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Some Soultions (CH.1-CH4)
Some Soultions (CH.1-CH4)
-1-
Sample Questions
Chapter
Example
Problem
5 examples
4 problems
1 examples
4 problems
1 examples
4 problems
1 examples
3 problems
3 examples
3 problems
Sub total
12 examples
18 problems
Total
30 problems
-2-
Chapter 1
Example 1 See in the Art.1.2.1 of Variational Method
( Page 5 in ME 5019(2) )
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Problems 1.1 , 1.2 , 1.3 and 1.4 in ME 5019(2) and its solutions
are as follows:
-3-
Prob (1.1~1.4)
Obtain an approximate displacement equation for the simply
supported beam of length H and section property EI shown in Figure P1.1. Assume
that the ial displacement equation is y ( x) = A sin x / H . Compare the deflection at
the center with the theoretical value y = 5WH 4 / 384 EI . The governing differential
equation is
d 2 y Wx( H x)
EI
=0
d x2
2
W
EI
H
M(x)
M ( x) =
W x ( H x)
2
x
Prob 1.1
2
H EI dy
Wx( H x)
= +
y dx
0
2
2 dx
Solution
Governing Differential Equation
d 2 y Wx(H x )
EI 2
=0
(1)
2
dx
Trial displacement equation
x
y ( x) = A Sin
.(2)
H
dy
d2y
x
2
x
= A Cos
,
=
A
Sin
2
2
dx
H
H
H
dx
H
The integral of variational method
H
dy 2 Wx( H x)
= +
y dx .(3)
2
2
dx
Substituting
dy
and y in the equation (3)
dx
2
H
EI A 2
Wx( H x)
x
x
dx +
A Sin
= 2 Sin
dx
H
H
2 H
2
0
0
H
-4 A
=
2 H
2H
WA
x 2 x
1
2 x
0 2 Cos H + 1 dx + 0 2 xH Sin H x Sin H dx
H
H
x H2
x
A 1 H
2 x
Sin
+
x
+
H
x
Cos
2 Sin
=
2 H 2 2
H
H
H 0
0
H
H
H2
H3
x
x
x
+ x 2 Cos
+ 2x
+ 2 3 Cos
Sin
H
H
H 0
2
A 2 2 H 3 H 3
H3
H3
=
+
+ 3 2 3 2 3
H
4 H
A 2 2
WAH 3
+4
4 H
2 3
Minimizing yield,
d
=0
2A
d 2
4WH 3
=
A+
=0
dA
2 H
2 3
8WH 4
Ans:
A=
5
_________________________________________________________
Prob 1.2
Solution
d 2 y Wx (H x )
=0
2
dx 2
x
Trial equation
y ( x) = A Sin
H
dy A H
x
Cos
=
dx
H
x
d2y
AH 2
= 2 Sin
2
H
dx
..(1)
(2)
(3)
d2y
in equation (1)
d x2
The residual equation R (x) is obtained as follows
By substituting
AH 2
x Wx (H x )
R ( x ) =
Sin
2
H
2
The residual R(x) vanished at x = H3
AH 2
H3 W H3 ( H H3 )
=0
R( x) =
Sin
2
2
H
WH 4
A=
9 2 Sin
3
-5-
= 0.0129
Similarly at x =
H
2
, R( H2 ) = 0
WH 4
(Ans:)
WH 4
(Ans:)
______________________________________________________________
Gives
A = 0.0127
Prob. 1.3
Solution
Using subdomain method
H
R( x)dx = 0
0
A 2
x Wx( H x)
0 H 2 Sin H 2 dx = 0
A 2
2
H
x
W x2 x3
H
=0
Cos
H
H 0
2 2
3 0
H
2 A 2 H 1
+ WH 3 = 0
2
H
12
A=
WH 4
24
(Ans:)
________________________________________________________________
Prob. 1.4
Solution
W ( x) R( x)dx = 0
i
.(1)
H
Substituting Wi (x ) and the R(x) from problem 1.2 into the equation (1)
H
Sin
0
x A 2
x Wx( H x)
Sin
dx = 0
2
H
H H
2
2
2 A H 1
+ WH 3 = 0
12
H 2
WH 4
A=
24
(Ans:)
_______________________________________________________________
-6-
Chapter 2
Example 1
Problems 2.1 , 2.2 , 2.3 and 2.4 in ME 5019(2) and its solutions
are as follows:
_________________________________________________Prob. 2.1 The nodal coordinates X i and X j and the nodal values of i and j for
several linear elements are given below. Evaluate at the given value of x. The
x values are in centimeters, and i and j are in degrees Celsius.
___________________________
x
Xi
Xj
i
j
(a)
(b)
(c)
0.8
3.6
7.1
0.0
3.0
6.5
1.5
4.5
7.5
60
27
63
43
33
51
Solution
= 1 + 2 x
j
i
xi
L
xj
Find
=?
at x = 0.8
= N i i + N j j
where N i =
Xj x
L
L = X j Xi
Nj =
Xj x
x Xi
i +
L
L
(a) L = X j X i = 1.5 0.0 = 1.5
x Xi
L
(1)
-7-
= 50.93 C
1.5
= 29.4 C
Solution
Xj x
x Xi
i +
j
L
L
j j i
d
= i + =
dx
L L
L
From problem 2.1(a), i = 60, j = 43, L = 1.5
(1)
(2)
d 33 27
=
= 4 C/cm
dx
1.5
Similarly, substituting i = 63, j = 51, L = 1 in equation (2), yields
d
= 6 C/cm
dx
________________________________________________________________
Prob. 2.3 The shape function for the quadratic element shown in Figure P2.3
are
2
N i = 2 ( x X j )( x X k )
L
4
N j = 2 ( x X i )( x X k )
L
2
N k = 2 ( x X i )( x X j )
L
( a ) Show that these shape functions equal one at their own node and are zero
at the other two nodes. Also show that the shape functions sum to one .
( b ) Show that the derivatives of N i , N j and N k with respect to x sum to zero.
-8-
( x)
L
2
Xi
Xj
L
2
Xk
Solution
-94
( X i X i )( X i X k ) = 0
L2
2
N k = 2 ( X i X i )( X i X j ) = 0
L
Nj =
=
2 (x X k x X j x X j X k
dx
dx L
dN i
2
= 2 (2 x X j X k )
dx
L
Similarly
dN j 4
= 2 (2 x X i X k )
dx
L
dN k
2
= 2 (2 x X i X j )
dx
L
(b)
dN i dN j dN k
2
4
+
+
= 2 (2 x X j X k ) 2 (2 x X i X k )
dx
dx
dx
L
L
2
+ 2 (2 x X i X j )
L
dN i dN j dN k
2
2
+
+
= 2 (Xi X j ) + 2 (Xk X j )
dx
dx
dx
L
L
2
L
2 L
=
( ) + 2 ( )
2
L2
L 2
=0
___________________________________________________________________
Prob. 2.4 The implementation of the finite element method requires the evaluation of
integrals that Contain the shape functions or their derivatives. Evaluate
(a)
Xj
Xi
N i dx
(b)
Xj
Xi
dN i dN j
dx ( c )
dx dx
Xj
Xi
N 2j dx
= Nii + N j j
where N i =
Xj
Xi
Xj
N i dx = (
Xj x
L
Xj x
L
Xi
and N j =
x Xi
L
)dx
Xj
X j x x2
=
2L X
L
X j ( X j X i ) ( X 2j X i2 )
=
L
2L
X j L ( X j X i )( X j + X i )
=
L
2L
(Xi + X j )
=Xj
(Ans)
2
(b)
dN j 1
dN i
1
=
,
=
dx
L
dx
L
Xj
X j dN dN j
1
1
i
X i dx dx dx = X i ( L ) ( L ) dx
1
= 2 ( X i X j ) (Ans)
L
(c)
Xj
Xi
N 2j dx =
Xj
Xi
Xj
Xi
x Xi 2
) dx
L
1 2
( x 2 X i x + X i2 ) dx
L
Xj
1 x3 2 X i x 2
=
+ X i2 x
2
L 3
Xi
1
= ( X 3j X i3 ) X i X j L
3
(Ans)
____________________________________________________________________
- 11 -
Chapter 3
Example 1
Problems 3.1 , 3.2 , 3.4 and 3.5 in ME 5019(2) and its solutions
are as follows:
__________________________________________________
Prob. 3.1 (a) Obtain the final system of finite element equations for the nodal
deflections of the stepped beam shown in Figure P3.1.
(b) Solved the equations in (a) and calculate the deflection at x = 3H / 16.
y
2EI
EI
M0
H/4
H/2
(1)
H/4
(3)
(2)
2
M0
(4)
4
Figure P3.1
Solution
Residual equation
D
Rs =
L
( S 1)
(S )
D ( S 1) D ( S )
D
+ S S +1
S 1 +
L
L
L
( S 1)
(S )
QL
QL
=0
2
2
Since Q and L have constant values, the RS equation simplifies to
RS =
D ( S 1) Y( S 1) + ( D ( S !) + D ( S ) ) YS D ( S ) Y( S +1)
L
D
EI
2EI
2EI
EI
Q
-M0
-M0
-M0
-M0
L
H/4
H/4
H/4
H/4
QL = 0
- 12 R2 =
EI Y1 + ( EI + 2 EI ) Y2 2 EI Y3
H
( M 0 ) = 0
( H / 4)
4
R2 = Y1 3Y2 + 2Y3
M 0H 2
=0
16 EI
.(1)
Similarly
M 0H 2
..(2)
=0
16 EI
M H2
..(3)
R4 = 2Y3 3Y4 + Y5 0
=0
16 EI
Substituting Y1= 0 and Y5 =0 in equations (1) and (3) , and solving the
equations gives
3M 0 H 2
7M 0 H 2
3M 0 H 2
Y2 =
, Y3 =
, Y4 =
32 EI
64 EI
32 EI
3H
between node 1 and 2 of element (1)
(b) The deflection at x =
16
Y (1) = N1 Y1 + N 2 Y2
X x
x X1
Y2
Y (1) = 2
Y1 +
L
L
3H 0
H 3H
3M 0 H 2
16 0 +
16
= 4
H
H
32 EI
4
4
9M 0 H 2
Y2 =
(Ans)
128EI
__________________________________________________________________R3 = 2Y2 4Y3 + 2Y4
D = 0.005 W/cmC
D = 0.0035 W/cmC
20 C
-15 C
1.3cm
1
(1)
2
2.5
(3)
(2)
3
Figure P3.2
Solution
- 13 -
Differential equation
D (e)
d 2
=0
dx 2
d
=0
dx
Assume unit surface area
From the given figure,
e
D
Q
L
1
0.02
0
1.3
2
0.005
0
8
3
0.0035
0
2.5
1 = 20 C and 4 = 15 C
q = - D (e)
Heat flow
Residual equation
D
Rs =
L
( S 1)
(S )
D ( S 1) D ( S )
D
S 1 +
+ S S +1
L
L
L
( S 1)
(S )
QL
QL
=0
2
2
Writing the residual equation for node 2 and 3
0.02 0.005
0.005
0.02
R2 =
3 0 0 = 0
1 +
+
2
8
1.3
1.3 8
..(1)
Similarly
R3 = 0.000625 2 + 0.002 3 0.0014 4 = 0
. (2)
(1)
1
(2)
2
0.5
(3)
3
4
0.5
0.5
(4)
5
0.5
2
Figure P3.3
Solution
d 2
+Q =0
d 2x
(a)
e
D
Q
L
1
1
4
0.5
2
1
4
0.5
3
1
4
0.5
4
1
4
0.5
(0) = 1 = 0 ; (2) = 5 = 3.0 (Given)
Writing residual equation for node 2 gives
4 0.5 4 0.5
1
1
1
1
R2 = ( )1 + (
+
=0
) 2 ( ) 3
2
2
0.5
0.5 0.5
0.5
R2 = 21 + 4 2 2 3 = 2
..(1)
Similarly for node 3 and 4
R3 = 2 2 + 4 3 2 4 = 2
(2)
Differential equation
R4 = 2 3 + 4 4 2 5 = 2
.(3)
Substituting 1 = 0 and 5 = 3.0 in the above equations and solving
gives
(Ans)
(b)
e
1
2
3
4
D
1
1
1
1
Q
6
6
6
6
L
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
.(4)
(5)
.(6)
2 = 3.5 , 3 = 4.5 , 4 = 4
(Ans)
e
D
Q
L
1
1
-3
0.5
2
1
-3
0.5
3
1
-3
0.5
4
1
-3
0.5
(0) = 1 = 2 ; (2) = 5 = 0.5 (Given)
Writing the residual equation, applying the values of 1 and 5 , solving the
equations gives
2 = 0.5 , 3 = -0.25 , 4 = -0.25 (Ans)
________________________________________________________________
Prob. 3.5 Evaluate the residual equation for node one using the weighting function
shown in Figure 3.2a. Note that the answer is the same as the equation
d
D
QL
+ ( s t )
with (e+1) = (1), s=1 and t=2.
Rs( e+1) = D
2
dx x = X s L
W(x)
Ni(1)
L(1)
x
Figure 2.1 a
- 16 -
Solution
The shape function of liner element
= Nii + N j j
where N i =
Xj x
and N j =
L
= N 1 1 + N 2 2
d 1
= ( 1 + 2 )
dx L
For element 1 ,
x Xi
L
(1)
and
X2 x
..(2)
L
dN1
1
=
dx
L
The weighting function for node 1 of element (1)
0x L
W1 = N1
N1 =
d 2
R1 = N1 ( D 2 + Q) dx = 0
o
dx
L d
d dN1 d
R1 = ( N1
)
+ N1Q dx = 0
o
dx
dx dx
dx
R1 = (
R1 = [( N1
L dN d
L
d
d
1
( N1
)dx
dx + N1Qdx = 0
0
0
dx
dx
dx dx
L
L X x
1 1
d L
)]0 + ( )( 2
)dx ( 2
)Qdx = 0
0
0
dx
L
L
L
X
d
x2
1
2 ( 2 1 ) x Q 2 x = 0
R1 = N1
dx 0 L
2L 0
0
L
L
d
1
( 2 1 )
dx 0 L
L
R1 = N1
L
L2
Q
L
=0
L
2 L
d
1
QL
( 2 1 )
=0
dx 0 L
2
____________________________________________________________________
R1 = N1
- 17 -
Chapter 4
Example 1
Solution
2 1
L 1 1
Given Q = M0 , D(1) = D(4) = EI , D(2) = D(3) = 2EI , L = H/4
Tabular form
QL
D
e i j
L
2
M 0H
4 EI
1 1 2
H
8
M 0H
8 EI
2 2 3
H
8
M 0H
8 EI
3 3 4
8
H
M 0H
4 EI
4 4 5
8
H
Element (1) matrixes
1
2
[ ]
[K ] = 4HEI 11
(1)
[K ] = 4HEI 22
( 2)
[K ] = 4HEI 22
( 3)
[K ] = 4HEI 11
( 4)
1 1
;
1 2
{f } = M8 H 11 12
(1)
2 2
;
2 3
4
{f }= M8 H 11 23
2 3
;
2 4
5
{f }= M8 H 11 34
1 4
;
1 5
{f }= M8 H 11 54
( 2)
( 3)
( 4)
0
0
0
1
1
1 1 + 2 2
0
0
[K ] = 4 EI 0 2 2 + 2 2 0
H
0
2 2 + 1 1
0
0
0
0
1 1
0
0
0
1
1
1 1 + 2 2
0
0
4 EI
0 2 2+2 2 0
{R} =
H
0
2 2 + 1 1
0
0
0
0
1 1
1
2
3
4
5
1
1 + 1
M H
; {F } = 0 1 + 1
8
1 + 1
Y1
Y
2
M0H
)
Y3 (
8
Y
4
Y5
1
2
3
4
5
1
1 + 1
1
1
+
= {0}
1 + 1
M H
EI
EI
EI
Y1 + 12 Y2 8 Y3 + 2 0 = 0
H
H
H
8
2
M H
.(1)
R2 = 4Y1 + 12Y2 8Y3 = 0
4 EI
M H2
..(2)
R3 = 8Y2 + 16Y3 8Y4 = 0
4 EI
M H2
R4 = 8Y3 + 12Y4 4Y5 = 0
(3)
4 EI
Substituting Y1 = Y5 = 0 in the above equations and solving
M H2
Y2 = 0.094 0
EI
M 0H 2
Y3 = 0.109
EI
M H2
(Ans)
Y4 = 0.094 0
EI
__________________________________________________________________
R2 = 4
Prob. 4.2 Develop the system of equations for the problem 3.2 using the element
matrix and direct stiffness concepts discussed in this chapter. Modify the system of
equations to incorporate the boundary conditions and solve for the unknown nodal
values.
- 19 QL
2
e
1
i
1
D
j
L
2 0.15385
2
3
2
3
3 0.00625
4 0.0014
0
0
0.015385
0.01601 0.000625
0
[K ] =
0
0.000625 0.002025 0.0014
0
0
0.0014
0.0014
R4
0.0014
0
0
0.0014 15 0
2 =19.04
3 = -4.49
_________________________________________________________________
Prob. 4.3 Develop the system of equations for the problem 3.4 using the element
matrix and direct stiffness concepts discussed in this chapter. Modify the system of
equations to incorporate the boundary conditions and solve for the unknown nodal
values.
Solution
e
i
j
D
Q
L
D/L QL/2
1
1
2
1
4
0.5
2
1
2
2
3
1
4
0.5
2
1
3
3
4
1
4
0.5
2
1
4
4
5
1
4
0.5
2
1
(0) = 1 = 0 ; (2) = 5 = 3.0 (Given)
Global stiffness matrices
0
0
R1 2 2 0
R 2 4 2 0
0
2
R3 = 0 2 4 2 0
R 0
0 2 4 2
4
R5 0
0
0 2 2
0
1 0
2 0
2
3 2 = 0
2 0
4
3
1 0
R2 = 4 2 2 3 2 = 0
R3 = 2 2 + 4 3 2 4 2 = 0
- 20 R4 = 2 3 + 4 4 6 2 = 0
From the above equations,
2 = 2.25 , 3 =3.5 , 4 = 7.75
(b)
e
1
2
3
4
i
1
2
3
4
j
2
3
4
5
D
1
1
1
1
Q
6
6
6
6
L
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
D/L QL/2
2
1.5
2
1.5
2
1.5
2
1.5
3 0
0 2
2
R3 = 0 2 4 2 0 3 3 = 0
R 0
3 0
0 2 4 2 4
4
1.5 0
R5 0
0
0 2 2 2
R2 = 4 2 2 3 3 = 0
R3 = 2 2 + 4 3 2 4 3 = 0
R4 = 2 3 + 4 4 4 3 = 0
From the above equations,
2 = 3.5 , 3 =4.5 , 4 = 4 (Ans)
(c)
e
1
2
3
4
i
1
2
3
4
j
2
3
4
5
D
1
1
1
1
Q
-3
-3
-3
-3
L
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
D/L QL/2
2
-0.75
2
-0.75
2
-0.75
2
-0.75
R 0
0 2 4 2
4
0
0 2 2
R5 0
2
0.75 0
1.5 0
2
3 1.5 = 0
1.5 0
4
0.5
0.75 0
- 21 -
CHAPTER 5
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Problems 5.1 , 5.2 , 5.3 and 5.4 in ME 5019(2) and its solutions
are as follows:
_________________________________________________________
Prob.5.1 Verify that Ni for the triangular element is equal to one at node i and equal
to zero at nodes j and k.
Solutions
1
[ ai + bi x + ci y ]
Shape function of triangular element, N i =
2A
Verify that
Ni = 1 at x = Xi, y = Yi (node i)
Ni = 0 at x = Xj, y = Yj (node j)
Ni = 0 at x = Xk, y =Yk (node k)
= 1 + 2 x + 3 y
k
j
i
( Xi , Yi )
j
( Xj , Yj )
At node i
Substituting x= Xi , y = Yi ,
ai = X j Yk X k Y j
1 Xi
1 Xj
1 Xk
k
( Xk , Yk )
bi = Y j Yk
and
ci = X k X j
Yi
Y j = 2 A = ( X jYk X k Y j ) ( X iYk X k Yi ) + ( X iY j X jYi )
Yk
(1)
( X jYk X k Y j ) + (Y j Yk ) X i + ( X k X j ) Yi
( X jYk X k Y j ) ( X iYk X k Yi ) + ( X iY j X jYi )
=1
( X jYk X k Y j ) + (Y j Yk ) X j + ( X k X j ) Y j
( X jYk X k Y j ) ( X iYk X k Yi ) + ( X iY j X jYi )
=0
Problem5.2 Verify that Ni for the triangular element in Figure 5.1a is zero
everywhere along side jk. Hint ; Write an equation of the form y = d + mx for side
jk and substitute for y in the shape function equation of Ni.
Solution
Verify that Ni = 0 along side jk
k (Xk Yk)
P(Xp , Yp)
j (Xj , Yj)
i (Xi Yi)
x
- 23 Ni =
ai = X j Yk X k Y j
1
Xi
1 Xj
1 Xk
1
[ ai + bi x + ci y ] where
2A
bi = Y j Yk
and
ci = X k X j
Yi
Y j = 2 A = ( X jYk X k Y j ) ( X iYk X k Yi ) + ( X iY j X jYi )
Yk
(Y j Yk ) X j
(Y j Yk
)+
X p ]
(Y j
X j Xk
X j Xk
= 0
Prob.5.3 Verify that the shape functions for the triangular element sum to one, that
is, Ni + Nj + Nk = 1 . Comment on the behavior of the following summations:
Ni =
(i) ai + aj + ak
(ii) bi + bj + bk
(iii) ci + cj + ck
Solution
1
(ai + bi x + ci y )
2A
1
(a j + b j x + c j y )
Nj =
2A
1
(ak + bk x + ck y )
Nk =
2A
Ni =
1 Xi
1 Xj
1 Xk
Where
Yi
Y j = 2 A = ( X jYk X k Y j ) ( X iYk X k Yi ) + ( X iY j X jYi )
Yk
ai = X j Yk X k Y j ,
bi = Y j Yk
and
ci = X k X j
a j = X k Yi X l Yk ,
b j = Yk Yi
and
cj = Xi Xk
ak = X i Y j X j Yi ,
bk = Yi Y j
and
ck = X j X i
ai + aj
bi + bj
bk = 0
ci + cj
ck
= 0
- 24 -
Ni + Nj + Nk =
1
(ai + a j + ak ) + (bi + b j + bk ) x + (ci + c j + ck ) y
2A
[( X jYk X k Y j ) ( X iYk X k Yi ) ( X iY j X jY j ) 0 0]
= 1
( X jYk X k Y j ) ( X iYk X k Yi ) ( X iY j X jY j )
(Ans)
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Prob. 5.4 Verify that the shape functions for the rectangular element sum to one.
Also check those given by the shape function equations in term of q and r.
= C1 + C 2 s + C3t + C4 st
k
t j
y
2a
2b
q
s
x
N i = 1 1
2b
2a
s
t
Nj =
1
2b
2a
st
Nk =
4ab
t
s
Nm =
1
2a
2b
s
t
s
t
st
+
Ni +Nj +Nk +Nm = 1 1
+
1
+
2b 2a
4ab
2b 2a
= 1 (Ans)
Shape function for rectangular element written in term of q and r.
t
s
1
2a 2b
- 25 Ni =
r
1 q
1 1
4 b a
r
1 q
1 + 1
4 b a
r
1 q
N k = 1 + 1 +
4 b a
r
1 q
N m = 1 1 +
4 b a
1
q
r
q
r
q
r
q
r
N i + N j + N k + N m = (1 )(1 ) + (1 + )(1 ) + (1 + )(1 + ) + (1 )(1 + )
4
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
Nj =
= 1 ( Ans)
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