Earthquake Resistance of Earth and Rock Fill Dams

MISCELLANEOUS PAPER S71-17
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF EARTH AND ROCK-FILL DAMS

Report 2
ANALYSIS OF RESPONSE O F RIFLE.GAP D A M TO PROJECT RULISON UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR DETONATION

bv
J. E. Ahlberg, J. Fowler, L W. Heller
........ ... .... .
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June
1972
s~omsoredby Office, Chief of Engineers,

Conducted by
U. S. Army
U. S. A m y Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Soils and Pavements Laboratory Vicksburg, Mississippi
APPROVED FOR WBLlC RELEASE: DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED
List
o f Associated Reports
are:
Previous reports
under Engineering Study 540
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,
0 1
.
P,
,
,
"A Comparative Summary o f Current Earth Dam Analysis Methods for Earthquake Response," issued by Office, Chief o f Engineers, a s Inclosure 1 to Engineer . Jeihnical Letter No. 1110-2-77, 9 December 1969.
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../.
. a 3
+c_Eaithquake Studies for Earth and Rock-fill Dams," issued by Office, Chief of Engineers, as Engineer Technical L e t t e r NO. 11 10-2-79, 12 January 1970. "Motion o f R i f l e Gap Dam, Rifle, Colorado; Proiect Rulison Underground Nuclear Detonation," published by the Waterways Experiment Station as Miscellaneous Paper 5-70-1, January 1970. "Earthquake Resistance of Earth and R o c k - f i l l Dams; Report 1, Discussions by Professors H. B. Seed and R. V. Whitman," published by the Waterways Experiment Station as Miscellaneous Paper 5-7 1-17, h a y 1971.
Destroy t h i s report when n o longer needed. D o not return i t to t h e originator.
T h e findings in this report are n o t to be construed as an o f f i c i a l Department of the Army p o s i t i o n unless s o designated by other authorized documents.
MISCELLANEOUS PAPER S-71-17
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF EARTH AND ROCK-FILL DAMS

Report 2
ANALYSIS OF RESPONSE OF RIFLE GAP DAM TO PROJECT RULISON UNDERGROUNDNUCLEAR DETONATION

by
J. E. Ahlberg, J. Fowler, L W. Heller
June
Sponsored by
1972
Office, Chief of Engineers,
U. S. Army
Conducted by
U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Soils and Pavements Laboratory Vicksburg, Mississippi
ARYV-YRC
VICKSOUIQ.
YtSm.
APPROVED FOR PUBUC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED
T H E CONTENTS OF T H I S REPORT ARE NOT T O BE USED FOR ADVERTISING, P U B L I C A T I O N , OR PROMOTIONAL PURPOSES. C I T A T I O N O F TRADE
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NAMES DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN O F F I C I A L ENDORSEMENT OR APPROVAL O F T H E USE OF SUCH COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS.
iii
F O R E W O R D This r e p o r t p r e s e n t s an a n a l y s i s o f t h e motion of R i f l e Gap Dam during t h e underground n u c l e a r e x p l o s i o n , P r o J e c t RULISON. This analy-.

S. A r v
s i s was made f o r t h e O f f i c e , Chief of Engineers ( O C E ) , by t h e U.
Engineer Waterways Experiment S t a t i o n (WES) d u r i n g f i - s c a l y e a r 1971 under Engineering Study 540, " ~ a r t h q u a k eR e s i s t a n c e o f Earth and Rockf i l l Dams." Engineers of . t h e S o i l s and Pavements Laboratory, WES, a c t i v e l y engaged i n d i r e c t i n g t h e work .and r e p o r t p r e p a r a t i o n were Messrs and SP5 W.
C . Moss.
. S . J.
Johnson, R . W . Cunny, J. Fowler, D r . L. W . H e l l e r , 1 L T J . E. Ahlberg, The work was under t h e g e n e r a l s u p e r v i s i o n o f This r e p o r t was
M r . J. P. Sale, Chief, S o i l s and Pavements Laboratory.

D r . Heller
prepared by 1LT Ahlberg w i t h minor c o n t r i b u t i o n s by M r . Fowler and
Director o f WES d u r i n g t h e a n a l y s i s and t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i s r e p o r t was COL E r n e s t D . P e i x o t t o , CE, and Technical D i r e c t o r was
M r . F. R . Brown.
This page intentionally left blank
CONTENTS
Page
.. ......... ... .............. CONVERSION FACTORS, B R I T I S H TO M E T R I C U N I T S O F MEASUREMENT. . . .

FOREWORD. PART I PART PART PART
ix
1
. . .. . . . . . I1: F I E L D OBSERVATIONS. . . . . I1I : MATERIAL P R O P E R T I E S . . . . IV : CALCULATIONS. . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . .

-.
INTRODUCTION
O n e - D i m e n s i o n a l A n a l y s e s of T w o - D i m e n s i o n a l A n a l y s e s o f E m b a n k m e n t a n d Foundation P A R T V: COMPARISONS OF OBSERVED AND CALCULATED R E S P O N S E S
. .. .. . . ..... .. ..... .. ..... .. ....... Foundation. . . .
... . . ... . . . . .... .... .... . . .

.
.. .. PART .. .. Two-Dimens ional A n a l y s i s . . . . . . . . . PART V I I : CONCLUSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . LITERATURE C I T E D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

T A B L E S 1-4 P L A T E S 1-40 A P P E N D I X A: P L A T E S A1-A12 A P P E N D I X B: PLATES ~ 1 - B 6 A P P E N D I X C: PLATES ~ 1 - C 8 A P P E N D I X D: S E I S M I C F I E L D STUDY OBSERVED MOTIONS
. ... .. . .. . .. ... ...... ...... VI: DISCUSSION. . . . . . . . . . . . one-~imensional Analysis. . . . . . .

Method. One-Dimens ional A n a l y s i s . Two-Dimensional Analysis'.
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... ... ... ... . . . ... ... . . . . . . .
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.3
5 8
1 1
ACCEIXRATION R E S P O N S E S P E C T R A FROM ONE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
ACCELERATION R E S P O N S E S P E C T R A FROM TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
CONVERSION FACTORS, BRITISH TO METRIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
~ritish u n i t s o f measurement u s e d i n t h i s r e p o r t c a n be c o n v e r t e d t o m e t r i c u n i t s as f o l l o w s : Multiply inches feet miles

'
By 2.54
To O b t a i n centimeters meters
(u. S.
,
statute)
.kilometers kilograms newtons p e r s q u a r e c e n t i m e t e r k i l o n e w t ons p e r s q u a r e m e t e r kilograms p e r cubic meter c e n t i m e t e r s p e r second m e t e r s p e r seco'nd
pounds pounds p e r s q u a r e i n c h kips per square f o o t pounds p e r c u b i c f o o t .inches per second f e e t p e r second
SUMMARY
The motion of R i f l e Gap D a m w a s measured i n September 1969 d u r i n g t h e P r o j e c t 'RULISON underground n u c l e a r e x p l o s i o n . The observed response was t h e n compared w i t h t h e response computed i n a mathematical model. Observed and computed responses were s i m i l a r . From t h i s s t u d y it appears t h a t t h e mathematical models used a r e a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e design and a n a l y s i s of s o i l s t r u c t u r e s , a t l e a s t f o r ground motion i n t e n s i t i e s comparable t o t h o s e observed a t R i f l e Gap Dam.
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF EARTH AND ROCK-FILL D A M S O PROJECT ANALYSIS O F RESPONSE O F RIFLE G A P DAM T RULISON U N D E R G R O U N D N U C L E A R DETONATION
PART I : INTRODUCTION
1. The U. S. A r m y Engineer Waterways Experiment S t a t i o n (WES) was r e q u e s t e d by t h e O f f i c e , Chief of Engineers ( O C E ) ,t o measure and t o ana l y z e t h e response of R i f l e Gap Dam t o ground motions g e n e r a t e d by t h e P r o j e c t RULISON d e t o n a t i o n because it was thought t h a t t h e s e motions would be s i m i l a r t o t h o s e g e n e r a t e d by e a r t h q u a k e s . The o b j e c t i v e of
t h i s study was t o determine t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y of seismic d e s i g n procedures i n designing Corps of Engineers ( C E ) e a r t h and r o c k - f i l l dams t o w i t h s t a n d earthquake l o a d i n g s . 2. P r o j e c t RULISON, p a r t of t h e PLOWSHARE program o f t h e Atomic
Energy Commission ( A E C ) , was one o f a s e r i e s o f d e t o n a t i o n s f o r i n v e s t i g a t i n g s t i m u l a t i o n of t h e p r o d u c t i o n of n a t u r a l gas by t h e u s e of nuc l e a r explosives. The A u s t r a l O i l Company conducted t h i s experiment as
a p r i v a t e commercial v e n t u r e w i t h t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f t h e AEC, which was

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s a f e t y a n d t h e d e t o n a t i o n of t h e n u c l e a r d e v i c e .
3.
The W E S instrumented R i f l e Gap Dam w i t h t h e c o o p e r a t i o n o f t h e Other dams i n s t r u m e n t e d f o r
owner, t h e Bureau of Reclamation (BU Rec).
ground motion measurements d u r i n g P r o j e c t RULISON were Harvey Gap D a m , instrumented by t h e National Ocean Survey and analyzed by t h e Environmental Research Corporation f o r t h e AEC analyzed by t h e Bu Rec.
and Vega Dam, i n s t r u m e n t e d and
The a n a l y s i s o f R i f l e Gap Dam i n c l u d e s an as-
sessment of t h e geology and e l a s t i c p r o p e r t i e s of t h e s i t e and t h e dam, c a l c u l a t i o n s of t h e expected s u r f a c e motions u s i n g a v a i l a b l e p r o c e d u r e s , and a comparison of c a l c u l a t e d responses o f t h e dam with measured r e sponses r e s u l t i n g from P r o j e c t RULISON.
4.
Ground zero ( G Z ) f o r P r o j e c t RULISON was l o c a t e d southwest of
R i f l e , Colorado, a t a depth of 8442.5 f t . * The n u c l e a r d e v i c e was deton a t e d a t 3:00 p.m. MST, 1 0 Septeniber 1 9 6 9 , and had a d e s i g n y i e l d of 40 k t .
5.
plate .l)
R i f l e Gap Dam,. a n e a r t h - f i l l s t r u c t u r e , w a s completed i n 1966
and i s l o c a t e d n o r t h of R i f l e , Colorado, 1 8 . 5 m i l e s from RULISON GZ ( s e e
S p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e dam a r e p r e s e n t e d i n r e f e r e n c e 1.
The
dam h a s a c r e s t l e n g t h of 1500 f%, maximum h e i g h t of 120 ft. sand, g r a v e l , and c o b b l e s . r e s e r v o i r l e v e l was
a maximum b a s e width o f 800 f t , and a The
The dam c o n s i s t s o f a m i x t u r e o f c l a y , s i l t , A c r o s s s e c t i o n i s shown i n p l a t e 2 .
41 ft below t h e c r e s t d u r i n g P r o j e c t RULISON.
Two
Bu Rec b o r i n g s ( s e e b o r i n g l o g s i n p l a t e 3 and l o c a t i o n s i n p l a t e 4 ) ind i c a t e t h a t t h e f o u n d a t i o n m a t e r i a l s a r e a l l u v i a l s o i l s c o n s i s t i n g of i n t e r b e d d e d c l a y s , s i l t s , s a n d s , and g r a v e l s t o d e p t h s g r e a t e r t h a n 100 f t . Bedrock was not reached i n t h e s e b o r i n g s .

A~ assumed p r o f i l e
o f t h e foundation s o i l s i s shown i n p l a t e 5 .
The method used t o produce,
t h e assumed p r o f i l e i s d i s c u s s e d i n paragraph 1 1 .
A t a b l e o f f a c t o r s f o r c o n v e r t i n g B r i t i s h u n i t s o f measurement t o m e t r i c u n i t s i s p r e s e n t e d on page i x .
PART 11:
: ,
FIELD OBSERVATIONS
6.
The observed motions o f R i f l e Gap D a m d u r i n g P r o j e c t RULISON The i n s t r u m e n t s used f o r t h e measurements
are r e p o r t e d i n r e f e r e n c e 2.
t i o n transducers (PAT), p l a t e 4,
c o n s i s t e d of p a r t i c l e v e l o c i t y t r a n s d u c e r s (PVT) and p a r t i c l e a c c e l e r a and t h e measurements were recorded by o . s c i l l o The l o c a t i o n s o f t h i s equipment are shown i n graphs and t a p e r e c o r d e r s .
and a l i s t of equipment i s g i v e n i n t a b l e 1 along w i t h peak obHistories of the first
s e r v e d motions.
6 s e c ' o f observed motion and reTransverse ( p a r a l l e l t o
sponse s p e c t r a a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Appendix A f o r v e r t i c a l and r a d i a l (norm a l t o c r e s t o f dam) components o f motion.
c r e s t o f dam) motions are r e p o r t e d by ~ o w l e r , ' b u t a r e not a n a l y z e d herein.
7.
There i s e x c e l l e n t agreement between t h e v e l o c i t y h i s t o r i e s
observed a t l o c a t i o n
6 ( p l a t e ~ l land ) those calculated a t location 5
( p l a t e s A9 and A10) by t h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n h i s t o r i e s .
A1 Comparison o f t h e c a l c u l a t e d v e i o c i t y h i s t o r i e s a t l o c a t i o n 1 ( ~ l a t e s
a n d ~ 2 i )n t h e r a d i a l and v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n s w i t h t h o s e observed at l o c a t i o n 7 ( p l a t e A12) i n d i c a t e s remarkably good agreement, even though l o c a t i o n s 1 and 7 were a p p r o x i m a t e l y 200 f t a p a r t along t h e c r e s t o f t h e dam. However, r a d i a l components o f l o c a t i o n s 1 and 7 do i n d i c a t e a cons i d e r a b l e phase s h i f t .
8.
L o c a t i o n 4 w a s i n t h e g a t e chamber, l o c a t e d i n t h e l e f t 'abut-
ment o f t h e dam.
The motion observed a t t h i s l o c a t i o n i s assumed t o be
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of bedrock motion i n t h e v a l l e y , and motions f o r t h e first
6 s e c were u s e d f o r i n p u t i n t h e a n a l y s e s , d e s c r i b e d l a t e r .
9.
The Bu Rec t o o k p r e s h o t and p o s t s h o t survey readings from s e t '
t l e m e n t markers on t h e dam and found t h a t no permanent displacements occ u r r e d as a result of P r o j e c t RULISON. 0 The s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s o f t h e m a t e r i a l s i n t h e f o u n d a t i o n
and embankment were d e t e r r d n e d d u r i n g a W E S seismic f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n ( ~ ~ ~ e n Dd ) i xP l a t e

.
..
6 shows t h e s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y a s a f u n c t i o n o f
d e p t h f o r t h e f o u n d a t i o n p r o f i l e o b t a i n e d from t h e s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y
t e s t d a t a , and s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s o b t a i n e d from t h e Rayleigh wave
d i s p e r s i o n d a t a a r e shown i n p l a t e 7.
Curro ( ~ p p e n d i x D ) suggested t h a t
the' v i b r a t o r y s h e a r wave velocity data b e used as a lower bound and t h e maximum Rayleigh wave v e l o c i t y data be. used a s an upper bound f o r t h e material property description.
PART 1 1 1 :
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
1 1 .
The foundation s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s ( ~ p p e n d i x D ) and This was accomplished with
B u Rec b o r i n g s DH21 and DH22 ( p l a t e 3 ) were combined t o produce t h e a s sumed foundation p r o f i l e shown i n p l a t e 5. c a l of a l l u v i a l d e p o s i t s . some d i f f i c u l t y due t o t h e h e t e r o g e n e i t y o f t h e s e s o i l s , which i s t y p i Location 5 w i l l be used a s t h e l o c a t i o n f o r
which t h e observed and c a l c u l a t e d r e s p o n s e s o f t h e f o u n d a t i o n a r e compared. However, no b o r i n g s were made a t t h i s l o c a t i o n and b o r i n g s DH21 Seismic mea-
and DH22 a r e over 500 f t and 400 f t away, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

'
surements were made o v e r a c o n s i d e r a b l e a r e a a t t h e downstream t o e of
D) t h e dam. ( ~ p p e n d i x
12.
The s h e a r moduli were determined from t h e s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y
d a t a using t h e following equation:

2 G = vsp
where
G = s h e a r modulus
= s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y
P = mass d e n s i t y
These moduli a r e compared i n p l a t e 8 w i t h t h e s h e a r moduli computed from
3 Hardin ' s e q u a t i o n :
where
G
max
= s h e a r modulus ( a t low s t r a i n amplitudes p e r c e n t ), p s i

'
, i .e.
c0.25
10
-4
e = void r a t i o
OCR = o v e r c o n s o l i d a t i o n r a t i o ( 1 . 0 assumed)
k = v a r i a b l e t h a t i s a function o f t h e p l a s t i c i t y index
'
a 0 = mean p r i n c i p a l e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s , p s i ( h o r i z o n t a l normal s t r e s s e s were assumed e q u a l )
^ '
- _ _ _ _-_
_ _ .
__.
_
&
._.
-
__-.
-
.A
._
__.. - .
A_
_---
- - .--. -.
--..---
---.--.--
A .
A.
-.--
--.&
. .
---
The s h e a r moduli c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g e q u a t i o n 2 compare f a v o r a b l y with t h o s e o b t a i n e d u s i n g t h e v i b r a t o r y t e c h n i q u e e x c e p t a t t h e bedrockalluvium i n t e r f a c e .

.
Thus, t h e p r o p e r t i e s i n t h e f o u n d a t i o n a t l o c a t i o n
5 c a l c u l a t e d from t h e v i b r a t o r y t e c h n i q u e w e r e m o d i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o
e q u a t i o n 2 and w e r e used t o e s t i m a t e s h e a r modulus d i r e c t l y u n d e r t h e dam, where it was n o t measured. This m o d i f i c a t i o n i s necessary because
t h e weight of t h e dam w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e , t h u s i n c r e a s i n g t h e modulus as compared w i t h t h a t measured i n t h e f o u n d a t i o n away from t h e dam. Confining p r e s s u r e s w e r e o b t a i n e d from a s t a t i c f i n i t e element code (FESS shown i n p l a t e 9 . 13. T e s t d a t a from t h e Bu Rec showed t h a t t h e enibankment mateu n i t w e i g h t o f 119.6 p c f and an average moisThe s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e o b t a i n e d
A Poisson's r a t i o
4 1 ) developed a t WES.
A p l o t o f s h e a r modulus v e r s u s
depth o f t h e f o u n d a t i o n d i r e c t l y u n d e r t h e c e n t e r l i n e of t h e dam i s
r i a l s had a n a v e r a g e d*
t u r e c o n t e n t of 12.6 p e r c e n t .
using t h e v i b r a t o r y t e c h n i q u e i s , shown i n p l a t e 1 0 .
of 0.4 w a s assumed f o r t h e dam a n d t h e f o u n d a t i o n m a t e r i a l .
14.
The s h e a r moduli and damping v a l u e s u s e d
in
t h e f i n a l re-
sponse c a l c u l a t i o n s were o b t a i n e d by m o d i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e computed s h e a r strain level.
.4
The s h e a r moduli .and damping c u r v e s a r e shown i n The s h e a r moduli a s d e t e r m i n e d from
1 and 1 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y , f o r s a n d and i n p l a t e s 1 3 a n d 1 4 , replates 1
spectively, for saturated clays. 10
f i e l d d a t a o r e q u a t i o n 2 were assumed t o b e a t a s h e a r s t r a i n o f
-4 p e r c e n t .
15. The depth t o b e d r o c k , measured ' u s i n g s e i s m i c t e c h n i q u e s , The b e d r o c k p r o f i l e v a r i e d conFor t h e two-
ix ). ranged from 80 t o 120 ft ( ~ p ~ e n d D
s i d e r a b l y , and d i f f e r e n t d e p t h s were u s e d i n t h e a n a l y s e s .
dimensional ( 2 ~ a ) n a l y s e s , a h o r i z o n t a l bedrock p r o f i l e w a s assumed f o r reasons o f s i m p l i f i c a t i o n and l a c k o f s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n on d e p t h o f bedrock u n d e r t h e embankment.
16.
The fundamental p e r i o d of t h e s t r u c t u r e w a s computed u s i n g
Arnbrasey' s e q u a t i o n :
'
C
T = fundamental p e r i o d o f t h e dam, sec
H = h e i g h t o f dam,
k .
120 f t
= s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y i n dam, x 950 f t / s e c ( p l a t e 1 0 )
This computation gives a fundamental p e r i o d of 0.33 s e c .
PART I V :
CALCULATIONS
General
17.
The c a l c u l a t i o n s o f t h e response of t h e a l l u v i u m 500 f t down-
s t r e a m from R i f l e Gap Dam were made u s i n g t h r e e d i f f e r e n t methods o f a n a l y s i s ; t h e s e were : a. b. c. One-dimens i o n 1 ( 1 ) ~ lumped-mass a n a l y s i s o f f o u n d a t i o n a l l u v i urn o n l y
. 1 D F o u r i e r a n a l y s i s o f foundation a l l u v i u m only
TWO-dimensional ( 2 D ) f i n i t e element a n a l y s i s , u s i n g m o a1 s u p e r p o s i t i o n t e c h n i q u e s , of foundat.ion and embankment
The same 2D f i n i t e element a n a l y s i s was a l s o used t o c a l c u l a t e t h e r e sponse of t h e embankment.
18.
follows :
The r e s p o n s e o f t h e .foundation m a t e r i a l downstream from t h e
dam u s i n g t h e 1 D lumped-mass a n a l y s i s i s e v a l u a t e d i n r e f e r e n c e 6 as .~ssentiala l ~s o i l d e p o s i t i s r e p r e s e n t e d by a s e r i e s of l a y e r s . . . , t h e m a s s o f each l a y e r i s lumped a t t h e t o p and bottom o f e a c h l a y e r and t h e masses a r e connected by s h e a r s p r i n g s whose c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e determined by t h e s t r e s s - s t r a i n r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f t h e s o i l s i n t h e various layers. S i m i l a r l y , t h e damping c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,of t h e system a r e determined by t h e . s o i l properties'. Modal s u p e r p o s i t i o n t e c h n i q u e s a r e used t o e v a l u a t e t h e r e s p o n s e o f t h e d e p o s i t t o t h e i n p u t b a s e motion. 19. The base i s assumed t o be r i g i d . The dynamic F o u r i e r a n a l y s i s of l a y e r e d systems a l l o w s con-
s i d e r a t i o n of e n e r g y r a d i a t i o n i n t o t h e bedrock and, "uses a onedimensional F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m a n a l y s i s t o compute t h e r e s p o n s e o f l i n e a r , v i s c o e l a s t i c , nonuniform s o i l d e p o s i t s
, subjected
t o a base excitation.
1 1 8
S o i l p r o p e r t i e s assumed were t h o s e o b t a i n e d from t h e 1 D lumped-mass a n a l y s i s taken from t h e f i e l d v i b r a t o r y t e s t s and m o d i f i e d f o r t h e app r o p r i a t e shear s t r a i n l e v e l . analysis. The b a s e i s assumed t o b e e l a s t i c i n t h i s The amount of energy r a d i a t e d . i n t o t h e bedrock depends upon
t h e r e l a t i v e s t i f f n e s s o f t h e s o i l and bedrock.
20.
'
The f i n i t e element method o f a n a l y s i s c o n s i s t s of d e v e l o p i n g
a f i n i t e element network, o b t a i n i n g t h e s t f f f n e s s of each e l e m e n t , assembling t h e elements i n t o a s t r u c t u r e , s o l v i n g t h e e q u a t i o n s o f equilibrium u s i n g modal s u p e r p o s i t i o n t e c h n i q u e s , and e v a l u a t i n g t h e response of t h e s t r u c t u r e . surface. The f i n i t e element mesh ( p l a t e 1 5 ) was gene r a t e d t o account f o r . m a t e r i a l zones, s t r e s s zones, and t h e p h r e a t i c The element s i z e s were based on recommendations p r e s e n t e d i n The l o c a t i o n s f o r comparison of t h e observed a n d c a l c u The s o i l p r o p e r t i e s were m o d i f i e d
A horizontal
reference .9.
l a t e d motions a r e a l s o i n p l a t e 1 5 .
f o r t h e s h e a r s t r a i n l e v e l s obtained d u r i n g e x c i t a t i o n . r i g i d base a t t h e depth o f bedrock was assumed. One-Dimensional Analyses of Foundation 21. t a b l e 2.
The c a s e s i n v e s t i g a t e d u s i n g t h e I D analyses a r e l i s t e d i n Cases 1-18 were analyzed u s i n g t h e lumped-mass a n a l y s i s , and The s h e a r modulus
c a s e s 19-21 were analyzed u s i n g t h e F o u r i e r a n a l y s i s .
p r o f i l e used was t h a t obtained from s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y d a t a ( p l a t e 6 ) except i n c a s e s 14-18, i n which t h e p r o f i l e used was t h a t from t h e Rayleigh wave d i s p e r s i o n d a t a ( p l a t e 7 ) .
.
The s h e a r moduli o f t h e
c l a y s o i l i n cases 9-13 and 19 were a d j u s t e d by a f a c t o r of 1.875 t o produce ,more comparable r e s u l t s . In a l l o t h e r c a s e s , t h e modulus proThe f i l e used was t h a t observed from i t s r e s p e c t i v e f i e l d measurement.' damping value i s t h a t value used i n t h e f i n a l response c a l c u l a t i o n s a f t e r t h e s o i l p r o p e r t i e s have been modified f o r s h e a r s t r a i n . The ex'
a c t depth t o bedrock was unknown; t h e r e f o r e , many depths were a n a l y z e d and t h e value l i s t e d i n t a b l e 2 i s t'hat f o r each r e s p e c t i v e c a s e . m a t e r i a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n r e f e r s t o t h e curves f o r modifying m a t e r i a l properties for shear s t r a i n .
S r e f e r s t o sand and t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n
The
curves i n p l a t e s 1 1 and 1 2 , C r e f e r s t o c l a y and t h e curves i n p l a t e s 1 3 and 1 4 , and M r e f e r s t o a l a y e r e d mixture, a s designated i n t h e t y p i c a l foundation p r o f i l e ( p l a t e 5 ) i n which t h e r e s p e c t i v e curve was u s e d f o r each l a y e r of m a t e r i a l . used i n most analyses. S i x seconds o f h o r i z o n t a l i n p u t motion w e r e The e f f e c t of u s i n g 1 2 s e c o f motion w a s
d e t e r m i n e d i n c a s e 13.
I n case 1 2 , t h e e f f e c t o f u s i n g raw i n p u t d a t a The
t h a t had n o t been c o r r e c t e d f o r b a s e - l i n e s h i f t was inves-tigated. s e s a r e g i v e n i n Appendix B. . Two-Dimensional Analyses of Embankment and Foundation
D analyc a l c u l a t e d r e s p o n s e s p e c t r a and maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s f o r t h e I
22.
Table 3 l i s t s t h e cases investigated using t h e 2 D analyses.
For all c a s e s , t h e s h e a r moduli ( G) were conrputed from t h e v i b r a t o r y s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s f o r t h e -foundation and embankment. Because
no f i e l d measurements were taken d i r e c t l y under t h e embankment, t h e s h e a r moduli p r o f i l e ' f o r . t h a t l o c a t i o n was modified, a s shown i n p l a t e 9 , Void r a t i o s of t h e from t h e v a l u e s computed u s i n g Hardinls e q ~ a t i o n . ~ f o m d a t i o n m a t e r i a l were computed from v i b r a t o r y d a t a . The s o i l proper-
t i e s of s h e a r modulus and damping were modified f o r computed s h e a r s t r a i n s , and t h e 'damping v a l u e l i s t e d i s t h a t used i n t h e f i n a l c a l c u l a lations. sponse. I n some of t h e a n a l y s e s , t h e moduli and damping values were F o r example, i n c a s e 27 a t r i a l was made u s i n g a l a r g e r modulus The modulus of t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h e embankment w a s changed as shown i n t a b l e 3 t o determine t h e e f f e c t s on t h e computed ret h a n was measured. t i p l i e d by 1 . 5 .
m u l t i p l i e d by 2 . 5 , w h i l e t h a t of t h e m a t e r i a l .in t h e foundation was m u l The damping v a l u e of t h e e n t i r e system w a s 4.6 p e r c e n t . Ninety modes o f v i b r a t i o n were used i n t h e 2D I n c a s e 2 6 , t h e f o u n d a t i o n depth was 80 f t ; a depth of 100 f t was used
i n a l l o t h e r 2D a n a l y s e s .
analyses.
S i x seconds o f h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n d a t a were It was important t o i.nclude t h e v e r t i c a l compoThe
u s e d as i n p u t m o t i o n .
n e n t i n t h e s e a n a l y s e s because t h e energy s o u r c e , an underground n u c l e a r e x p l o s i o n , produced l a r g e v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n s a t R i f l e Gap Dam.

A damping r a t i o of 5 p e r c e n t was used f o r a l l s p e c t r a l
c a l c u l a t e d r e s p o n s e s p e c t r a and maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Appendix C . calculations.
PART V:
COMPARISONS O F OBSERVED AND CALCULATED RESPONSES Method
23.
A s y s t e m a t i c method was needed t o compare t h e amplitudes and
frequency contents o f observed motion records w i t h t h o s e of computed mo-
t i o n records.
The amplitudes can b e compared by u s i n g maximum a c c e l e r a -
I
I
t i o n s , while t h e frequency c o n t e n t s can b e compared u s i n g response spec-
tra.
The number of peaks, p e r i o d s at which peaks o c c u r r e d , and r e l a t i v e One-
magnitudes of peaks a r e used i n t h e s p e c t r a l comparisons.
dimensional a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s were compared w i t h mot ions a t l o c a t i o n 5 , on. t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e alluvium. Two-dimensional a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s were compared with motions a t l o c a t i o n 5 and a t dam l o c a t i o n s 1-3. One-Dimens i o n a l A n a l y s i s
.
,
Observed
24.
The maximum obse'rved h o r i z o n t a l a c c e l e r a t i o n o f ' t h e alluvium The a c c e l e r a t i o n response spectrum ( p l a t e ~ 1 ) The l a r g e s t o c c u r r e d a t a t h e s i z e of t h e
( l o c a t i o n 5 ~ w)a s 0.051 g. p e r i o d o f 0.15 s e c .
of t h e observed motion c o n t a i n e d t h r e e peaks.
A peak approximately two-thirds
l a r g e s t peak occurred a t a p e r i o d o f 0.33 s e c , and a ' r e l a t i v e l y minor peak occurred a t a p e r i o d o f 0.51 s e e . Cases 1-5 ( e f f e c t o f depth of a l l u v i u m ) 25. The e f f e c t ' of t h e depth t o bedrock
, which
v a r i e d from 80 f t For
i n case 1 t o 110 f't
i n c a s e 5 , was i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h e s e c a s e s .
c a s e s 1-5, t h e lumped-mass
a n a l y s i s was used t o analyze a sand p r o f i l e

. .
with s h e a r moduli o b t a i n e d from t h e s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y t e s t s .
The r e -
sponses o f cases 1-5 showed s e v e r a l marked s i m i l a r i t i e s t o t h e observed responses ( p l a t e B 1 )
One. s i m i l a r i t y .was t h e r e l a t i v e magnitudes o f
peaks, a s t h e second peak w a s t w o - t h i r d s t h e s i z e o f t h e maximum peak and t h e t h i r d peak (when' p r e s e n t ) w a s r e l a t i v e l y minor. which peaks occurred were a l s o similar. The p e r i o d s a t
The maximum peak of t h e r e In a l l
sponse s p e c t r a occurred i n t h e p e r i o d range o f 0.15 t o 0.19 s e c .
cases
,a
subsequent peak occurred i n t h e p e r i o d range o f 0.31 t o
0.33 sec
A minor peak o c c u r r e d i n t h e p e r i o d range o f 0.49 t o 0.51 s e c
f o r c a s e s 4 and 5 b u t was not p r e s e n t f o r c a s e s 1, 2 , and 3. l e s s t h a n t h o s e observed. 26.
The maxi-
muin a c c e l e r a t i o n s ranged from 0.035 t o 0.04'6 g; t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n s were

A comparison o f t h e response s p e c t r a f o r c a s e s 1 and
5 is
shown i n p l a t e
16.
The peaks of t h e s h a l l o w e r depth p r o f i l e (80 f t , P l a t e 17 shows a comparison of t h e The d a l c u l a t e d response, c a s e 2 ,
c a s e 1) a r e s h i f t e d upwards and t o t h e l e f t , i n d i c a t i n g more response a t lower periods. o f h i g h e r f r e q u e n c i e s . which had a depth t o bedrock o f 85 f t . p r e d i c t e d u s i n g t h e 1D a n a l y s i s method. Cases 6 and 7 ( e f f e c t of a l l u v i a l s o i l t y p e )
.
response s p e c t r a f o r t h e observed motion and t h a t c a l c u l a t e d i n c a s e 2 , compares favorably with t h e observed and i n d i c a t e s t h a t response can b e
27.
The e f f e c t of u s i n g a c l a y p r o f i l e was i n v e s t i g a t e d i n cases
6 and 7 ( p l a t e ~ 2 ) . For c a s e s 6 and 7 , t h e curves i n p l a t e s 1 3 and 1 4

were used t o modify s o i l p r o p e r t i e s f o r s h e a r s t r a i n . O n t h e response s p e c t r a f o r c a s e s 6 and 7 , t h e maximum peaks occurred a t p e r i o d s o f 0.23 and 0.25 s e c , and a n o t h e r peak, two-thirds t h e s i z e o f t h e maximum, occ u r r e d a t periods o f 0.14 and 0.15 s e c . c u l a t e d were 0.033 and 0.044 g . 90 f t and i n c a s e 7 was 110 f t . The maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s c a l The depth o f s o i l d e p o s i t i n c a s e
6 was
' A comparison of c a s e 6 ( c l a y p r o f i l e )
with c a s e 3 (sand p r o f i l e ) i s shown i n p l a t e 18.
The response curve f o r
case 3 i s s h i f t e d upwards and t o t h e l e f t o f t h a t f o r case 6 , i n d i c a t i n g more response a t lower p e r i o d s f o r c a s e 3 ( s a n d ) t h a n f o r c a s e f i n a l response c a l c u l a t i o n i n case 3 w a s 6.5 c a s e 6 w a s 3.7
x
6 (clay).
'
The average s h e a r s t r a i n used t o modify t h e s o i l p r o p e r t i e s f o r t h e

x
p e r c e n t and i n modulus r e d u c t i o n s
percent.
These s t r a i n s
of 1 5 and 32 p e r c e n t i n c a s e s 3 and
6, respectively. 6
28.
5 (plate
The s h i f t i n response s p e c t r a o f c a s e 3 ( s a n d ) versus case
( c l a y ) ( p l a t e 18) i s s i m i l a r t o t h e s h i f t o b t a i n e d ' i n case 1 versus c a s e
16), where t h e depth increased from 80 t o 110 f t .
The e q u a t i o n
f o r t h e fundamental period
( ~ ~ of )h o ir i z o n t a l s o i l l a y e r s , each
having uniform m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s ( r e f e r e n c e
lo),
is:
where
Hi
i s t h e thickness of t h e g
th
layer,
Gi
is the shear
i s t h e density. ' i This e q u a t i o n shows t h a t a d e p o s i t w i l l 'have a s i m i l a r change i n funda-
modulus,
i s a c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y , and
mental p e r i o d by i n c r e a s i n g t h e depth and d e c r e a s i n g t h e modulus, o r vice versa. This i s i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e s i m i l a r r e s p o n s e s p e c t r a s h i f t s i n p l a t e 16 (case 1 versus c a s e 5 ) f o r an i n c r e a s e i n d e p t h and i n p l a t e 18 ( c a s e 3 versus case 6 ) f o r a d e c r e a s e i n modulus. 29.
A comparison of t h e observed motion w i t h t h a t c a l c u l a t e d i n
case 6 ( c l a y p r o f i l e ) i s shown i n p l a t e 19. case 6 ( p l a t e . 19 )
The agreement between mea-
sured and computed responses w a s b e t t e r f o r c a s e 2 ( p l a t e 1 7 ) t h a n f o r
.
The assumed f o u n d a t i o n p r o f i l e ( p l a t e 5 ) o f i n t e r b e d d e d The s h e a r moduli
Cases 8-11 ( e f f e c t of l a y e r i n g )
30.
P l a t e B3 shows comparisons o f observed and computed s p e c t r a
f o r cases 8-11.
c l a y s , s i l t s , sands, and g r a v e l s was u s e d i n c a s e 8. t h e a p p r o p r i a t e curves f o r sand o r c l a y .
were computed from t h e v i b r a t i o n d a t a and modified f o r s h e a r s t r a i n b y Depth t o bedrock was 90 f t f o r
cases 8 and 9.
The response o f t h e motion i n c a s e 8 w a s s i m i l a r t o t h e

A
response of case 6 f o r a 9 0 - f t ' p r o f i l e o f e n t i r e l y c l a y m a t e r i a l .
comparison o f computed s p e c t r a f o r c a s e s 6 and 8 i s shown i n p l a t e 20. P l a t e 21 shows moduli versus d e p t h p l o t s of, t h e v i b r a t o r y s h e a r d a t a , which have been modified f o r s h e a r s t r a i n , f o r c a s e s and 8 ( l a y e r e d mixture )
6 (clay), 3 (sand),
The r e s p o n s e s o f c a s e s 6 and 8 a r e s i m i l a r ,
showing t h a t t h e response a t t h e s u r f a c e ( l o c a t i o n 5R) i s c o n t r o l l e d by low-velocity o r low-modulus l a y e r s i n t h e p r o f i - l e , even though c a s e 8 has sbme l a y e r s - with higher modulus v a l u e s t h a n does c a s e
6..
compar-
i s o n of t h e 'response s p e c t r a o f . t h e motions c a l c u l a t e d i n c a s e 8 w i t h
.those which were observed i s shown i n p l a t e 2 2 ; t h e s e s p e c t r a a r e not similar. 31. Cases 9-11 used m a t e r i a l t y p e s such a s t h o s e shown i n p l a t e 5 , This w a s done t o produce a. c a l c u l a t e d response s i m i l a r t o t h e There were s i m i l a r i t i e s between t h e computed r e The maximum peak of but with t h e s h e a r moduli f o r t h e c o h e s i v e m a t e r i a l i n c r e a s e d by 87.5 percent.
observed response.
sponses f o r c a s e s 9-11 and t h e observed responses. r i o d of
t h e response s p e c t r a was a t a p e r i o d o f 0.15 s e c i n c a s e 8 and a t a pe-
0.16 i n c a s e 9.
The magnitude o f t h e second peak i n a l l cases
was approximately t w o - t h i r d s as g r e a t as t h a t o f t h e maximum peak. Cases 10 and 1 1 had t h r e e peaks i n t h e , r e s p o n s e s p e c t r a , while only two peaks were v i s i b l e i n c a s e 8. The maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s f o r cases 9 , 1 0 , and 1 1 were 0.042, 0.039, and 0.040 g, r e s p e c t i v e l y . Cases 12 and 1 3 ( e f f e c t o f i n p u t motion) 32. location The e f f e c t of b a s e - l i n e s h i f t of t h e observed a c c e l e r a t i o n a t
4~ (bedrock ) was s t u d i e d i n c a s e 1 2 , which w a s e x a c t l y t h e same

A s shown i n p l a t e s , B3 ( c a s e 11) and ~4 ( c a s e 1 2 ) ,
Both cases
as c a s e 1 1 except t h a t t h e i n p u t d a t a i n c a s e 1 2 were not c o r r e c t e d f o r base-line s h i f t . t h e r e was no a p p r e c i a b l e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e response s p e c t r a . 1 2 . a n d 1 3 had a maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n o f 0.040 g. 33. i n case 13. The e f f e c t of ' u s i n g 1 2 s e c o f i n p u t motion was i n v e s t i g a t e d
Case 13 was e x a c t l y t h e same a s c a s e 1 1 except t h a t
6 sec
of input motion -was used i n c a s e 1 1 .
Because t h e r e was no appreciable
d i f f e r e n c e between t h e r e s p o n s e s p e c t r a f o r c a s e s '13 and 1 1 (plate B&) o r between t h e maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s (0.040 g i n b o t h c a s e s ) , put motion was used i n a l l o t h e r c a s e s . Cases 14-18 ( e f f e c t o f f i e l d m o d u l i ) 34. p l a t e 7. As p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d , t h e s o i l p r o p e r t i e s f o r cases 14-18 The o n l y s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e c a l c u l a t e d response with t h e obwere determined from t h e R a y l e i g h wave d i s p e r s i o n d a t a , a s shown i n
6 sec of in-
served response was t h a t c a s e 1 5 h a d a maximum. a c c e l e r a t i o n o f 0.053 g and case 1 4 had a maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n o f 0.044 g. shown i n p l a t e B5. Comparisons a r e Case 1 4 had a number o f p e a k s , w i t h t h e maximum peak
obcurring a t a p e r i o d of 0.24 sec
Cases 15-17 each had two peaks, with The maximum accelerations
t h e maximum o c c u r r i n g a t a p e r i o d of 0 . 3 1 t o 0.35 s e c and a l e s s e r peak o c c u r r i n g at a p e r i o d o f 0.14 t o 0.17 s e c . ranged from 0.070 t o 0.074 f o r cases
16 and 1 7 . The s o i l properties i n case 1 4 were m d i f i e d f o r s h e a r s t r a i n u s i n g p l a t e s 1 3 and 1 4 ; p l a t e s 10

P l a t e s 23 and 24 compare t h e observed responses with the These p l a t e s do
and 1 1 were used t o modify t h e s o i l p r o p e r t i e s f o r s h e a r s t r a i n f o r cases 15-17. c a l c u l a t e d responses i n cases 1 4 and 1 5 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . modulus determined from t h e s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y data. Cases 19-21 ( e f f e c t of a n a l y s i s method and damping ) 35. response. P l a t e ~ 6 shows comparisons o f observed and computed responses f o r c a s e s 19-21, which used t h e 1D F o u r i e r a n a l y s i s f o r computations of The e f f e c t o f u s i n g t h i s t y p e a n a l y s i s a s opposed t o the 1 D This p l a t e shows a compariBoth cases had t h e The assumed shear 'Note t h a t the relumped-mass a n a l y s i s is given i n p l a t e 25.
not show as good a comparison a s do p l a t e s 1 7 and 1 9 , which used the
son of t h e response s p e c t r a f o r c a s e 20 ( F o u r i e r a n a l y s i s ) with the response s p e c t r a f o r case 2 (lumped-mass a n a l y s i s ) . same foundation m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s .and i n p u t motion. t h e s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y of t h e o v e r l y i n g s o i l l a y e r . sponse s p e c t r a a r e s i m i l a r f o r c a s e s 20 and 2. i s l e s s than t h a t f o r c a s e 2. 0.033 g, whereas f o r c a s e 2 it i s 0.041 g.
wave v e l o c i t y of t h e bedrock was approximately f i v e times g r e a t e r than The response f o r case 20
The maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n f o r case 20 i s

A l i k e comparison can be
) 8 ( p l a t e B3). made of cases 19 ( p l a t e ~ 6 and

36. The e f f e c t of reducing t h e i n t e r n a l s o i l damping i n the F o u r i e r a n a l y s i s was s t u d i e d i n c a s e 21, which was s i m i l a r t o case 20 except t h a t t h e damping was reduced by 100 p e r c e n t . case 20. The maximum accel-
e r a t i o n f o r case 2 1 was i n c r e a s e d t o 0.035 g , a s compared t o 0.033 g f o r The response s p e c t r a were a l s o very s i m i l a r ( s e e p l a t e ~6 )
Although i t w a s expected t h a t t h e r e would b e a g r e a t e r difference i n t h e damped c a l c u l a t e d responses, t h i s was n o t t r u e f o r t h e condition a t R i f l e Gap D a m .
Two-Dimens i o n a l A n a l y s i s General 37. The observed r a d i a l and v e r t i c a l motions a t l o c a t i o n s 1, 2 , T r a n s v e r s e motions 3, and 5 were compared with t h e c a l c u l a t e d motions.
were measured, b u t could not be c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g a 2 D a n a l y s i s method. P l a t e 4 shows t h e l o c a t i o n s o f t h e PAT'S which measured t h e o b s e r v e d mot i o n s , and d e s c r i p t i o n s 'of t h e l o c a t i o n s a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e 1. f i n i t e element network ( p l a t e 1 5 ) . The l o c a t i o n s from which t h e c a l c u l a t e d motions were t a k e n a r e shown on t h e
It w a s n e c e s s a r y f o r 2D a n a l y s i s
Although t h i s i s n o t
.
t h a t a l l l o c a t i o n s be i n t h e same v e r t i c a l p l a n e .
t h e t r u e f i e l d c a s e , t h e l a t e r a l o f f s e t s between PAT and t h e v e r t i c a l p l a n e assumed f o r a n a l y s i s were not c o n s i d e r e d l a r g e . w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e s i n t h e f i n i t e e l e m e n t network. The d e t a t l e d comp a r i s o n s of t h e observed and c a l c u l a t e d r e s p o n s e s f o r t h e r a d i a l a n d v e r t i c a l components at l o c a t i o n s 1, 2 , 3, . a n d 5 a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e 4. The response s p e c t r a f o r t h e o b s e r v e d and c a l c u l a t e d motions f o r loca-, t i o n s 1, 2 , 3, and 5 . a r e p r e s e n t e d i n p l a t e s ~ Case 22 ( 2 compared ~ with 1D a n a l y s i s ) 38. Case 22 w a s a 2D f i n i t e e l e m e n t a n a l y s i s of t h e 120-ft-high f o u n d a t i o n a s shown i n p l a t e 15. Although embankment and 100-ft-deep
1 ~ 8 .
b e t t e r comparisons could be made i n t h e 1 D a n a l y s e s f o r s h a l l o w e r foundations a t location 5 (alluvium), t h e seismic p r o f i l e s ( ~ p p e n d i x D) i n '
d i c a t e d t h a t an average depth o f 100 f t would be a more v a l i d a s s u m p t i o n . The s h e a r moduli of t h e m a t e r i a l s w e r e computed from t h e v i b r a t o r y s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s .
,
The s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s are shown i n p l a t e 1 0
f o r t h e embankment and i n p l a t e 6 f o r t h e f o u n d a t i o n a t l o c a t i o n 5 (alluvium). The s h e a r modulus p r o f i l e o f t h e f o u n d a t i o n d i r e c t l y u n d e r The mat h e c e n t e r l i n e o f t h e embankment, which was t a k e n f r o m t h e v i b r a t o r y d a t a and modified f o r c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e s , i s shown i n p l a t e 9 . t e r i a l i n t h e foundation was assumed t o r e s p o n d as a s a n d , and t h e curves i n p l a t e s 11 and 1 2 w e r e used t o modify m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s f o r shear s t r a i n . The m a t e r i a l i n t h e embankment i s a c o h e s i v e material, and t h e curves i n p l a t e s 1 3 and 1 4 were u s e d t o modify material
properties f o r shear s t r a i n .
,
The damping v a l u e o f 5.3 p e r c e n t was t h e
a v e r a g e used d u r i n g t h e f i n a l r e s p o n s e c a l c u l a t i o n a f t e r t h e m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s h a d been m o d i f i e d f o r s h e a r s t r a i n ( s e e t a b l e 3).
39. Case 22 c a l c u l a t e d motions were s i m i l a r t o t h e observed motions. The p e r i o d s of t h e m a x i m u m c a l c u l a t e d peaks were s i m i l a r t o t h e The o b s e r v e d maximum peaks f o r t h e r a d i a l components a t a l l l o c a t i o n s .
maximum c a l c u l a t e d a c c e l e r a t i o n s a t a l l r a d i a l and v e r t i c a l l o c a t i o n s were o n l y s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n t h e o b s e r v e d a c c e l e r a t i o n s e x c e p t a t l o c a t i o n s 2R and 2V where t h e c a l c u l a t e d a c c e l e r a t i o n s were h i g h e r t h a n t h e observed. The p e r i o d s a t which t h e peaks o c c u r r e d i n t h e v e r t i c a l The c a l c u motion r e s p o n s e s p e c t r a were d i f f e r e n t from t h o s e o b s e r v e d . r e s p o n s e had t h e second o r t h i r d l a r g e s t peak.
l a t e d r e s p o n s e had a maximum peak a t t h e p e r i o d where t h e . observed I n t h e same way, t h e maximum observed peak o c c u r r e d i n t h e same p e r i o d s as t h e second o r t h i r d l a r g e s t peaks on t h e c a l c u l a t e d r e s p o n s e curves: 40. The e f f e c t o f t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n s t o Note t h a t The foundat h e response of l o c a t i o n 5 R c a n be s e e n i n p l a t e 26, which shows t h e response s p e c t r a and maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s f o r c a s e s 4 and 22. t h e r e s p o n s e s p e c t r a a n d maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s a r e similar. c a s e 4.
t i o n s o i l p r o p e r t i e s assumed i n c a s e 22 a r e t h e same as t h o s e assumed i n . Case 4 w a s a 1D a n a l y s i s and o n l y t h e h o r i z o n t a l i n p u t motion Case 22 w a s a 2 D a r i a l y s i s and u s e d b o t h t h e h o r i z o n t a l c o u l d be used.
and v e r t i c a l bedrock a c c e l e r a t i o n h i s t o r i e s a s i n p u t .
Case 23 ( e f f e c t o f i n c r e a s e d modulus)
41.
Case 23 was computed t o show t h e e f f e c t o f . i n c r e a s i n g t h e Other
s h e a r modulus of t h e material i n t h e enibankment and f o u n d a t i o n . and a 1 0 0 - f t sand f o u n d a t i o n .
assumptions were t h e same as i n c a s e 22 w i t h a 1 2 0 - f t c l a y embankment The v a l u e o f 4.7 p e r c e n t damping w a s used R e s u l t s are shown i n . p l a t e s 27-34. The peaks on t h e computed r e i n t h e f i n a l response c a l c u l a t i o n .
The c a l c u l a t e d r e s p o n s e s i n c a s e 23 o f t h e v e r t i c a l m o t i o n s a t l o c a t i o n s
3V and 5 V w e r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e o b s e r v e d .
t h e . r e l a t i v e magnitudes w e r e s i m i l a r .
sponse s p e c t r a o c c u r r e d a t t h e s a m e p e r i o d s a s d i d t h o s e observed, ' and The maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s o f t h e v e r t i c a l components were h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e observed e x c e p t a t l o c a t i o n 5V.
The computed h o r i z o n t a l maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s were u s u a l l y lower except a t l o c a t i o n 2R, and t h e computed a c c e l e r a t i o n a t l o c a t i o n 5 R w a s 0.050 g, as compared w i t h an observed a c c e l e r a t i o n of 0.051 g. The response s p e c t r a f o r t h e observed and c a l c u l a t e d components o f t h e r a d i a l motion had peaks o c c u r r i n g a t t h e same p e r i o d s , but t h e maximum observed w a s often a t a p e r i o d corresponding t o t h e second o r t h i r d c a l c u l a t e d maxi-
mum, and v i c e v e r s a .
Case 24 ( e f f e c t of reduced modulus) 42. case 24. The e f f e c t of a r e d u c t i o n o f .shear modulus was computed i n The assumptions were s i m i l a r t o t h o s e i n c a s e s 22 and 23 except The c a l c u l a t e d motion f o r c a s e 24 had only The maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s a t
'
t h a t i n case 24 t h e shear moduli o f t h e foundation and embankment were m u l t i p l i e d by t h e value 0.5. a few s i m i l a r i t i e s t o t h e observed motion. l a r t o t h o s e observed.
locations 2 V and 5V were. 0.042 and 0.092 g, r e s p e c t i v e l y , and were simiThe' h o r i z o n t a l maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s were usua l l y lower t h a n t h o s e observed except a t l o c a t i o n 2R. s p e c t i v e l y , t h a n t h e observed a c c e l e r a t i o n s .
The computed
v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n s a t l o c a t i o n s 1 V and 3 V were lower and h i g h e r , reThe p e r i o d - o f t h e maximum, and u s u a l l y o n l y , peak on t h e response s p e c t r a occurred i n t h e range of -0.30 t o 0.34 s e c , and t h e p e r i o d o f t h e second peak, p r e s e n t o n l y i n t h e v e r t i c a l motion response s p e c t r a , , was i n t h e range o f 0.14 t o 0.18 s e c . Case 25 ( e f f e c t o f reduced dampint?) 43. Case 25 i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e e f f e c t of r e d u c i n g t h e damping v a l u e The o n l y d i f f e r e n c e between c a s e s 22 and as Consequently, t h e maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s The computed response specThis means
.
used i n response c a l c u l a t i o n s . g r e a t a s t h a t used f o r case 22.
25 was t h a t t h e damping value used f o r c a s e 25 was o n l y two-thirds
f o r c a s e 25 were g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e f o r case 22 , ' e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e rad i a l components of l o c a t i o n s 1-3 on t h e dam. t r a ' f o r cases 22 and 25 had t h e same shape except t h a t a few more minor spikes were p r e s e n t i n t h e response s p e c t r a f o r c a s e 25. t h a t only t h e amplitude o f t h e motion was changed a n d t h e frequency cont e n t remained e s s e n t i a l l y u n a l t e r e d between c a s e s 22 and 25. Case 26 ( e f f e c t o f depth o f alluvium)
44.
The e f f e c t of an 80-ft-deep
foundation w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d i n
c i s e 26.
a s .made because b e t t e r comparisons could be This a n a l y s i s w

A 120-ft c l a y .embankment , sand foundation, and
made i n t h e 1D a n a l y s i s a t l o c a t i o n 5R, downstream from t h e dam, with t h e shallower p r o f i l e . i n c a s e 22. moduli obtained from t h e s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y d a t a were used a s i n p u t , a s The maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s computed a t l o c a t i o n s 1 and 3 Similar periods of t h e p e a k s . f o r the Compariwere s i m i l a r t o those observed.
v e r t i c a l components a t l o c a t i o n s 1-3 i n t h e dam were measured. 3 R and 3 V a r e shown ' i n p l a t e s 35 and 36, r e s p e c t i v e l y . l o c a t i o n s 5R and 5V were smaller t h a n t h e observed.
sons of t h e computed -responses w i t h t h e observed r e s p o n s e s a t l o c a t i o n s The computed r e sponses a t l o c a t i o n s 2 R and 2 V were g r e a t e r t h a n t h e observed, and a t The peaks o c c u r r i n g i n t h e range of 0.12 t o 0.17 sec i n t h e observed r e s p o n s e s p e c t r a f o r l o c a t i o n s 1 R and 1 V were only minor i n t h e computed response f o r case 26. Note t h a t not as good a comparison could be made a t l o c a t i o n 5 R f o r c a s e 26 ( p l a t e ~ 7 a) s could be made with t h e 1 D a n a l y s i s i n c a s e 1 may be due t o t h e i n c r e a s e d s t r a i n i n t h e m a t e r i a l ( p l a t e ~ 1 ) This . from t h e inclusion of t h e v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n . Case 27 ( e f f e c t of s t i f f foundation under s t i f f e r dam) 45. In case 27, t h e e f f e c t o f i n c r e a s i n g t h e s h e a r modulus o f t h e The s h e a r modulus o f t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h e foundaA f a c t o r o f 2.5
m a t e r i a l i n t h e foundation by a f a c t o r d i f f e r e n t from t h a t i n t h e embankment was i n v e s t i g a t e d . t i o n was increased by t h e f a c t o r 1 . 5 , a s i n c a s e 23. ment.
was used t o increase t h e shear modulus o f t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h e embank'
As expected, t h e responses measured a t t h e a l l u v i u m l o c a t i o n s 5R The maxi-
and 5 V were s i m i l a r t o t h o s e measured i'n c a s e 23 ( p l a t e s 37 and 3 8 ) . The response i n t h e embankment was similar t o t h a t observed. were very s i m i l a r t o t h e observed ( p l a t e s 39 and 40).
.
'
mum a c c e l e r a t i o n and response s p e c t r a computed a t l o c a t i o n s 2 R and 2~

A t locations 3 R
and 3V, peaks of t h e c a l c u l a t e d response s p e c t r a o c c u r r e d a t t h e same p e r i o d s a s those i n t h e observed s p e c t r a , b u t t h e maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n a t location 3 V was much higher t h a n t h e observed. The computed maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n a t l o c a t i o n 1 V was s i m i l a r t o t h e observed a c c e l e r a t i o n , b u t a t l o c a t i o n l R , t h e computed a c c e l e r a t i o n was much lower t h a n t h e observed a c c e l e r a t i o n .
PART V I :
DISCUSSION
One-Dimens i o n a l A n a l y s i s
46.
The U> a n a l y s i s i s used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e response of semiFor t h i s r e a s o n , t h e 1 D a n a l y s i s could
i n f i n i t e horizontal s o i l layers. s t r e a m o f R i f l e Gap Dam.
b e used only t o c a l c u l a t e response a t l o c a t i o n 5 R on t h e alluvium downDuring t h e a n a l y s i s , it became apparent t h a t These facmany f a c t o r s were v i t a l i n a c c u r a t e l y s i m u l a t i n g response. t o r s i n c l u d e t h e following: a. Shear m o d u l i , o f t h e i n s i t u medium Depth t o bedrock R e l a t i o n s h i p o f s h e a r modulus and damping t o s t r a i n amp l i t u d e f o r modification o f s o i l properties
-. b c. 47.
Use of t h e i n s i t u s h e a r moduli as measured by WES i n t h e The d a t a d e t e r -
s e i s m i c f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n u s i n g t h e s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y technique gave computed r e s u l t s comparable t o t h e f i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s . mined by t h e Rayleigh wave d i s p e r s i o n t e c h n i q u e d i d n o t give c a l c u l a t e d
results a s good a s t h o s e c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e v i b r a t o r y technique.

48. The depth t o bedrock i n t h e f o u n d a t i o n m a t e r i a l varied conN o b o r i n g s were made a t Therts i d e r a b l y throughout t h e R i f l e Gap Dam a r e a .
t h e s i t e of l o c a t i o n 5 on t h e a l l u v i u m downstream from t h e dam.'
f o r e , no a c c u r a t e determination of s o i l d e p t h could b e used i n t h e lD analyses. The e f f e c t of depth t o bedrock i s shown i n p l a t e 1 6 , which d e p o s i t with t h a t of a 110-ftB e t t e r agreement w i t h t h e observed response was obtained compares t h e response of an 80-ft-deep deep d e p o s i t . u s i n g t h e shallower bedrock depths.
49.
The type o f m a t e r i a l used, s a n d o r c l a y , determined t h e re-
l a t i o n s h i p used t o modify t h e m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s f o r shear ' s t r a i n l e v e l . The comparison o f m a t e r i a l t y p e s i s made i n p l a t e 18 f o r cases 3 and 6. Both t h e maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s and response s p e c t r a were considerably d i f f e r e n t f o r t h e two cases i n v e s t i g a t e d . c o n s i d e r i n g t h e m a t e r i a l a s sand. F o r t h e foundation m a t e r i a l
a t R i f l e .Gap Dam, b e t t e r agreement w i t h t h e observed d a t a was obtained by The g r a n u l a r m a t e r i a l was present i n
b d t h Bu Rec b o r i n g s ( p l a t e . 3 ) , b u t c o h e s i v e m a t e r i a l was a l s o p r e s e n t and r e s u l t s comparable t o t h o s e observed c o u l d be o b t a i n e d only by mult i p l y i n g t h e cohesive modulus by a f a c t o r of 1 . 8 7 5 , which a c t u a l l y gave about t h e same modulus a s t h a t f o r t h e s a n d c u r v e s a t t h a t s h e a r s t r a i n level. Because t h e e x a c t s o i l p r o f i l e i s n o t known a t l o c a t i o n 5 , it c a n o n l y be concluded t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h e p r o f i l e a t l o c a t i o n 5 responded more c l o s e l y t o t h e sand c u r v e s used i n m o d i f i c a t i o n o f s o i l properties ( ~ l a t e s 1 1 and 1 2 ) . 50. F o r t h e motions measured a t R i f l e Gap Dam, t h e r e s p o n s e s did
1 used 6 . s e c o f i n p u t mon o t change i n c a s e s 11-13 ( p l a t e ~ 4 ) . Case 1
t i o n t h a t had been c o r r e c t e d f o r b a s e - l i n e s h i f t , whereas t h e i n p u t mot i o n i n c a s e 1 2 w a s not c o r r e c t e d . Case 1 3 used 1 2 sec of i n p u t motion. The The agreement of c a s e s 1 1 and 1 2 showed t h a t t h e a c t u a l a c c e l e r a t i o n d a t a a t l o c a t i o n 4~ d i d not have a n a p p r e c i a b l e ba'se-line s h i f t .
s i s , t h e maximum r e s p o n s e o c c u r r e d b e f o r e
'(
comparison of c a s e s 1 1 and 1 3 showed t h a t , when u s i n g an e l a s t i c analy-
6 s e c and was n o t changed by
t h e a d d i t i o n of 6 s e c more of e x c i t a t i o n .
51.
The i n p u t motion f o r a l l a n a l y s e s was t h a t observed a t locaThe motion a t l o ,
t i o n 4 on bedrock i n t h e gate chamber ' ( s e e p l a t e 4 ) . profile a t location 5.
c a t i o n 4 was assumed t o occur i n t h e bedrock u n d e r l y i n g t h e foundation Most o f t h e a n a l y s e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e response a t location 5 R c o u l d be p r e d i c t e d w i t h t h e 1 D a n a l y s i s ; t h u s , t h e assumption t h a t t h e motion observed a t l o c a t i o n 4 w a s bedrock motion w a s a p p a r e n t l y a v a l i d assumption. 52. The 1 D a n a l y s i s gave r e s u l t s v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h o s e observed f o r t h e a l l u v i u m ( l o c a t i o n 5 ~ ) . With t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e . v e r t i c a l mot i o n input i n the 2 D a n a l y s i s , p l a t e 26 shows t h a t good agreement between t h e 1 D and 2D a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s i s o b t a i n e d . much s i m p l e r and c h e a p e r dimensional e x c i t a t i o n . ~wo-~imen io s n a l Analys i s 53. V for S i m i l a r r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d a t l o c a t i o n s 5R and 5
U)
T h i s means t h a t t h e
a n a l y s i s can b e used t o p r e d i c t t h e h o r i s o i l d e p o s i t even during three-dimensional
z o n t a l motion i n a s e m i - i n f i n i t e
7.
_-.. :
.: .
-.
...
->-.
: : : -
- 3 - 7 -
-=
,-..-;
=.
.- -
.-
. A , -
. .... -. '
I . . . . ,
L
..i..'I.
- . - - - - . - - A
-.
i . A.
c a s e s 23 and 27, a s shown i n p l a t e s 37 and 38. o v e r t h a t f o r case 23.
The only d i f f e r e n c e i n
t h e two cases was t h e i n c r e a s e of modulus i n t h e embankment f o r c a s e 27 This shows t h a t t h e instrument l o c a t e d more t h a n dam w a s a t a s u f f i c i e n t d i s t a n c e 520 ft downstream from t h e 120-ft-high a l l y c a l l e d f r e e - f i e l d response 1.
.
from t h e dam t h a t ' i t s response was n o t a f f e c t e d by t h e s t r u c t u r e . ( g e n e r -
54.
The response of t h e ' foundation m a t e r i a l was b e s t p r e d i c t e d by However, comparable r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d f o r c a s e 22
c a s e 23 ( p l a t e s 33 and 34) i n which t h e v i b r a t o r y s h e a r modulus was m u l t i p l i e d by 1.5.

4
i n which t h e -shear modulus was t h a t computed from t h e f i e l d measurements. Thus, t h e shear wave v e l o c i t i e s measured u s i n g t h e ' s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y technique can be used i n t h e 2D f i n i t e element models.
55.
The responses computed a t l o c a t i o n s 2 R and 2 V were u s u a l l y B e t t e r agreement was o b t a i n e d by i n c r e a s -
g r e a t e r than those observed.
i n g t h e modulus i n t h e s t r u c t u r e , and s i m i l a r r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d f o r c a s e 27, as shown i n p l a t e s 39 and 40.
56.
A change i n t h e damping v a l u e f o r t h e s t r u c t u r e , a s i n c a s e
25, had only a s l i g h t e f f e c t on t h e magnitude o f t h e response. nents.
The r a -
d i a l components of motion were more a f f e c t e d t h a n t h e v e r t i c a l compoChanging t h e damping value d i d n o t c a u s e a noticeab1.e change i n 57. t o predict. The response a t t h e c r e s t of t h e dam was t h e most d i f f i c u l t Most c a s e s produced s i n i i l a r maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s b u t had t h e p e r i o d s of t h e peaks.
only one peak a t a p e r i o d o f 0.30 t o 0.33 s e c , which i s near t h e f'undamental period of t h e s t r u c t u r e , and d i d not have s u b s t a n t i a l r e s p o n s e a t lower periods, as w a s observed. Attempts t o produce a g r e a t e r response
a t t h e lower periods by i n c r e a s i n g t h e modulus of t h e dam were success-
ful, b u t t h e maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s were reduced c o n s i d e r a b l y .

58. The change of modulus produces d i f f e r e n t modal f r e q u e n c i e s of I f t h e s e a r e d i f f e r e n t .from t h e major f r e q u e n c i e s o f t h e This c o u l d have been t h e reason f o r t h e ' the structke.
i n p u t , t h e responses a r e low.
was expected.
low response i n case 27 a t l o c a t i o n s 1 R and lV, where a g r e a t e r response

',
Thus, it i s 'important i n d e s i g n and a n a l y s i s t h a t a num-
b e r o f inputs be used t o produce a smooth response spectrum so t h a t t h e
PART V I I :
59.
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions can b e drawn from t h e 1 D analyses : a. The response of h o r i z o n t a l s o i l l a y e r s can b e p r e d i c t e d using a I D analysis. The lumped-mass and F o u r i e r analyses g i v e s i m i l a r r e s u l t s f o r a p r o f i l e i n which t h e r e i s a ' d e f i n i t e change i n s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s between t h e bedrock and s o i l . For t h e a n a l y s i s of R i f l e Gap Dam, t h e v e l o c i t y o f t h e bedrock m a t e r i a l was approximately f i v e times t h a t of t h e soil.
b_.
c. d. -
It i s important t o have a n a c c u r a t e determination o f t h e soil profile.

It i s important t o determine t h e exact depth t o Sedrock.
The s o i l property modification curves ' f o r s h e a r s t r a i n l e v e l a r e applicable. The s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s determined u s i n g t h e s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y technique can be used i n t h e 1D a n a l y s e s . A n instrument placed a t a d i s t a n c e f i v e times t h e h e i g h t o f t h e dam w i l l give f r e e - f i e l d response. The s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s measured u s i n g t h e s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y technique can be used i n the 2D a n a l y s e s , b u t due t o t h e i n c l u s i o n of t h e v e r t i c a l i n p u t motion, a more similar response was c a l c u l a t e d a t ~ i f l e Gap Dam when t h e modulus was increased by 50 p e r c e n t . -Due t o t h e complex geometry and m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s . o f t h e s t r u c t u r e , use of t h e f i n i t e element a n a l y s i s i s nece s s a r y t o p r e d i c t t h e response o f v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s i n 'the structure.
e. f. 60.
The following conclusions can b e drawn from t h e 2D analyses: a. -
b.
c. -
d. -
It i s important t o use more t h a n one i n p u t motion t o . anal y z e a s t r u c t u r e . A v a r i e t y o f input f r e q u e n c i e s i s nece s s a r y t o f i n d t h e maximum response.
e. -
here was c l o s e r agreement between computed aqd observed maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n s than between shapes o f computed and observed response s p e c t r a .
61.
For t h e a n a l y s i s of R i f l e Gap Dam, t h e f o l l o w i n g assumptions a. -
provided t h e b e s t agreement between t h e observed and c a l c u l a t e d motions : One-dimensional analysis ( l o c a t i o n 5 R on alluvium) (1)
.
Lumped-mass a n a l y s i s method Shear modulus determined from v i b r a t o r y t e s t d a t a
(2)
(3)
,
Damping from r e l a t i o n s h i p s by Seed a n d I d r i s s shear s t r a i n
for
(4)
Modulus modified from r e l a t i o r i s h i p s by s e e d and Idriss f o r s h e a r s t r a i n 8 5 - f t depth t o bedrock F i n i t e element modal superposing a n a l y s i s method Shear modulus determined from v i b r a t o r y t e s t d a t a and i n c r e a s e d 50 p e r c e n t shear s t r a i n
( 5 ) Sand m a t e r i a l
(6)
b. -
TWO-dimens i o n a l analysi s ('1)

(2)
( 3 ) Damping from r e l a t i o n s h i p by Seed and I d r i s s f o r

(4) Modulus modified from r e l a t i o n s h i p s by Seed and I d r i s s for shear strain
( 5 ) Sand i n f o u n d a t i o n ( 6 ) Clay i n embankment ( 7 ) Average 100-ft depth t o bedrock
LITERATURE CITED
U. S. Department of I n t e r i o r , Bureau o f Reclamation, " R i f l e Gap Dam and Road R e l o c a t i o n , " S p e c i f i c a t i o n NO. DC-6120, 1964, Washingt o n , D. C .
Fowler, J. , "Motion of R i f l e Gap Dam, R i f l e , Colorado; P r o j e c t R u l i s o n Underground Nuclear Detonation ,"Miscellaneous Paper S-70-1, J a n 1970, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment S t a t i o n , CE, Vicksburg, Miss. Hardin, B. 0. and Drnevich , V. P. , "Shear Modulus and Damping i n S o i l s ,"T e c h n i c a l Report UKY 27-70-CE 3 , s o i l Mechanics S e r i e s No. 2 , J u l 1970, U n i v e r s i t y of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. Seed, H. B. and I d r i s s , I. M . , " S o i l Moduli a n d Damping F a c t o r s f o r E R C 70-10 , Dec 1970, UniDynamic Response Analyses, " Report No. E v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , College o f E n g i n e e r i n g , Earthquake Engineeri n g Research C e n t e r , Berkeley, C a l i f
O f f i c e , Chief o f ~ n ~ i n e e r s "Earthquake , S t u d i e s f o r E a r t h and Rockf i l l Dams ,"Engineer T e c h n i c a l L e t t e r No. 1110-2-79 , 12 J a n 1970, Washington, D. C . I d r i s s , I. M . , D e z f u l i a n , H. , and Seed, H. B. , "Computer Programs f o r E v a l u a t i n g t h e Seismic Response o f S o i l D e p o s i t s w i t h NonL i n e a r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Using E q u i v a l e n t L i n e a r Procedures , If Apr 1969, U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , G e o t e c h n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g , Berkeley, C a l i f . R o e s s e t , J. M.. and Whitman, R . V. , " ~ h e o r e t i c a lBackground f o r A m p l i f i c a t i o n S t u d i e s ," S o i l s E n g i n e e r i n g D i v i s i o n P u b l i c a t i o n No. 231, Mar 1 9 6 9 , Department o f C i v i l Engineering, Inter-American Program, Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e o f Technology,. Cambridge, Mass. R o e s s e t , J . M. and H a g a n n , A . J. , "Users Manual, Program D y f a l s I ," Jul 1969, Department o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g , D i v i s i o n of S o i l Mechani c s , Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. I d r i s s , I. M. , " ~ i n i t eElement A n a l y s i s f o r Seismic Response o f E a r t h Banks , I 1 J o u r n a l , S o i l Mechanics and Foundations D i v i s i o n , American S o c i e t y of C i v i l Engineers. Vol 94, No. SM3, Paper 5929, May 1968, pp 617-636. I d r i s s , I. M. and Seed, H. B., Seismic' Response o f H o r i z o n t a l S o i l Layers," J o u r n a l , S o i l Mechanics and Foundat i o n s D i v i s i o n , American S o c i e t y o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r s , Vol 9 4 , No. S M,~Paper 6043, Jul 1968, p p 1003-1031.
I1
Table 1 Summary of Equipment Used, Locations, and F i e l d Measurements Particle Acceleration Transducer
x
No. -
Transducer Location* C r e s t of dam

'
Orientation Vertical Radial Vertical Radial Vertical Radial Vertical Radial Transverse Vertical Radial Transverse
. Vertical
Particle Velocity Transducer
Peak Acceleration g's 0.062 0.094
Peak Velocity ips
1
2 3
Downstream face o f dam

'
Near t o e o f dam Gate chamber
Alluvium
Alluvium
Radial Transverse 7 C r e s t o f dam Vertical Radial Transverse

-
Note:
I n i t i a l a r r i v a l of motion was 6.9 sec a f t e r detonation. See p l a t e 4 .
Table 2 Cases f o r One-Dimensional Analyses, Location 5 R on Alluvium 500 Ft Downstream from Toe o f D a m F i e l d Test from Which Material P r o p e r t i e s Were Determined Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory Rayleigh 2
. Rayleigh 2
1 2 3 b 5
6 7
Case No.
Type Analysis Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mas-s Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Lumped-mass Fourier Fourier Fourier
Shear Modulus
Damping
%
3.9 3.8 3:7 3.5 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 4.0 4.7 b.7 5.9 3.2 3.4 3.8 1.9
Depth t o Bedrock ft 80 85 90 i00 110 90 110 90 90 100 110 110 110 110 110 125 80 80 80 85 85
Material Classification* S S S' S S

C C M M M M M M C S
Remarks
C C C G C C C C
8 9
10 1 1 12 13
,
1.875G4' 1.87501.875G*+ 1.875G** 1.875c**

C C G C C 1.875c+* C C
Original acceleration d a t a used f o r i n p u t 12 s e c of i n p u t f o r c a l c u l a t i n g response
14
15 16 17
18 19
20 21
Rayleigh 1 Rayleigh 1 Rayleigh 1 Vibratory Vibratory Vibratory
S S C
M
S
. S
1 / 2 damping of case 20
**
S r e f e r s t o sand and t h e modification curves i n p l a t e s 1 1 and 1 2 , C r e f e r s t o clay and t h e curves i n p l a t e s 1 3 and 1 4 , and M r e f e r s t o a mixture as d e s i g n a t e d i n t h e t y p i c a l foundation p r o f i l e i n p l a t e 5. Only t h e s h e a r moduli of t h e clay layers were changed by t h i s f a c t o r .
Table 3 Cases f o r Two-Dimensional Analyses
Case No.
Damping Shear Modulus
Foundation Depth
ft
Remarks
2 / 3 damping of case 22
27
1.5G ( f o u n d a t i o n )
2 . 5 ~(dam)
.
4.6
100
Note:
Six seconds o f h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n d a t a were u s e d as i n p u t motion. The modal s u p e r p o s i t i o n a n a l y s i s method was used. Ninety modes o f v i b r a t i o n 'were considered.
Table b C-arison of Observed'and Calculated Responses f o r 2 D Analysis Amplitude Ratio of Peaks Second Third to to Mkximum Maximum
Case
NO.
Maximum Acceleration K' s
Number of Peaks
Maximum Peak
Period of Peak, s e c Second Third Largest Largest Peak Peak
Remarks
a m Location l R , Radial Component, C r e s t of D Observed 22 23 24 25 26 27 0.094 0.073 0.052 0.041 0.119 0.091 0.035 3 1 0.32 0.31 0.27 0.32 0.31 0.29 0.29 0.12 0.32 0.19 0.15 t o 0.18 0.52 0.17 0.14 t o 0.18 3/4 4/5 1/3 Minor spike a t 0.17 sec 2/3 1/3 3/4 2/3
3
1 2 1 3
Location l V , V e r t i c a l Component, Crest of D a m Observed 22 ' 23 24 25 26 27 0.13 0.33 0.30 0.34 0.32 0.36 0.30
0.31.
0.21
2/3 1/2
i/3
0.14 0.16 0.19 0.15 t o 0.17 0.13
1/4
1/3 1/3 1/2
Location 2R. ~ a d i a Component. l Halivay D o v n Face of D a m Observed 22 23 24 25 26 27 0.32 0.29 0.24 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.16 0.30
D
0.31
314 1/3 1/1 1/3 2/5 2/3

m Face of D a m
7/10
Minor peak a t 0.56 s e c
Location 2V. V e r t i c a l Component. Hal*ay Observed 22 23 24 25 26 27 0.08 t o 0.13 0.31 0.29 0.33 0.30 0.30 0.29
'
0.30 0.14 O.lb 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14
4/5 1/3 5/8 1/2 1/3 2/5 1/1
Minor peak a t 0.19 s e c
Location 3R. Radial Component. Near Toe of Dam Observed 22
0.052 0.039
3 3
0.13 0.27
0.20 0.24
0.31 0.9
5 /6 1/1
1/2 2/3
Minor peak a t 0.49 s e c Relatively minor peak a t 0.51 s e c
l/b 3/4 a m Location 3V. Vertical Comonent. Near Toe of D Observed
Location 5R. Radial Component. Alluvium Observed 22 28 23 25 26 27 0.051 0.032 0.050 0.046 0.039 0.032 0.52 1 0.30 0.19 t o 0.23 0.19 0.15 3/5 1/2 9/10 2/3 9/10 8/10
'I4
112 1/2
Minor spikes present
4
2 3
0.28 0.31 0.35
0.32 0.27
0.061
Fourth. peak a t 0.49 sec Tvo minor Desks a t 0.24 and 0.47-sec Minor peak
Location 5V. V e r t i c a l Component. Alluvium Observed 22 0.088
0.061
0.072 0.092 0.063 0.050 0.069
23 24
26 25 27
2 3 2 2 4 3 2
0.08 t o 0.4 0.29 0.14 t o 0.19 0.32 0.22 0.19 0.14 t o 0.19
0.29 0.13 0. Y 0.14 0.29 0.14 0.31
0.20
1/2 9/10 1/2 3/10
8/10
0.24 0.28
'I1 3/4
1/2
1/1 '2/3
Fourth peak a t 0.14 sec
SCALE
Or NlLLS
KEY MAC
.LOCATION MAP
RIFLE GAP D A M
PLATE I
C Crest o f dom...
... J
I
J Riprop on
10
LLLLLLW.1
M a
100
belor E L 5910
SCILL OF
FEE1
MAXIMUM
SECTION
8
@
EMBANKMENT
EXPLANATION
,
Cloy, silt. sand ond qrorel compacted by tompinq rollers t o 6 -inch layers. 11 Cloy, silt, sond,qrovrl and cobblts tomllortcd by tompinq rallcrs b Q - l n m Iayers,
Miscelloneour clor. s r l t , sond. grovel. ond cobbles or rock fropments compocled by tomplnp r o l l e r s t o 12-inch l o p r s . Selected sond,qravel ond cobbles or r o c k trogmrnts p l o r t d in 2,. Inch loyerr.
GENERAL PLAN AND SECTION

RIFLE GAP DAM
OH21
0 I L O W I I ~ ~ . to ro eo
EL 5861.2
NOTE:
N I S I Z E H O L E . N I C S 0-100'. D R I V E S A M P L E S 0-55.. 80'-01)'. W A S H S A M P L E S 51'-80'.
AND
D H 22
aLOw,I*l.
SAND. F l N E W l T H L I T T L E C L A V . L O O S E L Y P A C K E D . T A N
20
21'-36'
GRAVEL A N 0 CLAV. S I L T Y . WlTH LENSES O F SAND A N D G R A V E L LOOSE TO MEDIUM DENSITY
.o
S I L T Y . GRAY. C O N S I S T E N C Y IS S T I F F
I ,
DENSITV
ee.-a!o
ao a,,?
CLAY;
SILTY.
MEDIUM'
CONSISTENCY
1.11
O W
01'-94' 94'-100'
SAND. F l N E W I T H S O M E C L A V : M E O l U M C O N S I S T E N C Y GRAVEL. eOULDERS. A N D SAND. DENSE T O VERY D E N S E
ma
,
12-#B-a.
NOTE:
A L L M A T E R I A L F R O M 0-100' A R E S T R E A M C H A N N E L A N D F L O O D PLAIN DEPOSITS. N X C S 0-100.. A L T E R N A T I N G W A S H AND D R I V E SAMPLES.
NOTE: SEE P L A T E 4 FOR BORING LOCATIONS.
B O R I N G LOGS
HOLES DH21 A N D OH22
!
PLATE 3
\
L O C 5 AND 6
C Crest of d o m - . .
L O C 1 AND 7 -cres t 1.5978
s e t t l e m e n t potnt ( p r o j e c t e d 1
MAXIMUM
SECTION
NOTE:
LOCATION 4 I S O F F S E T 560 FT EAST OF A L I N E THROUGH L O C 1. A N 0 L O C 3 A T E L 5878.81.
LOCATIONS O F MOTION MEASURING STATIONS
PLATE 4
L O G OF BORING
0;SAND (120
DESCRIPTION PCF)
SAND, GRAVEL, BOULDERS ( 1 3 0 PCF)
W T p ---
--
2 0
SILTY
CLAY (125 PCF)
4 0
C L A Y (125
PCF)
I-
LL
f
W 0
60-
GRAVEL, BOULDERS (130 P C F )
a .
C L A Y (125
80
PCF)
G R A V E L , SAND, B O U L D E R S ( 1 3 5 P C F )
I00
BEDROCK
120POISSON'S RATI 0 0.40
ASSUMED PROFILE OF FOUNDATION SOILS
PLATE 5
800 0
S H E A R WAVE V E L O C I T Y , FT/SEC 9 00 1000 700 800
1 1 0 0
20
P -
40
F
LL
C
"
F
Q
W 0
6 0 -
80
100
0
120
S H E A R WAVE VELOCITY PROFILE FOR THE FOUNDATION

VIE RATORY T E S T DATA
PLATE 6
600
0
800
SHEAR WAVE VE LOCITY, 1000 1200
FT/SEC
1400
1600
I800
20
40.
&
60,
I LL
+ n
W
80
2720 rA
R-2
R-l 100
*
I20
R - l FROM SEISMIC L I N E S - I , SEE APPENDIX D R - 2 F R O M S E I S M I C L l N E 5 - 2, S E E A P P E N D I X 0
%?a
140
SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY P R O F I L E FOR THE FOUNDATION

RAY L E I G H WAVE DISPERSION DATA
PLATE 7
SHEAR MODULUS, KSF
--//IN/
LEGEND
VIBRATORY DATA RAY L E I G H D I S P E R S I O N DATA
R A N G E FOR e = 0.9 e = 0 . 4 , O C R K = I, M A T E R I A L PROPERTIES IN P L A T E 5
FOUNDATION S H E A R MODULUS C O M P A R I S O N S
PLATE 8
SHEAR
MODULUS,
KSF
3
0
20
40
I LL
I
C Q
W
60
80
100
SHEAR M O D U L U S VS DEPTH O F F O U N D A T I O N AT CENTER LINE O F D A M
PLATE 9
SHEAR
WAVE
0 0
400
800
VELOCITY, FT/SEC 1200
I600
2000
20
40
LL
I -
m W a
0
W
60
rn
x
C
W
a
80
100
120
SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY PROFILE FOR THE EMBANKMENT

V I B R A T O R Y T E S T DATA
PLATE 1 0
1 .o
*z
2 ,
I -
0.8
a u
a0
W
za
a' 0
I
11
"'F .a 2
V)
0.6
DL"
a n 0 0
0.4
1 1
a a a 40.2
W W
I I
IJl v,
0 10-4
10-3
10-2 S H E A R S T R A I N 7 , .P E R C E N T
10-1
V A R I A T I O N O F SHEAR M O D U L U S W I T H SHEAR S T R A I N FOR SANDS

AFTER REF 4
28-
/
24
/ '
20
z W
U
a
0
I a
I0 - 4
10-3
10-2 SHEAR STRAIN,
10-1
PERCENT
DAMPING RATIOS FOR SANDS AFTER REF 4
0 10 4
10-3
10-2 SHEAR STRAIN
10-1
Y ,P E R C E N T
10
TYPICAL REDUCTION OF SHEAR MODULUS W I T H SHEAR STRAIN FOR SATURATED CLAYS

AFTER REF 4
35
30
25
I -
z W
U K
0 I 0
20
<
15
Z 0 x 4
0
/
. /
1 0
,
5
. ,
/'I
----0 10-4
10-3
10-2 SHEAR S T R A I N ,
10-1 PERCENT
I'o
DAMPING RATIOS FOR SATURATED CLAYS

AFTER REF 4
b
UPSTREAM
+ I 1
DOWNSTREAM
FINITE ELEMENT MESH FOR
20 ANALYSIS AND LOCATIONS OF

MEASUREMENT STATIONS
I
PLATE I 5
0 35
0 30
0 25
0,
' 2
Q
0 k
a
W
J
0 20
y*CASE
/
U 4
W V)
I\
I I I
0.15.
CASZ 5
a
W
0
y,
CK
a
0 10-
0 05
I
I
0
0
02
04
06
08
10
PERIOD, SEC
RESPONSE SPECTRA FOR I D LUMPED-MASS ANALYSIS

C A S E S I AND 5
PLATE 1 6
035r
0 30
0 25
[r,
'2
I u
0
[ I
/ - OBSERVED
W 1
W
020.
U U
0 a m 0 15.
W
I f\ \ 1 I
&
u
W
a
0.10
1 II' \\ \v f lI
f
' y CASE
\$J
0 05
0 ,
0.2
04
06
08
10
P E R I O D , SEC
OBSERVED AND COMPUTED I D RESPONSE SPECTRA

CASE 2
w
PLATE 17
0 35
0 30
0 25
0,
'z
a
W
J W
0 20
a
z
W
V)
0
0.
W
(t
,CASE
0.15
y,
n
I\
y-CASE 6
W 0.
s u
0. I 0
0 05.
-----10
0.2
0.4 0 8 PERIOD, SEC
08
COMPUTED I D RESPONSE SPECTRA,

CASES 3 A N D 6
PLATE 1 8
I
. =
. .
_
. . .. _
- -- 7
-77
..=--:-
-7'
. - . _ _ - . - -
i -
.=_
. C
: - - = > A
-z-;.
A.
-.
%.
A
: .
z--
.... .A
i _ _ . ; -
.
0 35
0 30
0 25
0 ,
2 '
a
W A
W
0 20
--OBSERVED
V U
z a
W
V)
0
y,
0 15'
,/CASE
a
s
a
W
a
0 I 0
0 05
.--
-\,
10
0
0
02
0 4 0 8 PERIOD, SEC
08

CASE 6
PLATE 1 9
0 35
030-
0 25
IJ)
'z
4
F
( I
0
W
u u
4
W
J W
0 20
v,
Z 0
a.
y,
W
0 15,
a
f 2
W
n
0 I0
0 05
0
0
02
04
08 PERIOD, SEC
08
10
COMPUTED I D RESPONSE SPECTRA

C A S E S 6 AND 8
SHEAR M O D U L U S , 0 0I
KSF
4
20.
40
LL
L
x
l W
a .
0
60,
\
80
I I
--
-4-
I OD
L.
LEGEND --- -
CASE' 3 CASE 6 CASE 8
NOTE: MODULUS MODIFIED' FOR SHEAR STRAIN.
SHEAR MODULUS PROFILE MODIFIED FOR SHEAR STRAIN

PLATE 21
0 35.
0 30
0 25
m
'2
u a
W
0 I J W
OBSERVED
020,
V
W
u
Q.
cn
z
0 0 .
y,
W
0 15,
LL
f
4
W
a .
0 10,
I Ij
/
0 05
: y
\vt
\ ,I
1,
I
I
I '
0
' .
0.
0 0 2
04
0 6 PERIOD, SEC
08
10

CASE 8
PLATE 22
0 35
0 30
il,
' 1 I I
025.
m
2 '
I -
a
_t
1
0 20
' I I I
l
I I
1
1
a
W
W
!
I
I
I
U U
z a y,
W
0 15.
I I '
'
I I I
I t
lx
L
w
a
0 I0
OBSERVED
0 05
02
04
06
08
10
PERIOD, S E C

CASE 1 4
PLATE 23
PLATE 24
0.3 5
0.30
0.25
r n
9 0 I -
4
J
[ I
W W
0.20
u
V
ul
'.
0.15-
0
y,
W
( t .
,CASE
.
-CASE 2 0
0.10.
CL
0.05
\ -----0 0 0.2 0.4 . 0.8 PERIOD, SEC 0.8 I .O
COMPUTED I D RESPONSE SPECTRA

CASES 2 AND 2 0
7
PLATE 25
0 35
0 30
0.25
D
I -
2 '
a
W W
J
0 20
U V
W
V)
a cn 0 15
W
Q f
W Q
0. I 0
0 05
0.2
04 0 6 PERIOD, SEC
08
10
COMPARISON OF I D AND 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCATION 5 R A D I A L COMPONENT CASES 4 A N D 2 2
.
0.35
0.30
0 . 25
+
a
W J W
2 -
0.20
0
U
0 .
y,
0
W
0.15
a a
W
a .
0. I 0
0.05
0.2
0.4
0.8' PERIOD, SEC
0.8
1 .O
OBSERVED AND COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCATION I RADIAL C O M P O N E N T C A S E 23
PLATE 27
0 35
0 30
I,
p,
I
/'
I ' ' I
I
I
025
I
'
I
\ \
+
a
W
2 '
I I I I I I
I
\
z
a
s
4
W W
OBSERVED
0 2 04 08 08
PERIOD, SEC
10

LOCATION I V E R T I C A L COMPONENT C A S E 23
PLATE 28
0.35
0.30
0.25
0,
r.
0 + u
z '
I
0.20
I
a
W
V 4
W
ul
Z
a
W
y,
0.15
'
a
z
1 I
W-
0.
\
0.1 0'
\ \
&--0BSf RVED
n
0.05
0.2
0.4 0.8 PERIOD, SEC
0.8
1 .O

'
LOCAT ION 2 RADIAL COMPONENT CASE 2 3
PLATE 29
0351
0 30,
0 25
n ,
2 '
I -
a
w
a
W
J
I
020
,'\
\
\ '
a
W
( r
I . I I
/
1
I
\ \
-CASE 2 3
m 0 15,
a
W
a
0 10
-OBSERVED
0 05
0
0
0 2
0 4
0 8 PERIOD, SEC
08
10

LOCAT I O N 2 VERT I C A L COMPONENT C A S E 23
, PLATE 30
0 35
0 30
025
0,
2 '
u a
W J
0 -
0 20
U U
z a .
y,
W
W V)
0 15
a
z
W
a
a
0 I0
0 05
0
0
0.2
04
0.8
08
I
10
PERIOD, SEC
OBSERVED AND COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE S P E C T R A

LOCATION 3 R A D I A L COMPONENT. C A S E 23
>
PLATE 3 1
0 35*
0 30
025
0)
, ' l
C
a
4
2 '
1 I I I I
V U
W J W
020
Ij,;
-CASE 23
W V)
n
V)
W (L:
0 15,
a
W
<
-OBSERVED
0. I 0
( 1
0.05
; J
0
0 0.2 0 4 0 6 PERIOD, SEC 0 8
10

LOCAT l O N 3 VE R T I C A L COMPONENT C A S E 23
PLATE 32
__
_ _ _.
-.
_. .
-
--
____.
&
.-
._
L
_-- -.A
-.
-.
- -.
- . .-
-.-&
.._--.
&
_/
-._ .. .
-..&
_.
1111111111111111111llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllmlllllllllllttttttttmttttttttttt~~~~~~~~w"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
0.35
0.30-
5 0.2
0
I -
2 '
OBSERVED
a
W _r
W
<
0.20
U U
<
z
ln
0
P
W
cn 0.15
a
W
* a
.
0.I0
0.05
0' 0
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.8
I .O
PERIOD, SEC
OBSERVED ANDCOMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCATION 5 RADIAL COMPONENT C A S E 23
PLATE 3 3
0 35
3
0 30
025
0 l-
m z '
a
W
J
a
W
0 20
U U
Z 0
a
W
Y ,
0 15
I I I
I
a s a
W
a
0 I0
0 05
-.------0
0
0.2
04 08 PERIOD, SEC
08
10

LOCAT ION 5 V E R T I C A L COMPONENT C A S E 23
L
PLATE 34
- _ -
__.
_ __ _ _
.__
_ .L
. . I
-_
._.
_----- - . -
<.
-- _
.-.
..
._A
__ _
_:_
&
_.
- - - -- .
. . C
.-
0.35.
0.30.
0.2 5
(T,
'z
I-
a
W
J W
0.20
u u
d
W
z 0 n
m
0.15
a
s
Q
W
a
0.I 0
9,'
; I
1
I\ I
1 I
.I I
'
!!
I 6' I /
+-CASE I I
26
/
,
\(\,
\
0.05
.'
------,
0' 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 :O
PERIOD, SEC
OBSERVED. AND COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCAT ION 3 RADIAL COMPONENT C A S E 26
PLATE 35
0 35
030,
025
0 ,
k
n
W
2 '
f-'\
020
!
I
' I
',
I
U U
-CASE 26
a .
- OBSERVED
\ \ 0.05
\ \
/ !
0 0
02
04
08
08
10
P E R I O D , SEC

L O C A T ION 3 V E R T I C A L COMPONENT CASE 2 6
6
PLATE 36
0 35
0 30
025.
0,
'z
I -
a
W
<
020, I\
I'
W U
<
u l
Z
0
[L
y,
0 15
a
z
4
W
a
0. I 0
I
N '"'
L'
0.05
0.2
0.4
0 8
08
10
P E R I O D , SEC
COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCATION 5 RADIAL COMPONENT CASES 23 AND 27
PLATE 37
035r
0 30
CASE 27
025,
[T,
'z
I -
0 4
a
W
W
_J
020
U U
m Z 0 Q. m 0 15
W
(t
YZ
W
a
0 10,
0 05
0'
0
-02
04 08 08
10
P E R I O D , SEC
COMPUTED 2 D RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCATION 5 VE R T I C A L COMPONENT C A S E S 23 A N D 27
2
PLATE 38
0.35
0.30
0.25
cn
'2
I -
0 4
a.
W
0.20
V U
a
z
W V)
0
(L
y,
W
0.15
a
'L
17
\
-- OBSERVED
W Q
0. I 0
0.05
0.2
0.4
0.6 PERIOD, SEC
0.8
1 .O
OBSERVED AND COMPUTED 2 0 RESPONSE SPECTRA

LOCATION 2 R A D I A L COMPONENT C A S E 27
'
PLATE 39
0 35
0 30
025
m
'2 0
I -
a
W _1
020?
U U
- OBSER YED
I
cn
z
W
0 0 .
y,
0 15
a
s
Q
W
(L
0
0
02 04 06
08
10
PEBIOD, SEC

LOCATION 2 V E R T I C A L COMPONENT
C A S E 27
&
PLATE 40
1.
,
The f i r s t
6 s e c o f motion h i s t o r y f o r t h e r a d i a l and v e r t i c a l
components a r e shown i n p l a t e s A l through A 1 0 f o r l o c a t i o n s 1 through 5 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ; a c c e l e r a t i o n response s p e c t r a a r e a l s o shown i n t h e s e plates. P l a t e s A l l and A12 show t h e observed r a d i a l and v e r t i c a l motion
h i s t o r i e s from PVT l o c a t i o n s
6 and 7.
The r a d i a l components were mea-
sured h o r i z o n t a l l y and p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e a x i s o f t h e dam; t r a n s v e r s e
. motion components were measured h o r i z o n t a l l y and p a r a l l e l t o t h e a x i s o f

t h e dam and a r e r e p o r t e d i n r e f e r e n c e 2. have been modified f o r b a s e - l i n e histories.
2. A response spectrum i s t h e maximum r e s p o n s e of a single-degree-
The a c c e l e r a t i o n h i s t o r i e s
s h i f t with a parabolic correction.
They have a l s o been i n t e g r a t e d t o produce v e l o c i t y and displacement
of-freedom system t o an a c c e l e r a t i o n h i s t o r y , a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g . A l . In t h i s c a s e , t h e s p e c t r a a r e p l o t t e d a s c u r v e s o f maximum a c c e l e r a t i o n versus n a t u r a l period v a l u e s of

T T
f o r a v a l u e of damping
By v a r y i n g t h e
A re-
and
,a
complete s e t of c u r v e s i s developed.
sponse spectrum can be used a s a v e h i c l e t o compare t h e frequency cont e n t of various motion h i s t o r i e s .

WES b u t a r e not p r e s e n t e d h e r e i n .
The r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y and r e l a t i v e
displacement response s p e c t r a have been computed and a r e a v a i l a b l e from
K M
U U
<
D T
CIRCULAR F R E Q U E N C Y STIFFNESS MASS DAMPING PERIOD
CURVES FOR VARIOUS
RESPONSE SPECTRA
Fig. A l .
Response s p e c t r a
0. I
I .O
0,
0 +
2 '
0.0
J W
<
-0. I 2.0
2 0
C
< 0.6 u
w
J
; I
4
W
9b C R I T I C A L DAMPING
0.4
$
I .O
0 '
u
-U
.'
E * ' t
0 2
0
t:
w
>
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.0
I .O
1 .O
.PERIOD, SEC
b. ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM
-2.0 0.1
N O T E : LOCATION I WAS ON THE SURFACE Of THE DAM AT THE CREST.
c
I 2 . W
5
4
-a
? !
-0.1
L
0
I
I .O
I 2 .O
1 3.0 TIME, SEC
I
4.0
I
5.0
1
8.0
a. M O T I O N HISTORY
MOTION HISTORY AND ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM RADIAL.COMPONENT

LOCATION I
0.8
0)
2 .
0
W
; 0 . 8 LI
Y J
6 w
% CRITICAL DAMPING
4
. " :
0 .n
0 PERIOD, SEC
N O T E : L O C A T I O N I WAS ON THE SURFACE OF THE DAM AT THE CREST.
z
I '
w
D 6
-1
6
v
1
I
Ul
-0.1
I I
4
J
8.0
MOTION HISTORY AND ACCELERATION
0 '
.o
2 0
3 0 TIME, SEC
.o
5 0
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
V E R T I C A L COMPONENT
LOCATION I
a . ' M O T I O N HISTORY
~
045
0
O
0 38
2 '
2
w
U
_I
0
-0
I
i
027
2 0
u u
<
% CRITICAL DAMPING
w
$018
1 0
L
" w 7
u u L , n
r u
o
0
09
>
0,
>
- I
0
0
0 2
0 4
0 6
0 8
I 0
PERIOD, SEC
b ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM
- 2
1 -
NOTE
L O C A T I O N 2 WAS ON THE DOWNSTREAM FACE OF DAM
z
I '
$'
6
u
_I
" l
a
-0
I
I
I
I 0
2 0
3 0
TIME, sEc
4 0
5 0
J 6 0
MOTION HISTORY AND ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRUM

RADIAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 2
a M O T I O N HISTORY
.
1.00.8-
m
2 '
0
' i o.e u
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
I .o
PERIOD. SEC
NOTE: LOCATION 2 WAS ON THC DOWNSTREAM FACE OF DAM.

0. I r
E
I -
.
. 0 ,
5
Q
I?
-0.1
I
0
I .O
MOTION HISTORY
I
* O .
I
3 0
I
4.0
I
.5 0
I
6.0
AND ACCELERATION
RESPONSE SPECTRUM VERTICAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 2
TIME,
SEC
r
0
1
l
J
U W
<
-0
I
0
W
i
6
20
J
Y
2 0
U
U
u L n 2 0 4 0
1 0
% C R I T I C A L DAMPING
'n
,
Z
>
0 0
u
0 w >
- I 0
0
0 2
0 1
0 6
0 8
1 0
PERIOD, SEC
-2
0
0 1 NOTE LOCATION 3 WAS NEAR TOE OF DAM
6
J
' n
- 0
I 1 0
I 2 0
I 3 0 TIME, SEC
I
4 0
I 5 0
I
6 0
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
RADIAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 3
MOT1ON HISTORY AND ACCELERATION
M O T I O N HISTORY
.
0. I
0
I .O
0
b -
1 '
2
u
J U
0 . 8
2
-0.1 2.0
0.8
u
u J
U
u
0.4
I .O
U
W LA
a
u
96 CRITICAL DAMPING
0.2 0
'
> '
0,
>
- 2I . 0 0 0. I
t
0
I 1.0
0 0.2 0.4
0.6
0.8
I .O
PERIOD. SEC
NOTE: LOCATION 3 WAS NEAR TOE
oc
DAM.
3
I '
" l
-0.1,I 2.0
MOTION HISTORY
I
3 0 TIME, SEC
I 4.0
I 5.0
1
8.0
AND ACCELERATION
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
VERTICAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 3
a. MOTION H I S T O R Y .
I
0
0
'2
0 +
2
U
w J
-0
2 0
1 0
% CRITICAL DAMPING
U
" 7
, z
0
.+ u
W 2
>
>
0
- I
0 2
0 4 0.8 P E R I O D . SEC
0 8
10
- 2 0
0 l r
NOTE
L O C A T I O N 4 WAS IN T H E GATE C H A M B E R
*w
Z
J
0 .
MOTION HISTORY
1 1 0
" 7
-0
L
0
I 2 0
3 0
TIME, SEC
I 4 0
I 5 0
I 6 0
AND ACCELERATION
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
RADIAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 4
M O T I O N HISTORY
0
0
0 35
0 $
Y J
2 '
0 28
u U
2
0
- 0 I
2 021 I
Y
2 0
J Y
r
Y
014
1 0
U
" l
a
Y
u l
a
% C R I T I C A L DAMPING
2
2 '
0 07
0
U
Y J
>
- I 0
0 0 2
D
d
0 I PERIOD. SEC
0 8
1 0
-2 0
0
1 -
NOTE
LOCATION 4 WAS IN THE GATE CHAMBER
z
I I d
:
4
-L
0 I 1 0
A A MOTION HISTORY AND ACCELERATION
" l
- 0
1 2 0
I
3 0 T IUC, SCC
I
4 0
I 5 0
I
6 0
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
VERTICAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 4
M O T I O N HISTORY
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.0
1.0
PERIOD, SEC
- 0 . l L
I
0
1 1.0
1 2.0
I 3.0 TIME, SEC
I
4 .O
I
0.0
MOTION HISTORY AND ACCELERATION
5.0
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
RADIAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 5
1.0
111
2 '
d
Y J
0 . 8
u U
0
- 0 . 1 2.0
2
0.6
u u
:
J
Y
4
u
0.4 I .O
0 n
I n
a
W
U
Y " 7
% CRITICAL DAMPING
0 0
"
>
t
0
Y
>
- 1 .o
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
I .O
PERIOD. SEC
- 2 . 0 0. I NOTE: LOCATION 5 W A S ON THE SURFACE OF THE ALLUVIAL VALLEY.
z
' e
W
u I
U
" l
-0.1
MOTION HISTORY
I
0
I
1.0
I 2 0
I
3 0 TIME, s c c
I
4.0
I
5 0
I
6 .O
AND ACCELERATION
RESPONSE SPECTRUM VERTICAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 5
-I
2 ' -2 z
U)
D -
! z
RADIAL COMPONENT
2
I 1
S W
>
-A- .
-lo
I I
3
T I M E , SEC
VERTICAL COMPONENT
N O T E : L O C A T I O N 6 W A S A D J A C E N T TO L O C A T I O N 5 (ON T H E S U R F A C E O F THE ALLUVIAL VALLEY APPROXIMATELY 5 0 0 F T D O W N S T R E A M FROM LOCATION 3 )
MOTION H I S T O R I E S
LOCATION 6
PLATE All
-I
U
W
V)
'-2 z
> -
RADIAL COMPONENT
9
W
>
-I
-2
3
T I ME, SEC
VERTICAL COMPONENT
NOTE
: LOCATION
7 WAS AT A S E T T L E M E N T MARKER, 2OOFT W E S T OF L O C A T I O N I, O N T H E SURFACE' OF T H E D A M AT T H E CREST.
M O T I O N HISTORIES
LOCATION 7
, PLATE A12
Response s p e c t r a as defined i n Appendix A a r e shown i n p l a t e B 1 f o r t h e observed motion a t l o c a t i o n 5 R , which i s t h e r a d i a l component o f a c c e l e r a t i o n on t h e alluvium over 500 f t downstream from R i f l e Gap Dam. Acceleration response s p e c t r a computed from t h e 1D analyses f o r t h e var* . a l l p l a t e s i s 5 percent.
ious cases i n v e s t i g a t e d a r e shown i n p l a t e s ~ 2 - ~ 6 S . p e c t r a l damping i n
0.25
0 20
0 15
0.10
0 05
CASE 1, 8 0 F T TO BEDROCK
025
C A S E 2, 85 FT T O BEDROCK
0 20
i
0
W
2
J
0 IS
. Y
L J
0
Z 0 L w VI
lo
a
0 05
CASE 3. 9 0 F T TO BEDROCK
0 2
0 4 0 6 PERIOD. T, SEC
08
10
CASE 4, 100 F T TO BEDROCK
--
LEGEND
OBSERVED AT LOCATION 5 COMPUTED NOTE' MATERIAL ASSUMED TO BE SAND. SHEAR MODULUS C FROM VIBRATORY F I E L D M E T H O D WAS USED I N COMPUTATIONS. SIX SEC OF HORIZONTAL I N P U T MOTION.
PERIOD,
T, SEC
CASE 5, 110 F T TO BEDROCK
ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRA FROM 1 0 LUMPED-MASS ANALYSES CASES 1, 2, 3, 4, A N D 5

PLATE 8 1
0.25
0.20
II
rn
z
0
2
a
W
0.15
2
W
U U
a 0.10
Q
W
z 0
a
I 4 1 I rl\!\
1-
*I , I'
I
I
II
11
4,
I
\
V)
0 05
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
"%bl
-PERIOD, 1.0 T,0 SEC 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.8
1.0
CASE 6, 9 0 F T TO BEDROCK
LEGEND
OBSERVED AT LOCATION L) COMPUTED
CASE 7, 1 1 0 FT TO BEDROCK
--
ACCELERATION RESPONSE
NOTE: MATERIAL ASSUMED TO BE C L A Y . SHEAR MODULUS C USED I N COMPUTATIONS SIX SEC OF HORIZONTAL INPUT MOTION.
SPECTRA FROM I D
CASES 6 AND 7
LUMPED-MASS ANALYSES
0 25
0 20
I5
0 10
0 05
2
IW
i
0
:
W A
U U
CASE 8, 80 F T T O BEDROCK
CASE 9, 9 0 F T T O BEDROCK
10 0 PERIOD, 1, SEC
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.8
1.0
CASE 10, 1 0 0 FT TO BEDROCK
1 0 FT TO BEDROCK CASE 1 1 , 1
-NOTE
LEGEND
OBSERVED AT LOCATION 5 COMPUTED MATERIAL ASSUMED T O BE SAND AND CLAY MIXED. CLAY MODULUS C MULTIPLIED BY 1 8 7 5 . SIX SEC OF HORIZONTAL INPUT USED.
A C C E L E R A T I O N RESPONSE SPECTRA F R O M I D L U M P E D - M A S S ANALYSES

CASES 8, 9, 10, A N D I I
b
PLATE 83
0. Z
0.4 '0.6 PERIOO, T. SEC
0.8
1.0
CASE 12, SIX SECONDS OF INPUT
LEGEND
--NOTE:
- COMPUTED
OBSERVED AT LOCATION 5
MATERIAL ASSUMED TO BE SAND AND CLAY MIXED. CLAY SHEAR MODULUS G MULTIPLIED BY 1.875. DEPTH TO BEDROCK IS 110 FT.
ACCELERATION RESPONSE
SPECTRA FROM I D LUMPED
PERIOD, T, SEC CASE 13. TWELVE SECONDS OF I N P U T
M A S S ANALYSES
CASES 1 1 , 12, A N D 1 3
'
,
PLATE 8 5
0.2 5
0.20
0.15
0.10
z P
0.05
:
J
W
U U 4
CASE 19, 80 F T OF LAYERED SAND A N D CLAY
PERIOD, T, SEC
CASE 20, 85 FT OF SAND
I n
0.25
VI P
W
0 20
0.15
LEGEND
o . 0 5
OBSERVED AT L O C A T I O N 5 COMPUTED 0.10 NOTE: SHEAR MODULUS C FROM VIBRATORY FIELD M E T H O D WAS USED IN COMPUTATIONS. OO 0.2 0.4 0.6 PERIOD, T , SEC
---
0.8
1 .O
CASE 2 1, 85 F T OF S A N D
ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRA FROM ID FOURIER ANALYSIS M E T H O D CASES 19, 20, AND 2 1
The response s p e c t r a , a s d e f i n e d i n Appendix A , a r e given i n t h e
p l a t e s l i s t e d below f o r t h e computed and observed responses of t h e measurement. l o c a t i o n s a t R i f l e Gap Dam. The computed s p e c t r a a r e from t h e
2D analyses, and s p e c t r a l damping i n a l l p l a t e s i s 5 p e r c e n t .
Location
Plate
C1 C2
1R
1V
2R
2v
C3
3R
c4 c5
c6
c7
.
3v 5R 5v
c8
PLATE C1
MOOULI=l.5 C
I! ,],
II
CASE 22 1 0 0 - F T FOUNDATION
0.50
CASE 2 4 100 - F T FOUNDATION
" W l
f a 0.45 0
/
..-&loF
j DAMPING RE' DUCEO TO $
w .
i
20.40---i a
W
0 35
i li
I.
!
I
0 PERIOD, SEC
'
CASE 2 5 1 0 0 - F T FOUNDATION
LEGEND
CASE 2 6 8 0 - F T FOUNDAT I O N
---- OBSERVED
COMPUTED N O T E : S H E A R M O D U L U S C F R O M VIBRATORY F I E L D TECHNIQUE. SAND FOUNDATION W I T H 1 2 0 - F T CLAY EMBANKMENT.
ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRA FROM . 2 D ANALYSIS

VERTICAL COMPONENT
LOCATION I
PLATE C2
MODUL1=0.5 G
1
.J -.
--
i
I
--TT,
I I
I
.
I
I
J
W
CASE 22
100-FT FOUNDATION
u -0 5.0
W
CASE 23 100-FT FOUNDATION
100-FT
CASE 2 4 FOUNDATION
" 7
0
W
z
0.45---.+
!
--t
I
. F O,
1
1
i DAMPING
I
; DUCED TO
RE-
D A M MOOUL I
= 2.5
CASE 2 2
a
W
j
I
0.40-
i FOUNDATION MODULI =I1.5 G i 1 I !

'
0 35.-
!
I
,
I
!
0 30---
.
i
I
I
.
'
I-+-- -- -. - - -
L-. -.
0.25.-
-- -
- .. .
. ..-
... - - --
PERIOD, SEC
CASE 2 5 100-FT FOUNDATION

LEGEND
C A S E 27 109 FT FOUNDAT ION
----
OBSERVED COMPUTED
NOTE: SHEAR MODULUS C F R O M VIBRATORY F I E L D TECHNIQUE. SAND FOUNDATION W I T H 1 2 0 - F T C L A Y EMBANKMENT.
ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRA FROM 2 D ANALYSIS

RADIAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 2
PLATE C3
CASE 22 100-FT FOUNDATION
PERIOD, SEC
---- OBSERVED
COMPUTED NOTE: S H E A R M O D U L U S G F R O M VIBRATORY F I E L D TECHNIQUE. SAND FOUNDATION WITH 120-FT CLAY EMBANKMENT.
LEGEND

VERTICAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 2 .
PLATE c4
0.45
0:40
-' 0 . 3 5
0.30
0.25
3
. t CASE 22 100-FT FOUNDATION CASE 23 100-FT
RE-
-'
1i !
0.20
0.I 5
0.10
b
2
l-
Z-0.05
W J
u
Y
u
VI
(5 0 " 0 .
z
Y
% 0.45
a
x
W
i i -i
I
FOUNDATION
DAMP&G
, DUCED TO
I DAM MODULI = 2 . 5 G '
-OF
CASE. 2 2
, FOUNDATIONMOOULI = 1.5 G
I
I
j
---
0.40
a .
.
7 -
PERIOD, SEC
LEGEND
CASE 27 1 0 0 - F T FOUNDAT ION
---- OBSERVED
COMPUTED
NOTE: SHEAR MODULUS G FROM VIBRATORY F I E L D TECHNIQUE. SAND FOUNDATION WITH 1 2 0 - F T C L A Y C M ~ A N B M E N T .

RADIAL COMPONENT
LOCATION 3
PERIOD, SEC
----
LEGEND
OBSERVED COMPUTED
NOTE: SHEAR MODULUS C F R O M VIBRATORY FIELD TECHNIQUE. SAND FOUNDATION WITH 120-FT C L A Y EMBANKMENT.

R A D I A L COMPONENT
LOCATION 5
I
PLATE C7
CASE 2 4
'0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.00
0.2
0.4 0.6 PERIOD, SEC
0.8
1.00
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.8
1.0
CASE 27 100 - F T FOUNDAT ION
---- O B S E R V E D
COMPUTED NOTE: SHEAR M O D U L U S C F R O M VIBRATORY FIELD TECHNIQUE. SAND FOUNDATION W I T H 1 2 0 - F T CLAY EMBANKMENT.
LEGEND

VERTICAL COMPONENT
LOCAT ION 5
PLATE ~8
APPENDIX D:
\
SEISMIC FIELD STUDY
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

WATERWAYS E X P E R I M E N T STAT I O N . CORPS OF E N G I N E E R S
P. 0. B O X 631
VICKSBURG. MISSISSIPPI 39180
IN R C C L V
~crsn TO,
WESSD
3 1 March 1 9 7 1
MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD

SUBJECT: Seismic F i e l d Study, R i f l e Gap Dam, R i f l e , Colorado,, 16-28 November ,1970
1. A seismic f i e l d study was conducted a t R i f l e Gap Dam n e a r R i f l e ,
Colorado, during t h e p e r i o d 16-28 November 1970. T h i s f i e l d s t u d y cons i s t e d of conventional s u r f a c e v i b r a t o r y and r e f r a c t i o n seismic t e s t s . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e t e s t s , a n o t h e r seismic t e s t was conducted i n which t h e Rayleigh wave t r a i n w a s r e c o r d e d . f i e purpose of t h e s e tests w a s t o provide seismic information r e l a t i v e t o s o i l c o n d i t i o n s and e l a s t i c p r o p e r t i e s w i t h i n t h e R i f l e Gap Dam and o f t h e f o u n d a t i o n on t h e downstream s i d e of t h e dam. S p e c i f i c a l l y , - compress i o n w a v e v e l o c i t i e s , depth t o i n t e r f a c e s , bedrock c o n f i g u r a t i o n , and s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s a s a function of depth were t o b e determined from t h e f i e l d s t u d y . Ano t h e r purpose of t h e s e i s m i c tests, i n which t h e Rayleigh wave t r a i n was recorded was t o determine Rayleigh wave v e l o c i t i e s w i t h depth (Rayleigh wave d i s p e r s i o n method) s o t h a t a' comparison and e v a l u a t i o n o f d a t a could be m d e between t h e Rayleigh wave d i s p e r s i o n method and t h e sur-face v i b r a t o r y method.
2 . Messrs. F. K. Chang, M. M. Carlson, and J. R. Curro, Jr., v i s i t e d t h e s i t e t o perform t h e s u b j e c t s t u d y . P r i o r t o a r r i v i n g a t t h e t e s t s i t e , mechanical d i f f i c u l t i e s were encountered w i t h t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n v e h i c l e i n Denver and F r i s c o , Colorado. These mechanical breakdowns caused a time l o s s of some f o u r days. When t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n v e h i c l e was repaired, Messrs. Chang and Curro .proceeded t o Grand J u n c t i o n , Colorado, t o meet with o u r c o n t a c t , M r . B i l l McCleneghan, Bureau o f Reclamation. M r . Carlson drove t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n v e h i c l e t o t h e Rifle Gap Dam test s i t e . M r . McCleneghan was presenTed w i t h a p l a n o f t e s t s which were t o be performed a t t h e test s i t e . He approved t h e p l a n of t e s t s , b u t s t i p u l a t e d t h a t c h a r g e s i z e s be l i m i t e d t o 2 l b and detonated i n shotholes l e s s t h a n 5 f t deep. He a l s o r e q u e s t e d t h a t a n y h o l e s caused by t h e d e t o n a t i o n o f e x p l o s i v e s b e b a c k f i l l e d . During t h e course of conversation, M r . Curro a s k e d about w a t e r l e v e l s in piezome t e r s t h a t were located on t h e downstream s i d e o f t h e dam a b o u t 100 ft from t h e t o e . M r . McCleneghan s t a t e d t h a t approximately s i x weeks p r i o r t o 20 November, a l l piezometer p i p e s were overflowing. A t t h e p r e s e n t time (20 ~ovember), water l e v e l s i n t h e p i e z o m e t e r s were a b o u t 2-3 ft above t h e ground s u r f a c e toward t h e west end o f t h e dam and 2-3 ft below t h e ground s u r f a c e toward t h e e a s t end o f t h e dam.
W E S SD SUBJECT:
3 1 March 1971 Seismic F i e l d Study, R i f l e Gap Dam, R i f l e , Colorado, 16-28 November 1970
M r . McCleneghan a l s o o b t a i n e d . p e r m i s s i o n from t h e Colorado S t a t e ' Highway Department f o r t h e conduct o f a ' v i b r a t o r y t e s t on S t a t e Highway 325 which t r a v e r s e s t h e c r e s t o f t h e dam.
E S c o n t i n g e n t went t o t h e 3. A f t e r meeting w i t h M r . McCleneghan, t h e W R i f l e Gap Dam t e s t s i t e , m e t M r . C a r l s o q and made a v i s u a l reconnaissance o f the site. N o s e e p a g e from t h e embankment and no p i p i n g o r s a n d b o i l s from t h e f o u n d a t i o n were observed. M r . S. W. GUY, Instrument a t i o n Branch, WES; j o i n e d t h e f i e l d p a r t y 2 0 November f o r t h e conduct of t h e v i b r a t o r y tests and r e t u r n e d t o W E S on 23 November. 4 . Seven r e f r a c t i o n s e i s m i c t r a v e r s e s , s e v e n seismic t r a v e r s e s f o r t h e Rayleigh wave d i s p e r s i o n method, and t h r e e v i b r a t o r y t r a v e r s e s were r u n a t t h e R i f l e Gap D a m site'. R e f r a c t i o n s e i s m i c . t r a v e r s e s S-1 through S-6 are shown i n I n c l 1 and S-7 is shown i n I n c l 2. The s e i s m i c t r a v e r s e s f o r t h e Rayleigh wave d i s p e r s i o n method were l o c a t e d i n t h e same p o s i t i o n as t h e r e f r a c t i o n seismic t r a v e r s e s . The v i b r a t o r y t r a v e r s e s (V-1 through V-3). were l o c a t e d as shown i n I n c l 3. 5. The d a t a o b t a i n e d from t h e r e f r a c t i o n s e i s m i c t e s t s ( t r a v e r s e s S-1 through S-7) are shown i n t h e t i m e v e r s u s d i s t a n c e p l o t s , I n c l s 4-7. The t i m e v e r s u s d i s t a n c e p l o t s were used t o c o n s t r u c t s u b s u r f a c e p r o f i l e s f o r t h e s e i s m i c d a t a . The s u b s u r f a c e p r o f i l e is shown in I n c l 8 f o r t r a v e r s e s S-1 and S-2, i n I n c l 9 f o r t r a v e r s e s . S - 3 and S-4, and i n I n c l 10 f o r t r a v e r s e s S-5 and S-6. A s u b s u r f a c e p r o f i l e f o r t r a v e r s e S-7 c o u l d n o t be c o n s t r u c t e d because it was s h o t i n o n l y one d i r e c t i o n . 6. The seismic d a t a ( I n c l s 7-10) i n d i c a t e d one minor and t h r e e major v e l o c i t y zones. The minor v e l o c i t y zone was n e a r t h e s u r f a c e of t h e ground w i t h a maximum t h i c k n e s s o f 4 f t and had v e l o c i t i e s t h a t ranged from 1000 t o 1200 f p s . The thre; major v e l o c i t y zones were, 1400 t o 2500 f p s w i t h a maximum t h i c k n e s s o f a b o u t 37 f t , 4800 t o 8600 f p s with a maximum t h i c k n e s s o f a b o u t 116 f t , and 10,800 t o 12,500 f p s f o r t h e bedrock v e l o c i t y zone. Bedrock w a s encountered a t a maximum depth of 130 f t below t h e ground surface. 7. Data o b t a i n e d from t h e v i b r a t o r y t r a v e r s e s are p l o t t e d a s number of waves v e r s u s d i s t a n c e from which s h e a r (Rayleigh) wave v e l o c i t i e s a r e determined. These p l o t s a r e shown f o r t r a v e r s e s V-1 t h r o u g h V-3 i n I n c l s 11-13, r e s p e c t i v e l y . From t h e d a t a t a k e n from t h e number of waves v e r s u s d i s t a n c e p l o t s , surface wave v e l o c i t y is simply c a l c u l a t e d a s wavelength times frequency. Assuming t h a t t h e surface wave v e l o c i t y is e q u a l t o t h e s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y and is a p p l i c a b l e a t . a depth e q u a l t o o n e - h a l f t h e wavelength, p l o t s o f s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y v e r s u s depth were p r e p a r e d f o r t r a v e r s e s V-1 t h r o u g h V-3, as shown i n I n c l s 14-16, respectively. For t r a v e r s e V-1, t h e s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y g e n e r a l l y
W E S S D SUBJECT:
3 1 March 1 9 7 1 Seismic F i e l d Study, R i f l e Gap Dam, R i f l e , Colorado, 16-28 November 1970
increased from 560 f p s a t a d e p t h o f 7 f t t o 750 f p s a t 93.5 ft. A s l i g h t l y lower v e l o c i t y o f 495 fps a t a d e p t h o f 1 1 f t was noted. The s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y f o r t r a v e r s e V-2 i n c r e a s e d from 625 fps a t a depth of 6.5 f t t o 1085 f p s a t 108.5 ft. The s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y f o r t r a v e r s e .V-3 i n c r e a s e d from 700 f p s a t a depth o f 7 f t t o 960 f p s a t 32 ft, t h e n showed a s h a r p d e c r e a s e i n v e l o c i t y t o 805 f p s a t 33.5 f t . The s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y i n c r e a s e d a g a i n t o 1090 f p s a t 90 f t . The d a t a p o i n t s t are q u e s t i o n a b l e b e c a u s e o f s i g n a l q u a l i t y . . a t 97 f t and 117.5 f 8. The p l o t s of s h e a r modulus, .G , v e r s u s depth f o r t r a v e r s e s V-1 through V-3 a r e shown in I n c l s 17-19, r e s p e c t i v e l y . S h e a r modulus is equal t o t h e s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y s q u a r e d t i m e s t h e mass d e n s i t y . F o r t r a v e r s e s V - 1 and V-2, a wet u n i t w e i g h t o f 120 p c f w a s used above 50 ft and 130 p c f below 50 ft. For t r a v e r s e V-3, a w e t u n i t weight o f 135 pcf was used f o r a l l depths. The s h e a r modulus ranged from 63,50 p s i t o 33,800 p s i a s shown i n I n c l s 17-19. 9. Only t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e R a y l e i g h wave v e l o c i t y s e i s m i c t e s t s conducted a l o n g t r a v e r s e s S-1 and S-2 and a l o n g t r a v e r s e S-7 are p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s memorandum. The o t h e r two s e i s m i c tests c r o s s e d o v e r a c r e e k about 1 0 f t deep and t h e Rayleigh wave e n e r g y was n o t w e l l d e t e c t e d which may i n d i c a t e t h a t a t r e n c h could b e d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e normal propagation o f Rayleigh wave e n e r g y . There were a l s o o t h e r problems encountered i n o b t a i n i n g good d a t a from t h e Rayleigh wave d i s p e r s i o n seismic t e s t s . The most d i f f i c u l t problem was o b t a i n i n g u s a b l e amplitudes o f t h e Rayleigh wave t r a i n . A m p l i f i e r g a i n s a r e c r i t c a l and must be a d j u s t e d f o r a p a r t i c u l a r c h a r g e s i z e . If t h e g a i n s a r e t o o h i g h , t h e d a t a traces w i l l exceed t h e o s c i l l o g r a m width and b e l o s t . Conversely, i f t h e g a i n s are t o o low, t h e Rayleigh wave train w i l l n o t b e d e t e c t e d . T h i s p r o c e d u r e caused a number o f s h o t s t o b e r e p e a t e d . Another problem is t h e e r r o r i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e d a t a caused by s h o o t i n g i n o r n e a r t h e o r i g i n a l d i s t u r b e d s h o t h o l e . When t h e i n i t i a l c h a r g e i s detonated, it produces a c a v i t y i n t h e s3i1, t h u s c a u s i n g a n o t h e r charge d e t o n a t e d i n t h e same s h o t h o l e t o produce d a t a somewhat d i f f e r e n t from t h e o r i g i n a l s h o t . 1 0 . The r e s u l t s o f t h e Rayleigh wave seismic t e s t a l o n g t r a v e r s e s S-1 and S-2 a r e shown i n I n c l 2 0 a l o n g w i t h t h e d a t a from v i b r a t o r y traverse V-1. . The Rayleigh wave v e l o c i t y from t h i s t e s t i s determined a s t h e d i s t a n c e between two geophones d i v i d e d b y t h e , t i m e r e q u i r e d t o t r a v e l between t h e same two geophones. The Rayleigh wave v e l o c i t i e s a r e a b o u t two t o t h r e e t i m e s h i g h e r t h a n t h e s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s determined from t h e v i b r a t o r y d a t a . It s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t d a t a from two b o r i n g l o g s have b e e n i n c l u d e d i n I n c l 20. Data from b o r i n g DH21, which i n d i c a t e s two d i s t . i n c t b o u n d a r i e s a t d e p t h s o f 56 and 84 ft,
'
WESSD SUBJECT:
3 1 March 1970 Seismic F i e l d Study, R i f l e Gap Dam, R i f l e , Colorado, 16-28 November 1970
c o r r e l a t e w e l l w i t h t h e Rayleigh wave v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e . However, o t h e r b o r i n g s i n t h e a r e a , such as b o r i n g DH22 ( I n c l 20), i n d i c a t e a d i f f e r ence as r e g a r d s d e p t h s a t which certain materials a r e encountered. The r e s u l t s o f t h e Rayleigh wave seismic t e s t a l o n g t r a v e r s e S-7, which w a s s h o t up t h e f a c e o f t h e dam, i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e d i r e c t compression and s h e a r wave v e l o c i t i e s o b t a i n e d were 4000 a n d 1900 fps, r e s p e c t i v e l y , f o r t h e embankment as shown in I n c l 21. The a v e r a g e s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y determined from t h e v i b r a t o r y d a t a ( t r a v e r s e V-3) was a b o u t 900 f p s and t h e compression-wave v e l o c i t y was 4800 f p s from t r a v e r s e S-7.
'
'
1 1 . Thus f a r , r e a s o n s f o r d i f f e r e n c e s between s u r f a c e , v i b r a t o r y , and Rayleigh wave d i s p e r s i o n d a t a h a v e n o t b e e n determined. It is suggested t h a t t h e v i b r a t o r y s h e a r wave v e l o c i t y d a t a b e used as a lower bound . and t h e maximum R a y l e i g h wave v e l o c i t y d a t a b e used as t h e upper bound f o r t h e material property description.
21 Incl
J. R. CURRO, JR.
Geophys i c i s t V i b r a t o r y Loads S e c t i o n
as
CF w/ i n c l : M r . S. J. Johnson
Shotpoint Seismic traverse no. and d i r e c t i o n 1"= 2 00

O
SRI
'
SEISMIC T!ST LAYOUT Rifle Gap Dam, Colorado
Inclosure 1
o
X
Shotpoint Geophones
1"= 100 f t .
S5ISP;IC TEST WYOiJT Traverse 5-7 (up f a c e of d m ) R i f l e Gap Dam, Colorado
Inclosure 2
Vibrator location Vibration t r a v e r s e no. and d i r e c t i o n
VIBRATCISY m T LAYOUT Z f l e Gap Dam, Colorado
1 "= 200 f t .
Inclosure 3
'-t
2
0
F
ID
Traverses S-1 and S-2

I
.STANCZ
and S-4
0 Traverse S-5
X
Distance, ft. TIMIX versus DISTANCE Traverses S-5 and S-6
Traverse S-6
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Distance ft
. .
APPR0XC;AT:I PROFILE O F SUBSURFACE !~IATUIIAIS Traverses S-1 and S-2
North,
Distance, ft.
APPROXS34ATE PROFILE OF SUBSURFACE NATERIALS
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I
I
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0
'
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APPltOl!llihTiS PROl"'CL2 31: SUElmI?AC:<ilATXR1I;LS
Inclosure 1 1
Inclosure 1 2
I n c l o s u r e 13
Velocity,
fps
SHZAR dAVZ VZLOCITY versus DEPTH
Traverse V-1 Yest

6
Velocity,
fps
SHEAR HAVE VEI.OCITY versus DSPTH Traverse V-2 North
I n c l o s u r e 16
10
3 Shear Moduli. 10 psi '15 2 9 2 5 3,O Shear doduli, ld kips/sq. 2 . L 1 3.2 L . 0 I
d.
SHEAR MODULI versus DEPTH

Traverse V-1
3 Shear Moduli, 10 osi 2 0 30
SHEllR MODULI versus DEPTH
Traverse V-2
3
Shear Moduli, 10 psi
SHEAR I*IODULI versus DEPTH Traverse V-3
Comparison Of Kayleigh W a v e Velocities versus Depth(along Traverses ,S-1 and S-2) and Shear Wave Velocities versus Depth(Traverse V-1)
TDU versus 'DISTANCE Rayleigh Wave Seismic ~ e s t ( u p face of dam)
Unclassified
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securityC l a s s i f i c a t i o n
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DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA

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R E P O R T SKCURITV
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U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment S t a t i o n Vicksburg, M i s s i s s i p p i

3. R E P O R T T I T L E
~ n c l a s s 'fii e d
~ b GIOUP .
EARTHQUAKE: RESISTANCE O F E A R T H AND ROCK-FILL DAMS; Report 2, ANALYSIS O F RESPONSE O F N D E R G R O U N D NUCLEAR DETONATION RIFLE G A P DAM TO PROJECT RULISON U
NOTES f f l p .
m. OESCIIPTIVL
01 t*pcat a d I n c l u ~ l ~ d.t*o) *
Report 2 of a s e r i e s
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James E. Ahlberg Jack Fowler Lyman W. Heller

8. R E P O R T O A T E
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7b. NO. O C R L C S
June 1972
or. C O N T R A C T
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132
9 . . ORIOINATOR.S
10
R E P O R T NUMLIISI
b. P R O J E C T N O .
I,
M i s c e l l a n e o u s Paper S-71-17,
Report 2
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ob. O T u L R n L P o l l T N O I S I (Any other numb.thl* n p o n )
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10. D I S T R I B U T I O N S T A T E Y C N T
Approved f o r p u b l i c r e l e a s e ; d i s t r i b u t i o n u n l i m i t e d .
II
SUPPLEYLNTARV NOTES
II. S P O N S O R I N G Y I L I T A R V
ACTIVITV
O f f i c e , Chief of Engineers, U. S. Amy Washington, D. C . The motion of R i f l e Gap Dam w a s measured i n September 1969 during t h e P r o j e c t RULISON underground n u c l e a r e x p l o s i o n . The observed r e s p o n s e w a s then compared with t h e response computed i n a mathematical model. Observed and computed responses were s i m i l a r . From t h i s study it appears t h a t t h e mathematical models used a r e applicable t o t h e des i g n and a n a l y s i s of s o i l s t r u c t u r e s , a t l e a s t f o r ground motion i n t e n s i t i e s comparable t o t h o s e observed a t R i f l e Gap D m .
DD ,'27,,1473
I m C L A C C m 00 C O I Y 1.7.. I J A N S1. W W I C I I . o m s o L m y m .om Am-* u r n .
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Unclassified
Security Classification
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LINK
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Earth dams Earthquake-resistant structures Ground motion Mathematical models Nuclear explosion effects Rifle Gap Dam Rock-fill dams Rulison (h-oject ) Underground explosions
Unclassified
Security CIsaaification

Earthquake Resistance of Earth and Rock Fill Dams

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MISCELLANEOUS PAPER S71-17

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF EARTH AND ROCK-FILL DAMS

ANALYSIS OF RESPONSE O F RIFLE.GAP D A M TO PROJECT RULISON UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR DETONATION

s~omsoredby Office, Chief of Engineers,

U. S. A m y Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

under Engineering Study 540

Destroy t h i s report when n o longer needed. D o not return i t to t h e originator.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPER S-71-17

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF EARTH AND ROCK-FILL DAMS

ANALYSIS OF RESPONSE OF RIFLE GAP DAM TO PROJECT RULISON UNDERGROUNDNUCLEAR DETONATION

J. E. Ahlberg, J. Fowler, L W. Heller

Office, Chief of Engineers,

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

APPROVED FOR PUBUC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

F O R E W O R D This r e p o r t p r e s e n t s an a n a l y s i s o f t h e motion of R i f l e Gap Dam during t h e underground n u c l e a r e x p l o s i o n , P r o J e c t RULISON. This analy-.

s i s was made f o r t h e O f f i c e , Chief of Engineers ( O C E ) , by t h e U.

M r . J. P. Sale, Chief, S o i l s and Pavements Laboratory.

prepared by 1LT Ahlberg w i t h minor c o n t r i b u t i o n s by M r . Fowler and

Director o f WES d u r i n g t h e a n a l y s i s and t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i s r e p o r t was COL E r n e s t D . P e i x o t t o , CE, and Technical D i r e c t o r was

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.. ......... ... .............. CONVERSION FACTORS, B R I T I S H TO M E T R I C U N I T S O F MEASUREMENT. . . .

. . .. . . . . . I1: F I E L D OBSERVATIONS. . . . . I1I : MATERIAL P R O P E R T I E S . . . . IV : CALCULATIONS. . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . .

O n e - D i m e n s i o n a l A n a l y s e s of T w o - D i m e n s i o n a l A n a l y s e s o f E m b a n k m e n t a n d Foundation P A R T V: COMPARISONS OF OBSERVED AND CALCULATED R E S P O N S E S

. .. .. . . ..... .. ..... .. ..... .. ....... Foundation. . . .

... . . ... . . . . .... .... .... . . .

.. .. PART .. .. Two-Dimens ional A n a l y s i s . . . . . . . . . PART V I I : CONCLUSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . LITERATURE C I T E D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ... .. . .. . .. ... ...... ...... VI: DISCUSSION. . . . . . . . . . . . one-~imensional Analysis. . . . . . .

.. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... ... ... .. . ... ... .. . ... ...

ACCEIXRATION R E S P O N S E S P E C T R A FROM ONE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

ACCELERATION R E S P O N S E S P E C T R A FROM TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

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CONVERSION FACTORS, BRITISH TO METRIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

~ritish u n i t s o f measurement u s e d i n t h i s r e p o r t c a n be c o n v e r t e d t o m e t r i c u n i t s as f o l l o w s : Multiply inches feet miles

.kilometers kilograms newtons p e r s q u a r e c e n t i m e t e r k i l o n e w t ons p e r s q u a r e m e t e r kilograms p e r cubic meter c e n t i m e t e r s p e r second m e t e r s p e r seco'nd

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a p r i v a t e commercial v e n t u r e w i t h t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f t h e AEC, which was

The W E S instrumented R i f l e Gap Dam w i t h t h e c o o p e r a t i o n o f t h e Other dams i n s t r u m e n t e d f o r

owner, t h e Bureau of Reclamation (BU Rec).

and Vega Dam, i n s t r u m e n t e d and

The a n a l y s i s o f R i f l e Gap Dam i n c l u d e s an as-

Ground zero ( G Z ) f o r P r o j e c t RULISON was l o c a t e d southwest of

R i f l e Gap Dam,. a n e a r t h - f i l l s t r u c t u r e , w a s completed i n 1966

and i s l o c a t e d n o r t h of R i f l e , Colorado, 1 8 . 5 m i l e s from RULISON GZ ( s e e

dam h a s a c r e s t l e n g t h of 1500 f%, maximum h e i g h t of 120 ft. sand, g r a v e l , and c o b b l e s . r e s e r v o i r l e v e l was

a maximum b a s e width o f 800 f t , and a The

The dam c o n s i s t s o f a m i x t u r e o f c l a y , s i l t , A c r o s s s e c t i o n i s shown i n p l a t e 2 .

The method used t o produce,

The observed motions o f R i f l e Gap D a m d u r i n g P r o j e c t RULISON The i n s t r u m e n t s used f o r t h e measurements

and a l i s t of equipment i s g i v e n i n t a b l e 1 along w i t h peak obHistories of the first

6 s e c ' o f observed motion and reTransverse ( p a r a l l e l t o

sponse s p e c t r a a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Appendix A f o r v e r t i c a l and r a d i a l (norm a l t o c r e s t o f dam) components o f motion.

c r e s t o f dam) motions are r e p o r t e d by ~ o w l e r , ' b u t a r e not a n a l y z e d herein.

There i s e x c e l l e n t agreement between t h e v e l o c i t y h i s t o r i e s

6 ( p l a t e ~ l land ) those calculated a t location 5

The motion observed a t t h i s l o c a t i o n i s assumed t o be

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of bedrock motion i n t h e v a l l e y , and motions f o r t h e first

and embankment were d e t e r r d n e d d u r i n g a W E S seismic f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n ( ~ ~ ~ e n Dd ) i xP l a t e