetitum
lit
ea quae dixi
sit,
naturam atque
quod certe universum sua
id esse
summum bonum
quo-
est,
45
si
quis
tempus ea quaestio
ptas in
iis
differatur.
Utrum enim
sit
volu-
sit,
Si enim, ut mihi
unum
aliquod accesserit
si
voluptas acces-
commodum
corporis
est pro-
posita mutaverit.
46
est ut ea duceretur
quia cuiusque
partis naturae et in
corpore et in
sximme edd.
rebus
summe^
sutnma MSS.
444
BOOK
"Now
was
inasmuch
V. xvi-xvii
must be allowed
that,
perfection
self is therefor''
when we have
several parts of
it
also
for themselves.
be desirable
,.,
.1
(itisimmattriai
whether pleasure
of bodily advantages is nicomplete owmg to the is or is not inomission of pleasure, let us postpone this question to ^nd^as" [,^^1,
For whether pleasure is or is not one good.)
another time.
of the objects we have called the primary things in
accordance with nature makes no difference for our
,
445
(B)
The
per'ec-
of'ea^h'^art
of"
man's nature
its
own
sake,
CICERO DE FINIBUS
nostra sponte moveamur.
videsne ut
Atque ut
a corpore ordiar,
si
tendant et elaborent,
si
perferant ut,
si
non
ap-
etiam dolores
ipse usus
ut etiam con-
quam minimum
curationis
causa
sit,
eorum tamen
etiam partes
47 tatur.
quemadmodum
quod dignum
sit,
BOOK
do you notice
deformed or infirm or maimed
Tliey actually take great pains and trouble
spontaneous.
how men
Umb ?
To
V. xvii
try to hide a
447
The body:
and leauty"*^
ijistmctiveiy
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Quoniam enim
petemus.
caret viribus.
XVIII.
4-8
Videamus animi
partes,
quarum
est con-
nobis cognitionis
amor
et scientiae ut
nemo
hominum natura
in
dubitare
nullo emolu-
mento invitata rapiatur. Videmusne ut pueri ne verberibus quidem a contemplandis rebus perquirendisque deterreantur ? ut pulsi recurrant ? ut aliquid scire
se gaudeant? ut id aliis narrare gestiant? ut pompa,
ludis atque eiusmodi spectaculis teneantur ob eamque
rem
vel
ingenuis
famem
studiis
et sitim perferant?
in
448
BOOK
V. xvii-xviii
GO
44.Q
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Ita enim invitant Ulixem (nam verti,
haerescerent.
ut quaedam Honieri, sic istum ipsum locum)
Quin
prius astiterit
vocum dulcedine
captus,
Nos
gi'ave
certamen
quam
Graecia
Omniaque
belli
clademque tencmus,
e latis
rerum
vestigia terris.
50
summorum virorum
est
sci-
putandum.
quam magnum
esse
magnum
ac Bremius, Mdv.
*
450
dignum amaverunt.
ac" cognitione
'
OdysseyJ
12,
1S4
vtagua MSS.
(T.
BOOK
V.
xviii-xix
(for
Homer):
Ulysses, pride of Argos, turn thy bark
Never jet
listen to our music.
Did voyager sail these waters blue, but staged
His course, enchanted by our voices sweet.
And
sible if the
merely an
idle
we
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Atque hoc loco qui propter animi voluptates
coli
quod nulla
utilitate
incommodatura
sit
Sed quid
gaudeant.
Ipsi
attinet de
enim quae-
quemadmodum
delectet quam solemus
Quid cum
fictas fabulas e
nescius
rerum gerendarum,
historia
maximeque
opifices
elici
esse,
minime neces-
denique
delectantur
ipsis
in
rum
Ac
veteres
quidem philosophi
in beato-
452
BOOK
V. xix
those
I
But what
further into
is the point of inquiring
matters so obvious ? Let us ask ourselves the question, how it is we are interested in the motions of
the stars and in contemplating the heavenly bodies
and studying all the obscure and secret realms of
why we derive pleasure from history,
nature
which we are so fond of following up, to the remotest
detail, turning back to parts we have omitted,
and pushing on to the end when we have once begun.
Not that I am unaware that history is useful
as well as entertaining.
But what of our reading
52 fiction, from which no utility can be extracted.'' What
of our eagerness to learn the names of people who
have done something notable, their parentage, birthplace, and many quite unimportant details beside?
What of the delight that is taken in historj- by men
of the humblest station, who have no expectation of
participating in public life, even mere artisans ? Also
we maj^ notice that the persons most eager to hear
and read of public affairs are those who are debarred
by the infirmities of age from any prospect of taking
part in them.
Hence we are forced to infer that
the objects of study and knowledge contain in themselves the allurements that entice us to studj' and to
53 learning. The old philosophers picture what the life
of the Wise will be in the Islands of the Blest, and
;
453
putant
nisi
ut
in naturae cognitione
ac discendo
consumant.
cum
in
levamentum miseriarum
itaque
multi
suum
cum
Phalereus Demetrius,
ad Ptolemaeum se regem
Qui cum
mur
Alexandream
contulit.
quam
te horta-
praeclara in
dem
capto, saepe
audiebam cum se
lucis
tatis
magis quam
Somnum
utili-
denique
dam
laboris
afferret,
contra
quadam
vigilias
suscipere
soleamus.
55
BOOK
V. xix-xx
(U)
themoral
nature
455
the
of activity
universal.
:
'
CICERO DE FINIBUS
homine sed in omni animali, ut appetat animus
agere semper aliquid neque ulla condicione quietem
sempiternam possit pati. Facile est hoc cernere in
Quamquam enim vereor
primis puerorum aetatulis.
ne nimius in hoc genere videar, tamen omnes veteres
philosophic maxima nostri, ad incunabula accedunt,
quod^ in pueritia facillime se arbitrentur naturae
Videmus igitur ut
voluntatem posse cognoscere.
conquiescere ne infantes quidem possint; cum vero
paulum processerunt, lusionibus vel laboriosis delectantur, ut ne verberibus quidem deterreri possint.
Eaque cupiditas agendi aliquid adulescit una cum
Itaque ne si iucundissimis quidem nos
aetatibus.
in
si
somnum
nobis
56 Quin etiam inertissimos homines, nescio qua singulari nequitia praeditos, videmus tamen et corpore et
animo moveri semper et, cum re nulla impediantur
necessaria, aut alveolum poscere aut quaerere quempiam ludum aut sermonem aliquem requirere, cumque
non habeant ingenuas ex doctrinaoblectationes^circulos aliquos et sessiunculas consectari.
dem
Ne
bestiae qui-
sius alantur
quam
si
cum copio-
57 tributos requirunt.
quod
arbitrantur
*iVt? inf.
456
BOOK
V. XX
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Nam
altiore
qua in
vita
a
reference to the Epicureans'
science, illustrated by Lucretius.
458
interest
in
natural
BOOK
a
life
of private
V. xx-xxi
activitj', or, if
of loftier ambition,
and
459
CICERO DE FINIBUS
et cognitionem et
usum iam
Omnium enim
praeeunte deducimur.
reriim prin-
augen-
in
Virtutis
enim beataeque
Beatum
cui
satis
'
alia
' ;
omnem
docere,
et
tamquam elementa
induxit
maximarum
et quasi
ea quae
inerant
in
virtutis.
460
BOOK
V. xxi
is
birth
we
now
59
when
Therefore
it
rests
CICERO DE FINIBUS
mus consequentia
exquirere,
mcmoria
in
est
iis
'
a Viz. 67.
462
significcnt rcrum.
Davis quibusque
BOOK
V. xxi-xxii
full
purpose
is
realized.
For this
is
much more
Worth.
" The connotation of all these conce})tions and the Mo"' excellence
signification of the terms that der.ote them, and their proved from (a)
several values
XXII.
and natures we
^^^5'^'^'^''
=^
463
(b)
popular
*'"^'-
CICERO DE FINIBUS
homini qui non moveatiir et ofFensione turpitudinis
et comprobatione honestatis ? quis est qui non oderit
libidinosam, protervam adulescentiani ? quis contra in
ilia aetata pudorem, constantianij etiamsi sua nihil
intersit, non tamen diligat ? quis Pullum Numitorium
Fregellanum proditorem, quamquam rei publicae nostrae profuit, non odit? quis huius^ urbis conservatorem Codrum, quis Erechthei filias non maxima
laudat ? cui Tubuli nomen odio non est ? quis Aristidem non mortuum diligit ? An obliviscimur quanto
opere in audiendo in" legendoque moveamur cum
pie, cum amice, cum magno animo aliquid factum
Quid loquar^ de nobis qui ad laudem
63 cognoscimus ?
et ad decus nati, suscepti, instituti sumus ? qui
clamores vulgi atque imperitorum excitantur in theatris,
cum
ilia
dicuntui*
Ego sum
Orestes,
contraque ab altero
Immo
Ambo
quotiens hoc
agitur,
Nemo
ecquandone
nisi
admirationibus
hanc affectionem
animi probet atque laudet qua non modo utilitas
maximis
nulla quaeritur sed contra utilitatem etiam conservaTalibus exemplis non fictae solum fabulae
fides.
64 tur
verum etiam
historiae
refertae
sunt,
et
464
quidem
BOOK
V. xxii
and
at the rejoinder
No, no,
And
'tis I, I
am
Orestes.
offers a solution to
and perplexity
his confusion
Then
say,
the king in
acted, does
ever fail to
arouse the greatest enthusiasm ? This proves that all
men without exception approve and applaud the disposition that not only seeks no advantage for itself,
but is loyal and true even to its own disadvantage.
64 These high examples crowd the pages not onlj^ of
romance but also of history, and especially the history
HH
is
it
465
CICERO DE FINIBUS
maxime nostrae. No9 enim ad sacra Idaea accipienda
optimum virum delegimus nos tutores regibus misimus nostri imperatores pro salute patriae sua capita
nostri consules regem inimicissimum
voverunt
moenibus lam appropinquantem monuerunt a veneno
;
ut caveret
erat, persecutus),
profecto et virtutes
omnes
honestum
et
illud
quod
sons.
c
The
Lucretia, cp.
II, 66.
Virginius, ibid.
4d6
BOOK
V. xxii-xxiii
'
exists
CICERO DE FINIBUS
tatibus, turn civibus et
iis
quae aniini
quam
aft'ectio
suum cuique
aeque tuens
fice et
Nam cum
66 communia.
Atque haec
ita
sit
ut habeat
Servari
enim
iustitia nisi
Qualis est
que virtutum,
Nam cum
omnium
parari,
ita
distinguitur.
468
est,
BOOK
V. xxiii
and
darity
and
alliance of
which
speak,
is
termed
virtues.
element of
in turn
tues,
Avill
and so
diffuse its
will
469
CICERO DE FINIBUS
ut fortitude in laboribus periculisque cernatur, temperantia in praetermittendis voluptatibus^ prudentia
in delectu bonorum et malorum, iustitia in suo cuique
Qiiando igitur inest in oinni virtuie
tribuendo.
cura quaedam quasi foras spectans aliosque appetens
atque complectens, exsistit ilhid, ut amici, ut fratres,
ut propinqui, ut affines, ut cives, ut omnes denique
(quoniani unani societatem hominum esse volumus)
propter se expetendi
sint.
fit ut duo genera propter se expetendorum reperiantur, ununi quod est in iis in quibus completur
68 Ita
ilhid
tes,
ut
liberi,
"
470
BOOK
V. xxiii-xxiv
.,
make
,
men
right
not perfect
^^rtue.
and
471
j'et
CICERO DE FINIBUS
homines et tamen ingeniis excellentibus praediti
excitanlur saepe gloria, quae habet speciem honeQuod si ipsam honestatem
statis et similitudinem.
undique perfectam atque absolutam, rem unam praeclarissimam omnium maximeque laudandam, penitus
viderent, quonam gaudio complerentur, cum tanto
Quern
70 opere eius adumbrata opinione laetentur
enim deditum voluptatibus, quem cupiditatum incendiis inflammatum in iis potiendis quae acerrime
concupivisset tanta laetitia perfundi arbitramur quanta
aut superiorem Africanum Hannibale victo aut posteriorem Carthagine eversa ? Quem Tiberina descensio
festo illo die tanto gaudio affecit quanto L. Paulum,
!
fore intellegant
si
in virtutis
certamen venerint.
Ilia
enim quae sunt a nobis bona corporis numerata complent ea quidem beatissimam vitam, sed ita ut sine
Ita enim parvae et
illis possit beata vita exsistere.
exiguae sunt istae accessiones bonorum ut, quemad-
The
Ovid
472
June
24,
described by
BOOK
V. xxiv
the river leading King Perses captive in his train ? Virtue alone
Come now, mj' dear Lucius, build in your imagina- bodUy gooS*^^^'
and towering structure of the vir- "]'^^'^'y
tion the lofty
*'^f "^F"""
^
pleteness to it,
tues then you will feel no doubt that those who
achieve them, guiding themselves by magnanimity
and uprightness, are always happj' realizing as they
do that all the vicissitudes of fortune, the ebb and
flow of time and of circumstance, will be trifling and
feeble if brought into conflict with virtue.
The
things we reckon as bodily goods do, it is true, form
a factor in supreme happiness, but yet happiness is
For those supplementary
possible without them.
goods are so small and slight that in the full radiance
of the virtues they are as invisible as the stars in
72 sunlight. Yet true though it is that these bodily
advantages are of but slight importance for happiness, to say that they are of no importance is too
sweeping those who maintain this appear to me to
71
473
CICERO DE FINIBUS
videiitur
buendum
quae
principia naturae.
ipsi fecerint
tribuendum
sit
tarn gloriosa
intellegas.
quam
Tri-
ipsi gloriosi
illi
tantam vim
virtutis tan-
Hinc
quisque
ceteri
videri
suis
laudibus
summi
particulas
voluit
boni.
arripere
afFerre
conati
sententiam.
suam
XXV.
essent
esse dixit.
cum
alter
"^fecerint
nius.
egerint
MSS.;
iecerint Gifa
banfurB and
^^^^
inf.
MSS.
inserted by
474
Mdv.
BOOK
V. xxiv-.xxv
for its
own sake
475
^"iJ'Jie^^*^
CICERO DE FINIBUS
neuter honestate carere potuit, quae est a
maxime. Quin etiam ipsi voluptarii
deverticula quaerunt et virtutes habent in ore totos
dies voluptatemque diimtaxat primo expeti dicunt/
deinde consuetudine quasi alteram quandam naturam
effici, qua impulsi multa faciant^ nullam quaerentes
doloris,
74-
nostris laudata
Stoici restant.
voluptatem.
Ei quidem non unam
aliquam aut alteram reni^ a nobis, sed totam ad se
nostram philosophiam transtulerunt.
Atque ut
reliqui fures
mutant,
sic
illi
Ita re-
eruditis,
digna
claris viris,
digna
institisset, "
Quid
Quae cum
75
meo iure in
commentatus?" Et ego: Tu vero,"
satisne vobis videor pro
vestris auribus
inquam,
paulumque
dixisset
est?" inquit;
visus es ut,
si
Quod
non
qui-
dem
eo probavi magis quia memini Staseam Neapodoctorem ilium tuum, nobilem sane Peripateticum, aliquanto ista secus dicere solitum, assentientem iis qui multum in fortuna secunda aut
adversa, multum in bonis aut malis corporis poneEst ut dicis," inquit; sed haec ab Antiocho,
rent."
familiari nostro, dicuntur multo melius et fortius
litanuni,
'
quaerunt
habent
dicunt Lambinus, Miiller; quaedtcant MSS., Mdv., with mark of corquaerunt, ut
habeant
ruption
dtcant Davis.
^/aciantT. Bentley, Muller /acmnt MSS., Mdv.
*
rant
habeartt
'
re?n inserted
476
by T. Bentley, Mdv.
BOOK V
XXV
477
CICERO DE FINIBUS
quam a Stasea dicebaiitur. Quamquam ego iion
quaero quid tibi a me probatum sit, sed huic Ciceroni
nostro, quern discipulum cupio a te abducere."
76
XXVI. Tuni Lucius: Mihi vero ista valde probata sunt, quod item fratri puto."
Turn mihi Piso:
Quid ergo?" inquit; dasne adulescenti veniam?
an eum discere ea mavis quae cum plane perdidiILgo vero isti," inquam,
percerit nihil sciat?"
mitto sed nonne meministi licere mihi ista probare
quae sunt a te dicta? Quis enim potest ea quae probabilia videantur ei^ non probare?"
'An vero,"
quisquam potest probare quod perceptum,
inquit,
'
Non
est ista,"
inquam,
magna
Piso,
dissensio.
satis
nimium
esse
litigiosam disputationem
et
bene longam
mihi a te
illud
semper beatos.
MSS.; perhaps
potest quae
BOOK
V. xxv-xxvi
"Oh,
leave
him
"^'but
don't
of perception
thej'
But
discourse somehow skimmed past this point.
unless this doctrine is proved, I am afraid that
the truth will lie Avith Theophrastus, who held that
misfortune, sorrow and bodily anguish were incom-
479
butisiteon^'^''^"'^ '^
form part
of the
fufficient'for*
happiness?
CICERO DE FINIBUS
putavit, vereor
ne vera
sint.
eundem beatum esse et multis malis opHaec quomodo conveniant non sane inpressum.
tellego."
Utrum igitur tibi/' inquitj non placet
repugnat^
virtutisne esse
ipsa contenta
ut
sit^
an,
si
negas
ii
Ego vero
tanta,
volo in virtute
sit alias,
quidquam extra
si
Atqui," inquit,
assit
si
vitam
si
efficiat
nunc
virtu-
Stoicis
beatam,
Et ego
is
is
Piso,
Quare
inquam,
si
est
est in parvis
quisquam qui
meo
fortasse
is
es
dicatur,
Quo," inquit,
480
quid
modo?"
efficere possit,
sed quid
ipsum a se dissentiat."
'
BOOK
V. xxvi-xxvii
For it is violently inconsistent to call a man happy and at the same time say
How happiness
that he is overwhelmed with evils.
and misfortune can go together 1 entirely fail to under"Which position then do jou question?"
stand."
that virtue is so potent that she need
he replied
not look outside herself for happiness ? or, if you
accept this, do you deny that the virtuous can be
Oh, I
happy even when afflicted by certain evils ? "
would rate the potency of virtue as high as possible
but let us defer the question of her exact degree of
greatness the only point is now, could she be so
great as she is, if anything outside virtue be classed
as a good.''"
Yet," said he, if you concede to the piso: Yes, Virtue
Stoics that the presence of virtue alone can produce of ha^ppinefs^and
happiness, you concede this also to the Peripatetics, external evils are
What the Stoics have not the courage to call evils,
but admit to be irksome, detrimental, to be rejected,'
and not in accordance with nature, we say are evils,
though small and almost negligible evils. Hence if a
man can be happj' when surrounded by circumstances
that are irksome and to be rejected, he can also be
patible with happiness.
"
Piso,"
41
Cicero: Butif
^iisca"n^ virtue
guarant''^
happiness?
CICERO DE FINIBUS
hoc magnifice tamquam ex oraculo editur
vivendum se ipsa contenta est/
Quare?' inquit; respondet: Quia nisi quod hone
stum est nullum est aliud bonum.' Non quaero iam
verumne sit illud dico, ea quae dicat praeclare inter
80 se cohaerere.
Dixerit hoc idem Epicurus^ semper
beatum esse sapientem; quod quidem solet ebullire
inquam,
Virtus ad beate
dicturum
Quam
'
doloribus
legere
eum
quid
mum malum
sibi
dicendum
esse dixerit.
sum
482
BOOR
V. xxvii
'
'
'
Piso: Yes,
the"g^reatelt
happiness,
cicero:
How
^egrees'of'^*^
happiness?
CICERO DE FINIBUS
minus probandum quam esse aliquem beatum nee
Quod autem satis est, eo quidquid
satis beatum?
nimium
accessit^
nemo
82 igitur^
est; et
nemo nimium
beato beatior."
filios
beatus est;
Ergo," inquit,
tibi
unum
cum
nuptas,
augur
et
fuisset
giliis et
83
XXVIII.
Stoicos roga."
dum
mus.
Tamen a proposito," inquam, aberraNon enim quaero quid verum sed quid cuique
est."
dicendum
sit.
alio
sit,
beatum
esse, qui
?
(fatendum
illos
^
?
Et hercule
enim quod sentio) mirabilis est apud
contextus rerum.
Respondent extrema primis,
beatior
accessit Miiller
(cf.
Mdv.
'^igitur Miiller; et
484
BOOK
V. xxvii-xxviii
man
is
Kso:
it!s
tj^e'refre!^^'
Man?"
83
I,
tliat
ques-
"What
answer
then," he said, "do you think they would give ?"
"That Metellus is no happier than Regulus."
from that."
"Well then," said he, "let us start
Stoics."
Cicero:
But
it
1^3/"^;^*^^^'^
Wise
Man is
^les^^^^uh^th'e
S'"''^^?"?"^^"^
pain to be
an
evil.
CICERO DE FINIBUS
media utrisque, omnia omnibus
Ut
repugnet, vident.
ris,
quod honestum
positam
nihil posse
dede-
si
bonum
nihil esse
est in virtute
Vide rursus
Quod
vestri
retro.
non item.
Venit
liaeret in salebra
prima
concedendum
est illud.
ad extremum
vitam beatam.
esse^
sit
Concede
nisi
in geometria,
cupit
Honesta
Audeo
etiam.
enim dicere
sapienti.
dicere,'
inquit.
est
in
Bonum
misera orbitas ;
serum exsilium
bonum
bonum
integritas corporis
incolumis acies
bonum
valetudo
Sit
Quae
misera caecitas.
debilis,
appellas,
beatissimum
'
esse inserted
*cum tam
inf.
habere Baiter,
486
Zeno
si
quomodo
potest
sustine-
morbo gravissimo
Beatum,'
Quippe,' inquiet,
mi-
bonum
hunc
miser morbus
misera debilitas
potest.
patria
inquit.
quem
Etiam
by Mdv.
MSS., edd.; cum B, E; cum
non magi's
BOOK
V. xxviii
The
8i
Or again
CICERO DE FINIBUS
erim gradus istam rem non habere quam vlrtutem,
85 in qua
bile
sit
quod beatissimum
enim ad populum
beatum
me
vocas,
numquam
esse
eum
qui ita
probabis
Si
sit afFectus
ad prudentes,
si
inquit,
Theophrasti
igitur,'
Tamen
in
'
tibi
ille
is
qui erit in
sunt, iacet
ridens
omnis
iis
si
sequetur
XXIX.
Video," inquit,
Audi
erit
inquit.
;
illuc
"Quia
mala
si
ratio Peripateticorum."
Tu
hue atque
te
mala sunt,
non
igitur,"
Id quaeris," inquam,
necesse est."
si
Nonne
ista
si
inquit,
'
quid agas
enim mecum
est.
ne
vero," inquam,
igitur," inquit,
si
tecum
Luci
Omnis
Et
disci-
ducas
erit."
tecum enim
auctoritas philo-
comparanda
4-88
BOOK
V. xxviii-xxix
'
can't
'
mme.
XXIX.
No;
^u phuoso-
Piso:
>>
ir*
I
^^
^^
_itis only
4-
by
a question of terms;
CICERO DE FINIBUS
Hoc mihi cum
87 omnes sumus.
philosophorum dare.
Pollicetur certe.
Aegyptum
hoc ratio
Nisi
enim
peragravit ut a sacer-
goreos, Echecratem,
cum Socratem
reliquos Pytha-
Timaeum, Arionem
Loci'os, ut,
Aegyptum
barbarorum pedibus
obiit, tot
quaeremus
^)
dicitur se
maria transmisit
oculis
cur
non
certe, ut
a cogitationibus abduceretur,
lustra-
beatam
incultos, quid
Quam
si
etiam
ilia investi-
enim
ille
summum bonum
88 Sed haec
etsi praeclare,
et
evdv/xLav
saepe
virtute
490
in virtute
quaereremus.
BOOK
V. xxix.
I
is
Even
knowledge,
if
still
i8
CICERO DE FINIBUS
omnis ut bene
sic
tur.
didicisset
a nostris, ut
in
beatiorem
quam
Reguli,
praeponendam tamen
89
et, si
esset,
quam
ille
orem
lianc appello,
praeponendam
tribuo
ei vitae
et
nee
optic
ego,
quam
Stoici.
Quid
interest, nisi
quod
'
omntno B, E.
plaintiff
492
BOOK
no one doubted that
and of happiness lay
V. xxix
in virtue.
'
'
'
'
interpreter,'' so
we must
when we
493
CICERO DE FINIBUS
90
XXX.
me
pius dicas
quam
aberrare ;
positam in re putabam. Si
sae-
satis erit
hoc perceptum,
in
omnia
appareant quidem,
si
commoda
illi
certe dicunt esse et sumenda et eligenda et praeposita (quae ita definiunt ut satis
sint),
cum ego
haec igitur
tot
magno aestimanda
nominibus a Stoicis
ducta'
et
partim
reducta,'
idem
pro-
significantibus
petenda,
quam
sed,
refert
cum ego
valde.
omnia
91
ista
virtutis
qua in
Ne
qui bona,
omnia bona
;
cum
ex-
manda ego
ista
quam
ilia pluris
aesti-
tamquam
At enim
non potest.
avenam uspiam
494
videris,
si
si
BOOK
V.
XXX
'
'
meaning
'
(for
'
'
'
'
however, when
call all
is,
how good do
mean,
moted,'
all
among
it;
a business
is
not profitable
if
among
495
p^^^P^^"^"^*
^"*
CICERO DE FINIBUS
in
maximis
An
lucris
paulum
hoc usquequaque,
maxima
aliquid
aliter
in
damni
virtus ita
maximam partem
nis ut reliquas
obruat?
contraxerit.
et
non ex
dubium
est quin
vita?
huma-
obtineat in rebus
Audebo
igitur cetera
quae
mas
appellatur.
si
semel
ergo
amissa est?
At hoc
in eo
risisse Lucilius,
anulus
in
praecordiis
piscis
inventus
est
lUe
quoniam tjTannus),
numquam beatus; si sapiens, ne turn quidem miser
cum ab Oroete praetore Darei in crucem actus est.
At multis malis affectus.' Quis negat? sed ea mala
vero
si
magnitudine obruebantur.
quam aliquod Lambinus, Miiller guam aliqtiia
(aliqxiam B, Y.) potius MSS., Mdv. with mark of corruption,
virtutis
'^potius
'
iinsmjling.'
bThe
foil.
ci.e.
Wise Man.
496
BOOK
V. XXX
called
'
says
the
he had.
fortunate.'
'
KK
497
virtue out^^^'^
^"
"
CICERO DE FINIBUS
93
XXXI.
An
ne hoc quidem
Peripateticis con-
omnium bonorum
cedis, ut dicant
virorum, id est
cum
voluptate
Nobis Heracleotes
ille
non
cum doleretl
malum illud non
Illud audierat
Hie
si
Peripa-
esse,
de asperitate autem
eadem, quae Stoici.
mark
498
eius
Et
Mdv. with
BOOK
93
V. xxxi
ii-f
men, men whom
1
or all
wise
comprises infinitely more good than evil ? Who f iiat he
J.
desires
does say this ? The Stoics, you suppose ? Not at
all
but the very people who measure all things by
pleasure and pain, do not these cry aloud that the
Wise Man always has more things that he likes than
that he dislikes? When therefore so much importance
is assigned to virtue by those wlio confess that they
would not raise a hand for the sake of virtue if it
did not produce pleasure, what are we to do, who
say that the smallest amount vow like to mention
of mental excellence surpasses all the goods of the
body, and renders them completely imperce])tible ?
P'or who is there who would venture to say that it
would become the Wise Man to discard virtue for
ever (were this possible) for the sake of securing
Who of our school
absolute freedom from pain ?
(which is not ashamed to call evils what the Stoics
term ' hardships ') was ever known to say that it is
better to commit a pleasant sin than to do the pain94 ful right ? W^e think it was scandalous of Dionysius in not denying
of Heraclea to secede from the Stoics because of a per"paltk!smis
malady of the eyes. As though Zeno had ever taught more fortifying
What he had
him that to feel ])ain was not painful
heard, though he had not learnt the lesson, was that
pain was not an evil, because not morally bad, and
Had Dionysius
that it was manly to endure it.
been a Peripatetic, I believe he would never have
changed his opinions the Peripatetics say that pain
is an evil, but on the duty of bearing the annoyance it causes with fortitude their teaching is the
same as that of the Stoics. And indeed your friend
;
kk2
499
CICERO DE FINIBUS
quidem Arcesilas tuus, etsi
nacior^ tamen noster fuit
;
fuit in
erat
disserendo perti-
enim Polemonis
is
cum arderet podagrae doloribus visitassetque hominem Charmides Epicureus^ perfamiliaris et tristis
Mane, quaeso/ inquit, Charmide noster
hue pervenit.' Ostendit pedes et pectus.
Ac tamen hie mallet non dolere.
exiret,
nihil illinc
XXXII.
Q5
Haec
videtur inconstans,
quandam
ubi virtus
cum
et divinam
sit
quae
tibi
tantamque praestantiam,
resque magnae et
summe
ut,
laudabiles
posse ut
sit
Atqui
iste
inquam
96
nem
quern
sed etiam
Quintus:
si
tenueris,
me ipsum
non modo
meum
abducas licebit."
satis
hoc
Cicero-
Turn
confir-
inquit
Pomponius
iocans;
500
BOOK
V. xxxi-xxxii
'
said
deemed her
rich
enough
for
me
to
find
in
her
501
6.
Conclusion.
te,
quidem ad me."
Sed tempus
Quod cum
est, si
ille
videtur
dixisset et
perreximus omnes.
^verbis a/ lis Mi.ller brackets with Baiter.
502
BOOK
V. xxxii
them
as lucidly as
guage.
my
At these words, as
it was felt there had been enough discussion, we all
proceeded to the town to Pomponius's house.
make
straight for
quarters."
50 S
INDEX
Platonic School of
philosophy), pp- xxiii/; ii, 2; v, 1
Academy, the Oldfi.e. before Arcesilas's
headship), ii, 34; iv, 5; v, 7
Academy, the New (i.e. from Arcesilas
onwards), ii. 43 v, 7, 76n
Adiaphoron, in, 53
Aeschines (Athenian orator), v, 5
Acsdemy
(the
116
11,
Albucius, Titus, i, 8
Alexander the Great (King of Macedon, 336-323 B.C.), n, 116
Animals created for man, m, 67
pleasure and pain not sole motives
of, II, 109: in captivity, v, 56
"
Antiochus (restorer of the " Olti
Academy, d. 68 B.C.), p. xxiv; v, 1,
6ff, 14, 75, 81
Antipater (head of Stoic School c. 44
i,
p.
see
Prima naturae
Arcesilas (founder of Second or
New
11,
.
v,
patetics
(of
Tarentum, pupil of
and musician,
Aristotle, philosopher
fl.
320
B.C.), V,
50
Atoms,
I,
c.
200 b.c),
17#
Pomponius
(friend
and
21
xxi; in 15, 51
Appetitio, prima, appetitus pr.
68/
Atticus, Titus
B.C.), 1,6
Apeiria,
Apoproegmena,
40,
Aristoxenus
Agelastos, v, 92
in.
260 B.C.).
c.
!\.
IV,
50
23. 73.
v,4
Attius,(Roman tragic poet, b. 170 B.C.),
11,94; IV, 68; V, 32
Autidius, Gnaeus (Roman statesman
and historian, praetor 103 B.C.), v,
54
Axia;
see
Value
Barbati, iv, 62
Blammata, in, 69
Lucius Junius
Erutus,
(consul
509
B.C.), n, 66
Brutus, Marcus Junius (the tyrannicide), 1, 1; in, 1; v, 1, 8
Brutus, Marcus Junius (jurisconsult,
father of the preceding), i, 12
CaeciUus Statius
comedies c. 200
(Roman
B.C.),
i,
WTiter of
4; li, 13;
14,22
Caepio, Gnaeus (consul), n, 54
Caepio (half-brother of Cato), in, 8
Calatinus, A. Atihus (cos. 258 and 254
B.C. during first Punic War; buried
505
INDEX
outside the Porta Capena at Rome),
II,
117
Callipho {probably a disciple of Epicurus), 11, 19, 34/; IV, 50; v, 21, 73
Canonic, p- xiv; i, 22, 63
Carneades (head of the Academy,
visited Rome 156 B.C.), p- xxiii; ii,
35, 38, 42, 59; iii, 41; iv, 49; v, 4,
6, 20. Carneades' classification of
ethical theories, v, 16;^^
Catilinarian conspiracy, the, ii, 62,
72
Cato, M. (95-48 B.C.), spokesman of
Stoicism in Bks. Ill and IV.
Cato, M. Porcius, the Censor (234-179
B.C.), v,
Causation,
i,
39
Citium, IV, 56
Claudius, Appius (consul and decemvir
451 B.C.), n, 66
(second head of Stoic
Cleanthes
School), IV, 7
(last of the
legendary Kings of
disguised as a common
against
the
battle
Heraclidae because of an oracle
that the side whose leader was
killed should win), v, 62
Cognition, modes of, ill, 33
Colonus, V, 3
Commendatio, prima {see prima nav, 41
turae), 1 1, 35
III 16, 23
Athens,
soldier
fell
in
primae naturae
prima naturae), iii, 22
Conciliationes,
(see
Conscience, i, 51
Consectaria, iii, 26 iv, 48, 50
Corinthian bronzes, n 23
;
"Cosmopolitanism,"
IV, 7
Courage,
i,
49
506
V,
76
Cumanum,
,14
v,
18, 19
Codrus
Curia Hostilia,
2
i,
Damon,
ii, 79n
Darius (King of Persia 521-485
V, 92
Decii, the,
ii,
Dechnatio atomorum,
Definition,
ii,
B.C.),
60; v, 64a
i,
19/
4/
307
B.C.), v,
54
rv,
INDEX
Diodorus (head of Peripatetic School,
d. c. 120 B.C.), 11, 19, 34/; iv, 50-,
V, 14, 21, 73
Diogenes (head of Stoic School: visited
Rome 156 b.c), i, 6; ii, 24;
Dionysius of Heraclea (a disciple of
62
94
Dionysius, (tyrant of Syracuse, visited
by Plato), II, 79n; iv, 56
Euchrestemata, iii, 69
Eukairia, in, 45
Euripides (Attic tragedian,
B.C.), 1,4, 5; 11,105
Euthumia, v, 23, 87
Expetenda, iv, 16, 20
v,
480-406
Duschristemata, in, 69
of,
i,
42;
ii,
70n
Fortune does not touch the Wise,
63
Friendship, i, 65;5^; ii, 78;5^; ni, 70
i,
Endymion
239-169
IV,
B.C.),
4,
I,
17;
ll,
41, 106;
Gloriatio, in, 28
62; v, 31
362
d.
B.C.),
ii,
62, 67,
of, in,
66/
to, classified,
in, 30/
Good
Epicurean School,
i,
65;
ii,
12, 101;
V, 3
ii,
96ff
iii, 32
Erechtheus(legendary King of Athens,
EpigennhnatiJton,
defined, n, 5; in, 33
Goods, external, ni, 41^; iv, 29#, 58/
Gorgias (the Sophist, came to Athens
427 B.C.), 11,2
Gracchus, (1) Tiberius, tribune 187
twice consul; (2) Tiberius,
B.C.,
tribune, 133; and (3) Gaius, tribune,
123, agrarian reformers, sons of (1),
IV,
65/
41#
Hellespont (the Dardanelles, bridged
with boats by Xerxes), ii, 112
Heroclitus (philosopher of Ephesus, fl.
610 B.C.), 11,15
507
INDEX
Hercules, n, 118
Hermarchus (succeeded Epicurus as
head of school), ii, 96, 101
Hieronymus (heterodox pupil of Aristotle), II, 8, 16; 19, 32, 35, 41; iv
49; V, 14, 20, 73
Hirrius,
Homer,
60n
ii,
History,
charm
i,
7;
ii,
of, v, 51/
115, 116; v, 49
Homologia, in, 21
Honestum, i, 61
37/, 45,
ii,
48 {see
note)
32
Justice,
50;
i,
v,
i,
i,
102
Interrogatiuncula,
Inventio, iv, 10
39; iv, 7
65/
Lyco
(fourth head
School), V, 13
of
Lycurgus
(founder of
constitution), n, 67
Peripatetic
the
Spartan
Manihus, Manius
;
things
Kakia,
iii,
40
342-291
v,
48
140
B.C.),
Lanuvium
11,24,59;
iv,
23
(city of Latium), n, 63
Laudabile, in, 27; iv, 49
Leonidas (Spartan King, d. 430 B.C.),
II,
62, 97
508
I,
4, 7
B.C.),
Metapontum
i, 25;
II, 7, 92, 96, 101
Miltiades (Athenian general, defeated
Persians at Marathon 490 b.c), ii,
67
Mnesarchus
(head of Stoic
teacher of Antiochus), l, 6
School,
INDEX
Natural Philosophy;
Physics
Naturalia; see Prima naturae
Nature, Life in accordance with, pp.
see
Nicomachus,
Numantia
Celtiberians),
ii,
chief
town
of
54
see
Prima naturae
Oroetes, v, 92
Pacuvius (Roman tragic poet, 220c. 130 B.C.), I, 49; ii, 79; v, 31, 63
Pain see Pleasure and pain
Pain, absence of, the greatest pleasure,
;
37#, 56;ii, 8#
Pain, absence of=" Static" pleasure,
11,9,16
Pain, short if strong, light if long, i,
40; II, 22
Panaetius (head of Stoic School), ISOIll B.c.),i, 6; II, 24; IV, 23, 79
Papius, Quintus Aemihus, v, 64n
Paradoxa, iv, 74
Passions, not natural, iii, 35
Pathos; iii, 35
Paulus see Perses
Peducaens, Sextus (propraetor in
Sicily 75 B.C. when Cicero was
I,
quaestor), ii, 58
Perception, Stoic doctrine of, v, 76
Pericles (Athenian statesman, d. 429
B.c ), V, 5
Peripatetics (the School of Aristotle),
II, 34; III, 41; iv, 5; v, 7; system
reviewed,
v,
9/;
divergences
on
71
ii,
92
Persius,
i,
Phaedrus
(Epicurean
philosopher,
teacher of Cicero), i, 16; v, 3
Phalaris (cruel tyrant of Acragas, 550
B.C.), IV, 64; v, 85
Phalerum (a harbour of Athens),
v, 5
Pheidias (Greek sculptor 490-432 B.C.),
II, 115; IV, 34
Philanthropia, iii, 63
Philip (King of
II,
Macedon 359-336
B.C.),
116
bitten
by
iii,
11
(Greek lyric poet, b. c. 523
B.C.), 11, 115
Piso Frugi (cos. 133 B.C., opponent of
Gains Gracchus and author of
73;
IV,
Pindar
man
of
system
of
Antiochus
in
509
INDEX
of the Academy 315-273
B.C.), II, 34, 35/; iv, 3, 45, 51, 61;
V, 2, 7, 14, 94
Politics, Stoic, III, 68; iv, 7, 9
Politics, Peripatetic, iv, 56; v, 11
Polyaenus (geometrician, friend of
Polemo (head
Epicurus), I, 19
Polvcleitus (Greek
B.C.),
Romans 328
Pyrrho
B.C.), v,
62
ii,
45
Prima naturae,
Kara
(pvcnv,
iii,
wpuiTa
the
earliest
objects
prima
by
naturalia, in, 61
naturaUa,
ii,
34;
prima
secundum naturam,
u,
38;
naturae concihationes,
in,
22
(cf.
in
35,
40); principia naturae, in, 22, 23;
35
Pylades, n, 79
B.C.),
ii,
p.
in
65;
17
Rhetoric, Peripatetic, iv, 5; v, 10
Rhetoric, Stoic, iv, 7
Rufus, Publius, Sextilius, ii, 55
Ruiilius,
I,
maximus
B.C. 131),
i,
pontifex
12; n, 54; iv,
78
Scepticism, v, 76; in the Academy,
in, 32
Scipio, Publius Cornelius Nasica, v,
64n
202
quani vocant
in, 23; v, 17;
primusappctitus, V, 24; re quae primae appetuntur, in, 17; prima
ascita natura, in, 17; prima naturae
commoda, v, 58; prima invitamenta
naturae, v, 17
Principia naturae, naturalia=prima
naturae, which gee; in a broader
sense=prima constitutio naturae, v,
72
Proegmena, p- xxi; in, 15, 51/; rv, 72
Probability, v, 76
Progress, Stoic doctrine of, iv, 67
Ptolemalum, v, 1
Ptolemy (the first, surnamed Sjter,
King of Egypt 325-285 B.C.), v, 54
PuUus Numitorius, Quintus (Volscian
6;j/xt}i',
510
v,
2n
Sirens, the, v, 49
taught
INDEX
Socrates (Athenian philosopher 469399 B.C.), II, 1/, 90; v, 84, 87, 88
Solon (Athenian reformer, c. 595 B.C.),
II, 67; III, 76
Sophists (Greek professors of higher
education in 5th and 4th cent, b.c),
11,1/
I, 5 ; V, 3
Sorites (Gr. soros, a heap: a train of
argument consisting of a series of
syllogisms, each proving a premise
of the next, but with the intermediate conclusions not expressed), iv,
Sophocles,
50
Speusippus (successor of Plato as
head of the Academy), iv, 3; v, 2, 7
Stasea (Peripatetic philosopher of
Naples, resided with Piso), v, 8, 75
Stoicism, Ethics in, 16;^^; Logic, p.
xviii; i, 63; iii, 72; p- xx; iv, 8/;
Physics,
p-
xix
iv,
11
Politics, iv, 7
3ff-, v, 22;
78
head
Strato (third
School) V, 13
Suicide, i, 49; in, 60/
Sulla
(Roman
of
Peripatetic
dictator, d. 78 B.C.),
iii,
I,
6,
Peripatetic School),
of
14; IV, 3, 79; v, 11/, 54, 73, 77,
87
Topics; see Inventio
Torquatus, Titus Manlius Imperiosus
(won surname of Torquatus 361
B.C.), I, 23, 34/; ii, 60, 72/, 105
Torquatus, T. Manlius (consul 65
B.C.),
I,
24, 34/
Tusculum, Cicero's
75
Sumenda, in, 20
head
as
85
Thermopylae, battle of (490 B.C.), H
97
Theseus (King of Athens and friend
of Peirithous in Greek legends), i,
65
Thorius, Lucius, ii, 63/, 70
Syracusan luxury,
iv, 19,
ii,
20
Ulysses v, 49
92
Tali, in, 54
Vacuum, i, 17, 21
Value, Stoic doctrine of, ii, 20, 34
Vorginius, Lucius, n, 66; v, 64n
Veseris, battle of the (near Mt. Vesuvius,
340
B.C., final
conquest of the
Latins), I, 23
Virtue based on pleasure,
Virtue and Reason, v, 36
WiMom,
absolute,
i,
i2fj
in 4S
,
i,
43/
ii,
80/;
511
INDEX
Xenocrates (third head of the Academy), iv, 3, 49, 79; v, 2, 7
ii,
112
Zeno (founder
con-
450
B.C.),
b.
c.
11.115
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2 Vols,
Murray.
(Vol.
2 Vols.
I.
yd
(Vol.
I.
ISAEUS. E. W. Forster.
ISOCRATES. George Norlin.
JOSEPHUS
H.
St. J.
L 2nd
(Vol.
MARCUS AURELIUS. C. R.
MENANDER. F. G. AUinson.
(yd
Haines,
(2nd Imp.
Imp. revised.)
revised.)
5 Vols,
Vols.
I.
and
II.
(Vol.
I.
2nd Imp.
PHILO.
F. H. Colson
Vols. I.-III.
and Rev. G.
II.
Whitaker.
10 Vols.
TYANA.
Vol.
F. C. Conybeare.
n. 2nd Imp.)
5
2 Vols.
(Vol.
I.
3^0'
Imp.,
Lamb.
W.
R.
Vol.
Vols.
H.
N.
I.
Fowler;
M. Lamb.
II.
N. Fowler.
{7.nd Imp.)
PLUTARCH: MORALIA.
I.
F. C. Babbitt.
(Vols.
POLYBIUS.
Dewing.
LIVES.
B. Perrin.
11
PROCOPIUS:
I.,
7 Vols.
LETTERS,
BASIL:
II.
B.
Vols. I.-V.
QUINTUS SMVRNAEUS.
ST.
Vols.
14 Vols.
-III.
A. S. Way.
R.
J.
Verse
De/errari.
trans.
4 Vols.
Vols.
-HI.
ST.
Rev. G. R.
SOPHOCLES.
II. i,lh
Imp.)
F. Storr.
2 Vols.
Mattingly.
(Vol.
I.
Verse trans.
STRAEO: GEOGRAPHY.
Horace L. Jones.
8 Vols.
znd Imp.)
THEOPHRASTUS: CHARACTERS. J. M. Edmonds;
H ERODES, etc. A. D. Knox.
Vols. I.-VII.
(Vol.
I.
Ilort,
Bart.
2 Vols.
Sii
THUCYDIDES.
III.
2nd Imp.
C. F. Smith.
4 Vols.
(Vols.
I.
I.,
II.
and
revised.)
Miller,
Vols.
2nd Imp.)
(Vol.
XENOPHON
I.
C.
L.
Brownson and O.
J.
Todd.
2nd Imp.)
E. C. Mai chant.
IN
E. C. Marchant
PREPARATION
Greek Authors
ARISTOTLE, METAPHYSICS. H. Trcdennick.
ARISTOTLE, ON THE MOTION AND PROGRESSION
OF ANIMALS. E. S. Forster.
A. S. Hunt.
PHILOSTRATUS, IMAGINES.
SEXTUS EMPIRICUS.
Arthur Fairbanks.
Rev. R. G. Bury.
Latin Authors
AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS.
CELSUS.
CICERO,
W.
J.
C. Rolfe.
G. Spencer.
IN CATILIXAM,
PRO FLACCO, PRO
MURENA, PRO SULLA. B. L. Ullman.
CICERO, DE NATURA DEORUM. H. Rackham.
CICERO, DE ORATORE, ORATOR, BRUTUS. Charles
Sluttaford and W. E. Sulton.
CICERO, PRO SEXTIO, IN VATINIUM, PRO CAELIO
PRO PKOVTNCIIS CONSULARIBUS, PRO BALBO.
J.
H. Freese.
ENNIUS, LUCILIUS
E. H. Warmington.
OVID, FASTI,
PLINY,
Sir J.
G. Frazer.
NATURAL HISTORY.
W.
II. S. Jones.
B. Anderson.
London
New York
WILLIAM HEINEMANN
- G. PUTNAM'S SONS
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