INDEX

S.No 4 5 6

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT Thermal conductivity on lagged pipe Heat Transfer through Pin Fin [Forced convection] Thermal Conductivity [by guarded hot plate method]

REMARKS

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY ON LAGGED PIPE AIM : To determine the Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Resistance of the given insulating material using the Lagged Pipe Apparatus.

APPRATUS REQUIRED: The insulation defined as a material, which retards the heat flow with reasonable effectiveness. Heat is transferred through insulation by conduction, convection and radiation or by the combination of these three. There is no insulation, which is 100% effective to prevent the flow of heat under temperature gradient. The experimental set up in which the heat is transferred through insulation by conduction is under study in the given apparatus. The apparatus consisting of a rod heater with asbestos lagging. The assembly is inside as MS pipe. Between the asbestos lagging and MS pipe saw dust is filled. The set up as shown in the figure. Let r1 be the radius of the heater, r2 be the radius of the heater with asbestos lagging and r3 be the inner radius of the outer MS pipe. Now the heat flow through the lagging materials is given by Q = K1 2 L(t) / (In(r2)/r1) or = K2 2 L(t) / (In(r3)/r2) Where t is the temperature across the lagging. K1 is the thermal conductivity of asbestos lagging material and K2 is the thermal conductivity of saw dust. L is the length of the cylinder.

Knowing the thermal conductivity of one lagging material the thermal conductivity of the other insulating material can be found.

FORMULAE: Heat open rated Q = V x I watts. Mean temperature = TA = (T1+T2+T3) / 3 C = TB = (T4+T5 / 2 C = TC = (T6+T7 / 2 C

Thermal Resistance:

For Asbestos, RA = (TA TB) / Q For Saw Dust, RS = (TB TC) / Q

K/W K/W

Thermal Conductivity:

For Asbestos, KA = ln (r2 / r1) / 2 RAL For Saw Dust, KS = ln (r3 / r2) / 2 RSL { r1 = 10 mm, r2 = 20 mm, r3 = 40 mm, l = 450 mm} CONSTRUCTION: The lagged pipe Arrangement is shown in fig. The lagged pipe arrangement consists of hollow tubes, which are separated using the asbestos sheet and saw dust. The total unit is covered with Iron pipe. An electric heater is placed in the middle. The wires are connected to the intermediate layers. The temperatures are shown in the display panel.

PROCEDURE: 1. First the test apparatus rig mu.st be switched on, and allowed for few minutes till the temperature is gradually spread over the cylinder. 2. After few minute, note down the Voltage and Ammeter readings. 3. Regulate the regulator and display the temperature in display panel for corresponding Intermediate surface temperatures and note down in the tabular column. 4. Vary the ammeter reading and allow the apparatus for ten minutes to come to a steady state and tabulate the readings to find out the thermal conductivity and thermal resistance 5. Repeat this procedure and take three sets of readings.

RESULT : The Thermal Resistance and Thermal Conductivity of given insulating materials are found.

LAGGED PIPE
SAW DUST

ASBESTOS

T1

HEATER

T3

ASBESTOS T4 T7 T4 T1 T7 = 20 mm = 80 mm SAW DUST

T5

T6 T8

T5

T8

T6

T3

d1 - HEATER DIA DUST DIA

d2 - HEATER WITH ASBESTOS DIA = 40 mm d3 - ASBESTOS & SAW LENGTH = 500mm

HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH PIN FIN FORCED CONVECTION APPARATUS

AIM: To determine the heat transfer Co-efficient from pin fin by Natural and Forced Convection using the Pin Fin Apparatus.

DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS : Consider a PIN-FIN having the shape of rod whose base is attached to a wall at a surface temperature Ts, the fin is cooled along the axis by a fluid at temperature TAMB. The fin has a uniform cross sectional area Ao is made of material having a uniform thermal conductivity K and the average heat transfer co-efficient between the surface to the fluid. We shall assume that transverse temperature gradients are so small so that the temperature at any cross section of the fin is uniform.
Attaching to the surface, thin strips of metals called fins, can increase heat transfer by Convection between a surface and the fluid surrounding. The fins increase the effective area of the surface thereby increasing the heat transfer by Convection. The fins are also referred to as extended surfaces. Pin fins are rods protruding from a surface. The apparatus consists of an electrically heated element over which the Pin fin is attached. The fin is placed inside a duct through which air is circulated. Then temp. at Various Sections are found using thermometer.

Forced convection 1. T = (T1+T2+T3+T4+T5) / 5 2. H = [(h1 h2) / 100 x ( w / a) m of air h1, h2 Manometer reading

 w = 1000 kg / m3. 3. Velocity flow rate Q = Cd x A 2gH m3 / sec. Cd = 0.64, A = d2 / 4, (d = 18 mm)

4. Velocity of air V = Q / A A = duct area = 150 mm x 100 mm 5. Reynolds number Re = V Deq / Deq = 4A / p 6. Nusselt number Nu = C (Re) n (Pr) 1/3 Refer HMT data book P 105 for values of C & n 7. Theoretical heat transfer coefficient hth = Nu x K/Deq A / m2 k PROCEDURE: 1. Switch on the blower which blows air through the duct over the pin fin. Wait for above half an hour till it reaches steady state and note down the reading. Take manometer readings also for forced convection. A time Interval of about ten minutes should be allowed before next reading is taken. (D = 0.018m) A Area of duct, P Perimeter of duct

RESULT: The Heat Transfer Co-efficient from pin fin by Natural and Forced Convection are found using the Pin Fin Apparatus.

PIN - FIN APPARATUS

T7 T6 T5 T4 T3 T2 T1

HEATER

BRASS PIN - FIN T8 ORIFICE DIA PIPE DIA = 20 mm = 40 mm LENGTH = 145 mm DIA = 12 mm

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY [BY GUARDED HOT PLATE METHOD] AIM: To find the thermal conductivity of the test plate

DESCRIPTION OF APPARTUS: The apparatus consists of a guarded hot plate and cold plate. A specimen whose thermal conductivity is to be measured is sand witched between the hot and cold plate. Both hot plate and guard heaters are heated by electrical heaters. A small trough is attached to the cold plate to hold coolant water circulation. A similar arrangement is made on the other side of the heater as shown in the figure. plate, also cold plate and the specimen plate. A multi point digital temperature indicator with selector switch is provided to note the temperatures at different locations. An electronic regulator is provided to control the input energy to the main heater and guard heater. An ammeter and voltmeter are provided to note and vary the input energy to the heater. The whole assembly is kept in an enclosure with heat insulating material filled all around to minimize the heat loss. Thermocouples are attached to measure temperature in between the hot plate and specimen

SPECIFICATION: Thickness of specimen = 2.5mm Diameter of specimen (d) = 20cm

FORMULAE: Heat Transfer through the specimen plate at steady state Q = KA (T / X) Where, Q A X K T - heat supplied to heater = V * I in Watts - Surface area of plate = D2 / 4, D = 250 mm - Thickness of test plate = 30 mm. - Thermal Conductivity of test plate in W / m-K - (TA TB) C. Where, TA = [ T1 + T2 ] /2 C TB = [ T3 + T4 ] /2 C PROCEDURE: 1. The setup consists of a test plate placed about a heater plate and below a cold plate through which water is flowing continuously. 2. The temperature of heater plate of junction of heater and test plate is taken as T2. The temperature at the junction of test plate and cold plate is taken as T3 and temperature of cold plate taken as T4. 3. 4. 5. 6. Switch on the apparatus set the ammeter reading and allow 20 minutes. After 20 minutes, take the T1, T2, T3, T4 readings. Again set the ammeter reading in next value and allow few minutes. Repeat the same procedure for three different values of the ammeter

RESULT: The thermal conductivity of the specimen using two slab guarded hot plate method was found.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY APPARATUS

GUARD HEATER

MAIN HEATER

SPECIMEN PLATES

TABULATION: Lagged Pipe Apparatus Q = V * I Watts Sl. No. Current (I) Amps Voltage (V) Volts Thermocouple Reading (0C) T1
0

Thermal Resistance

Thermal Conductivity

T2
0

T3
0

T4
0

T5
0

T6
0

T7
0

Asbestos TA TB TC RA K/W

Saw dust RS K/W

Asbestos KA W/mK

Saw dust KS W/mK

TABULATION: Pin Fin forced convection Voltmeter reading Sl. No. Ammeter reading Thermocouple Reading (0C) T1
0

Manometer Reading Velocity NU h1 h2 havg Discharge Q m3 / Sec

T2
0

T3
0

T4
0

T5
0

TABULATION: Thermal conductivity by guarded hotplate method

Ammeter Reading

Sl. No.

Voltmeter Reading

Thermocouple Reading
(0C)

Thermal Conductivity

T1
0

T2
0

T3
0

T4
0

TA
0

TB
0

W/mK