Design of Electrical Works For Projects

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]
2013/2014
Eng.M.Tharwat
2013/2014
Introduction
This course covers three main areas of the Electrical Contracting Process: 1. Basics of Electrical Works Design. 2. Shop drawing and Site Works. 3. Tendering of Electrical Projects. The Course requires pre-knowledge of [AutoCAD]. A project naturally progresses from design to the actual building going through the following stages: Project as an idea
Planning
Civil & Architecture Design
Electro-Mechanical Works Design
Electrical Works Design
Plumping works Design
HVAC works Design
To B.O.Q Preparation Contractors Tendering & Analysis
Consultant Implementation Process Shop Drawing Approval
Tender selection (Contractor)
So on
As the previous chart suggests, the electrical design is the first step of any electrical project, this step has two major concerns besides the basic knowledge of electrical engineering which are basic knowledge of Electrical Safety and Economical Design. Where the design aspect of this course covers areas like: Interior Lighting design, Socket distribution, panel Boards design, cables selection, etc.
Eng.M.Tharwat 2
2013/2014
The second phase of the course addresses electrical site works supported with figures and videos that introduces the student to real world experience of Sites Electrical Works and how to prepare shop drawings for a given project. Then the third phase, introduces the student to the basics of tendering and preparing a project bill of quantity (B.O.Q). At the end of this course, the student will have a head start extensive knowledge of how the electrical contracting process works and will able to use this knowledge whenever facing an electrical project.
With all respect
Eng .Mohammed Tharwat
Eng.M.Tharwat
2013/2014
Part One Interior Lightning Design
Eng.M.Tharwat
2013/2014
Interior lighting Design While the most important aspect of this area of design is determining the desirable lux according to Egyptian, international codes and standards to match your project needs, whether your project is a bank, school or even a hospital there are some basic rules to go by while determining the lux value of a given area.
Lumen (lm):
The unit of luminous flux is a measure for the quantity of luminous energy emitted per second by a light source.
Luminous Intensity (I):

Light flux irradiated through a tri dimensional angle (solid angle) directed by the magnitude of the referred angle. L= (Q/w) Lm/Seta radians
IL luminance (Lm/M2):
The quantity of incidental light falling onto a given surface per unit area of the suface taking into consideration that, it is uniformly illuminated. E=Q/A Lux
To have a better understanding of the role of lux in lighting designs consider the following example: A lamp connected to a power source, the lamp will emit many lighting lines as shown in the figure:
Lighting lines Lumen
The lighting lines that illuminates 1 m2 is a simple definition of Lux
Lux =
lumen/m2
Eng.M.Tharwat
2013/2014
So if we say that an office needs 300 lux to be illuminated. This simply means each 1 m2 requires 300 lumen. The required lux depends on the application or usage of this area.
Some Lighting Parameters:

Colour Rendering Index (CRI):
A measure of the degree to which the appearance of a surface colour under a given light source Compares to the same surface under a CIE reference source. The index has a maximum value of 100.
Colour Temperature (K):

All materials emit light when heated (e.g. metal glows red through to white as the temperature Increase). The temperature to which a full radiator (or black body) would be heated to achieve the Same chromaticity (colour quality) of the light source being considered, defines the correlated colour temperature of the lamp, quoted in degrees Kelvin.
Luminance (L):
L=I/A (Cd/m2)
Luminous Efficacy (lm/W):

The ratio of light emitted, to the power consumed by a lamp.
Eng.M.Tharwat
2013/2014
The following tables show required lux for many applications:
Eng.M.Tharwat
2013/2014
Eng.M.Tharwat
2013/2014
Eng.M.Tharwat
2013/2014
Types of lamps:
Normal Incident Lamp Theory Of Operation Color
100% 100% 50-95% 15-50% 65-90% 0 25-85% Black Body Radiation
Tungsten Halogen Lamp

Black Body Radiation
Low Pressure Mercury Lamp

Quantum Theory
High Pressure Mercury Lamp

Quantum Theory
Metal Halide Lamp

Quantum Theory
Low Pressure Sodium Lamps

Quantum Theory
High Pressure Sodium Lamps

Quantum Theory
Rendering Luminous
8-17 13-25 60-95 40-60 70-95 3000-12000 hr Can be Dimmed 125-200 40-90
Efficacy Life Time Dimming

1000-2000 hr Can be Dimmed 2000-4000 hr Can be Dimmed 8000 hr Can`t be Dimmed 5000-24000 hr Can be Dimmed 5000-20000 hr Can`t be Dimmed 6000-24000 hr Can be Dimmed
Application
Indoor
Indoor
Indoor
Outdoor
Outdoor
Outdoor
Outdoor
In order to reach a satisfactory lux value for a given area, It`s required to use number of lighting fixtures. While the number of lighting fixture is dependent on a set of parameters which can be illustrated in the following equation:
N=
Where:
N number of lighting fixtures. E required lux. A. Area of room. F clearance factor. Q lumen for lighting unit. n number of lamps per unit. utilization factor. K. Maintenance Factor [0.8].
Eng.M.Tharwat
10
2013/2014
A) Area of room (A):

W
A = L.W
B) Clearance factor (F): It is the factor that affect of num. lighting fixture according to room clean degree.
For an open lighting fixture in a computer lap room and under a clean room condition, clearance factor is 1.27
C) Number of lamps (n):

4 x 18
n=4
Spot light:
100
n=1
2 x 36
n=2
60
n=1
Eng.M.Tharwat
11
2013/2014
D) Utilization factor (
):
For a certain lux value to be reached in a given room (area) there are some parameters that affect the quantity of lumen per lamp, those parameters are better illustrated as follow: 1. Room index:
Hf
Where:
KrRoom index wRoom width L.Room length Hmdistance between the lighting fixture & working plan.
Hm2
Hm1
Hw
Hm1 = Ht Hw ,
Hm2 = Ht - (Hw + Hf)
S/Hm Parameter means the ratio between Mounting Height & distance between lighting fixtures which give us the ratio between Emin & Emax
For Example:
S/H = 1.75 which mean ratio of [Emin / Emax= 75%] S/Hm Ratio is a given value in lighting fixture data sheet.
Eng.M.Tharwat
12
2013/2014
2. Reflection factors: (
Depending on wall, ceiling, ground colors and materials, Reflection factor can be determined by using the following tables:
Utilization factor can be one from the following tables by using both of Room index and Reflection factors. Now that we have reached this point, we know all the required parameters to get the desired number of lighting fixtures in a specified room.
Eng.M.Tharwat 13
2013/2014
Eng.M.Tharwat
14
2013/2014
Eng.M.Tharwat
15
2013/2014
Eng.M.Tharwat
16
2013/2014
Eng.M.Tharwat
17
2013/2014
Eng.M.Tharwat
18
2013/2014
Eng.M.Tharwat
19
2013/2014
Eng.M.Tharwat
20
2013/2014
Lumen per lighting lamp:

Can be determined by the following table according to lamp type:
Eng.M.Tharwat
21
2013/2014
Design lighting for the following project:

L = 15 m W=8m H=4m Work plan = 85 cm The above data is for a Conference room, with a white colored ceiling, its required that you determine the number of lighting fixtures that achieves the desired Lux.
L W
Solution
A = L.w = 15 x 8 = 120 m2 From tables: conference room has an E = 500 lux The owner choose fixture (E). so, lamps = 2 x 36 watt , n = 2 From application: for a clean room, F = 1.33 (clearance factor = 1.33) From lumen table: Q = 3250 lumen From wall and ceiling color: Hm = Ht (Hs + Hw) lighting fixture will be on false ceiling (Hw = 0.7 m) Hm = 4 (0.85 + 0.7) = 2.45 m Kr = From tables: (Uf = 0.52) N= N = 23.6 units 24 units Hm = 2.45 m Kr = 2.12
Eng.M.Tharwat
22
2013/2014
Arrangement of lighting fixture

From the previous example the required number of lighting fixtures is 24 unit, now the question is how they can be arranged?
(4x6) or (3x8) or (12x2) or .etc
So we will arrange those as (4x6) units
As shown in the fig. below, The distance between each lighting fixture and the
other is double the distances between the lighting fixture and the wall to avoid a
blind spots. 12X = 10 8y = 8 x= y=1m m
X 2X 2X 2X 10 m 2X 2X
2X 2X 2X X y 2y 2y 2y y 8m
Eng.M.Tharwat
23
2013/2014
Control of lighting circuits

Lighting circuits can be controlled by lighting switches.
Lighting switches can be classified into:

One way, one gang. One way, two gang. One way, three gang. Two ways, one gang. Two ways, two gang. Two ways, three gang.
The difference between one way & two way switches is that the one way switch controls the circuit from one location. However, two way switches controls the circuit from two locations. Two way switches used in bed rooms, corridors.etc.
One way switch:
Two way switch:
Eng.M.Tharwat
24
2013/2014
Part Two
Basics of Street lighting Design
Eng.M.Tharwat
25
2013/2014
Street Lighting Design
Lighting is a vital rule to describe the importance of major and minor roads, which constitute the lifelines of communication in the motorized world today.
Good street lighting is aiming to:

Reduce traffic accidents Combat crime Respect the environment
For good street lighting design there are some parameters must be taken:
Area Classification. Road way Classification. Street Width. Poles height.
A) Area Classifications:
Commercial Intermediate Residential
Eng.M.Tharwat
26
2013/2014
B/Roadway Classifications:
Freeway Expressway Arterial Collector Local Alleys
Poles height and street width affect lighting arrangement
Street Lighting Arrangement: 1/Single sided:

This type of arrangement, in which all luminaries are located on one side of the road, is used only when the width of the road is equal to, or less than the mounting height of the luminaries.
W<=H
Eng.M.Tharwat
27
2013/2014
2/Staggered:
This type of arrangement in which the luminaries are located on both sides of the road in a staggered, or zigzag, arrangement is used mainly when the width of the road is between 1 to 1.5 times the mounting height of the luminaries.
W=1~1.5 H
3/Opposite:
This type of arrangement, with the luminaries located on both sides of the road opposite to one another, is used mainly when the width of the road is greater than 1.5 times the mounting height of the luminaries.
W>1.5H
Eng.M.Tharwat
28
2013/2014
4- Span wire
This type of arrangement, with the luminaries suspended along the axis of the road, is normally used for narrow roads that have buildings on both sides.
If Road is curved:
Single Sided:
If the radius is Small & The length is 300 m.
Opposite:
If the radius is Large & The length > 300 m.
Eng.M.Tharwat
29
2013/2014
Eng.M.Tharwat
30
2013/2014
Types of lamps used in Street lighting

1- High pressure sodium lamps (Highway Streets):
It is suitable for such kinds of lighting even in cloudy weather.
2- Low pressure sodium lamps (Tunnels):

This type of lamp is used in tunnels and closed public places. They also have relatively long life.
3- Metal halide lamps. 4- Mercury lamps (Internal Streets):

It gives a bright white light thus it could be used in illumination of open places such as large stadiums since this type of lamps have strong glass.
Methods of switching of lamps

There are various methods, some of which are: - Photo cell. - Control switch. - Timer.
Eng.M.Tharwat
31
2013/2014
Street Lighting System

The distribution lighting network consists of:
- Lighting distribution box - Poles - Lighting luminaries - Cables
Design of the street lighting scheme:
Where:
F: is lamp flux in lumens. C.F: is the clearing factor, taken about 0.6. M.F: is the maintenance factor, taken about 0.7. S: is the space between the poles in meter. W: is the street width in meter. E: is the illumination level of street in lux.
Eng.M.Tharwat
32
2013/2014
Part Three
Electrical Sockets & Power Calculations
Eng.M.Tharwat
33
2013/2014
Electric sockets Types of Electrical Sockets:

Single Socket Duplex Socket
Power Socket
Fuse Switch or Disconnect Switch
HD
Hand Drier
Single & Duplex Sockets are used for low current applications, as in TVs, DVDs, computers, laptops, mobile chargers, cassettes, videos, and home instruments.etc. Power sockets are used for heavy loads as Boilers small motor pumps water heatersetc
Fuse Switch
Disconnect Switch
Used for [FCU-AHU-Pumps-Elevators..ETC] as isolator switch only.
Applications Poles Number Current Rating
Used for [A/C-W.HETC] as a isolator switch & protective switch against over current by using to rapture fuse Double Poles Only
Single, Double & Three Poles 16A 20A 32A 40A 60A 80A 100A
26A-32A
125A 150A 200A 250A -320A-400A800A
All previous socket types are available with high IP for protection against water and dust in wet and open or landscape areas.
Sockets distribution:
Socket distribution for a given room is dependent on the following factors: 1- Room application 2- Room furniture 3- Each 3 meters put a single or duplex socket (in case of no furniture DWG) 4- For kitchens, there must be at least one power socket.
Eng.M.Tharwat 34
2013/2014
Power calculations
A) For lighting:
Incident lamps or spots P = 20 200 watts. For florescent lamps 2 x 36 watt 4 x 18 watt 2 x 55 watt For chandeliers P= 400500 watt
B) For sockets:
Single socket........................200 VA Duplex socket ......................400VA Power socket.2000-2500VA Hand driver 1500VA Fuse switches
A.C
1 HP....... ......1000 VA 1.5HP... 1500 VA 2.25 HP.2250 VA 3 HP .3000 VA 4 HP..4000 VA 5 HP..5000 VA
W.H
1500 VA Up to 2000 VA
Eng.M.Tharwat
35
2013/2014
Power Factor:
It`s a percentage of used active power.
Where:
P ==== Active Power S==== Apparent Power For all cables and C.Bs calculations, power must be in (VA) For lighting, power must be in VA but its data is given by watt so: For fluorescent lamps For halogen or spots PF = 0.45 = 0.6 PF = 1
For current calculations:

Single phase loads
I (Amp) = 4.5 Skva

Three phase loads
I (Amp) = 1.5 Skva
Eng.M.Tharwat
36
2013/2014
Eng.M.Tharwat
37
2013/2014
Electrical Loads Estimation

According to Egyptian Company for Distribution maximum demand load (VA) is calculated by knowing the area and building application as following: A) For buildings less than 15 floors: The following table gives required KVA for each 100 m2: Application Type Low Density Medium Density High Density Residential Building 1.5-2 2.5-4 6-10 Commercial Building 6-12 6-12 6-12
B) For buildings more than 15 floors: The following table gives required KVA for each 100 m2: Residential Building 8-10 Commercial Building 12
Height of building is calculated by 1.5 of street width.
Eng.M.Tharwat
38
2013/2014
Electric lines calculations

After Distributing lighting fixtures and sockets, it must be fed from a main panel board. Each group of lighting fixtures or group of sockets has one line to the main panel board.
For lighting lines:

No more With wire
Each line
Than
1500 VA
Size
2.5 mm2
With
16 Amp
MCB
For socket lines:

No more Each line Than 2000 VA Size With wire 3 mm2 With 20 Amp MCB
For power socket lines:

Each line No more
2000 VA
With wire Size
4 mm2
With MCB
25 Amp
Than
For hand drier:

Each unit takes a separate
No more 1500 VA Than
With wire Size
4 mm2
With 25 Amp MCB
line
For air conditioners:

Each unit takes a separate line: 1, 2.25, 3 HP 4 mm2 25 Amp
4 - 5 HP
6 mm2
32 Amp
39
Eng.M.Tharwat
2013/2014
Load schedules
Project Name: Panel Name: Breaking cap.: Circuit Cable Type Number size R1 Lighting 2.5 mm2 Y1 Lighting 2.5 mm2 B1 Lighting 2.5 mm2 R2 Socket 3 mm2 Y2 Socket 3 mm2 B2 A.C 4 mm2 R3 Spare Y3 Spare B3 Spare MCB: cable: size: MCCB 16A 16A 16A 20A 20A 25A 16A 20A 32A Three phase Y 600 990 1600 1800 1500 Notes
R 800
Total connected load

Load balancing:
2400 2400 2490
Given that the network is featuring a star connection. Its important to achieve I1 I2 I3 to reach an IN of nearly equal zero.
I1 R
IN Y B
I2
I3
Eng.M.Tharwat
40
2013/2014
Balance Check:
For any panel board, there is a balance check for three phase loads due to reducing nuteral current & unbalanced stresses on circuit breakers. Unbalance ratio can be calculated by:
Unbalance Ratio (%) mustnt exceed a value of 5% of total three phase load. For above panel bard unbalance ration will be:
Unbalance Ratio (%) = 3.62% so the above its balanced panel board.
Diversity factor:
It`s the percentage of expected on line loads connected at the same time.
- For lighting .. .... 0.7 1 - For all sockets............................... 0.6 0.9 - For Air conditioners .. - For heaters and hand drier . 1 1
Circuit breaker capacity calculations:

After conducting load and diversity factor calculations, now we consider C.B capacity calculations which are as follows:
IC.B = =
Eng.M.Tharwat
41
2013/2014
Circuit breaker standard:

10 16 20 25 32 40 50 60 63 75 80 100 125 160 200 250 320 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3200 4000 5000-6300 Amp.
MCB
Abbreviation Nominal Current Short Circuit Current Num.Poles Adjustment
Miniature Circuit Breaker 10 125 A 6 30 KA SP DP TP - FP Fixed
MCCB
Molded Case Circuit Breaker 32 1600 A 10 80 KA TP - FP Fixed Adjustable
VACUUM
Vacuum Circuit Breaker 1600 5000 A Up to 150 KA FP Fixed
ELCB
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker 10 100A 6 30 KA DP Fixed
For pervious load, there will be a panel board to feed these circuits, Single line diagrammed for panel board required to represent panel specifications and component as following:
[4x10]+10 mm CU/PVC
40A
380V,50HZ,Isc
32A
20A
16A
32A
20A
16A
X1 Spare
X1 Spare
X1 Spare
X1 A.C
X2 Socket
X3 Lighting
Eng.M.Tharwat
42
2013/2014
Motors Panel Boards

Circuit Breakers of each motor should be greater than starting current of the motor. Starting Current of motors can be determined by Code-letter method according to the following table:
Code Letter
KVA/HP at starting
Code Letter
KVA/HP at starting
A B C D E F G H J K
As an example:
1.6 3.29 3.72 4.25 5.3 5.95 6.1 6.7 7.55 8.495
L M N P R S T U V
9.495 10.595 11.845 13.25 14.995 16.995 18.995 21.195 22.4
A 3 phase, 380V, 50HZ, 5KVA motor with code letter J, Required calculating Ist?
From above table:
Code letter J mean KVA) st = KVA) motor * 7.55 = 5 * 7.55 = 37.75 KVA So: Ist= 1.5 * 37.75 = 56.625 Amp, So the circuit breaker rating will be = 60A
Eng.M.Tharwat
43
[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS] Distribution Board for group of motors:
2013/2014
For distribution board, feed group of motors, the sub circuit breakers ratings should be larger than starting current of each motor. To determine the rating of main circuit breaker:
IM.C.B = Ist-largest + D.F ( IRating-except largest )

Where: D.F is a diversity factor & can be calculated from following table:
No. Motors
1:5 6:10 11:15 16:20 21:30 Less than 5 5:10 More than 10
Type of drive
Individual Drive Individual Drive Individual Drive Individual Drive Individual Drive Group Drive Group Drive Group Drive
Demand Factor
1 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 1 0.85 0.7
Eng.M.Tharwat
44
2013/2014
Part Four Cables Selection
Eng.M.Tharwat
45
2013/2014
Cable selection
Power cables are used to feed circuits with the required power. So, cables selection must be according to transfer a full power to certain load, that mean the cables must transfer the full current with no or limited voltage drop to ensure full power transfer.
Cables can be classified as following below: Operating & Meggered Voltages Conductor Type Insulation Material Number of cores Armored Neutral Size
600/1000 Copper PVC Single Armored [STA SWA] Reduced Neutral 450/750 Aluminum XLPE Multi core NonArmored NonReduced Neutral
To select a cable for a certain load like below:
AC Source 380 V, 50HZ
ELECTRICA L LOAD
Eng.M.Tharwat
46
2013/2014
The above mentioned cable should transfer full power from source to load, so it must stand full load current with limited voltage drop.
To ensure carrying full load current [Derating Factors] must be taken in consideration.
Derating factor:
Derating factors are the factors that affect cables life time and their standing current and its dependant on cable laying methods. From Cables catalogue we can obtain the Derating factors ratings
Eng.M.Tharwat
47
2013/2014
Df = D1 x D2 x D3 x D4 x D5 x D6 x..Dy
Icable =
Voltage Drop: A long distance cable and its internal impedance may cause a voltage drop more than the allowed percentage.
Voltage Drop Percentage mustnt more than 5%.
Voltage drop calculations:
VD% = Where: VD%

Voltage Drop Percentage Voltage Drop for a certain cable [Obtained from cables catalogues] Circuit Breaker Current Cables Length
Eng.M.Tharwat
48
2013/2014
Part Five Emergency Loads Generators & UPS
Eng.M.Tharwat
49
2013/2014
Generators and UPS

In some projects, power continuity is required for many different reasons like: (1) Data loss as in banks (2) Emergency as in hospitals (3) Production quantity as in factoriesetc So the important loads must be fed by a stand by source. In case of power interruptions, another source will feed these loads
There are two devices that ensure power continuity:

(A) (B) Generators UPS
Difference between Generators and UPS: Generators are used as a standby power source with a delay time
between current interruption and continuity. On the other hand, UPS are used as a power source without any time delay between current interruption and current continuity.
Eng.M.Tharwat
50
2013/2014
Theory of operation:
G
1 3 2
UPS
L5
Main power source is on: S1 is on S2 is on S3 is off
Power interruption: S1 is off S2 is on S3 is on
For load (5): Power continuity is needed without time delay so a UPS is used to feed the load till the Generator starts up. UPS is connected before load.
Eng.M.Tharwat
51
2013/2014
A controller of three switches called (ATS) ATS panels:
ATS
Main source
Load
Its a panel that consists of three switches one is connected to the main source, the second one is connected to the Generator and the third one is connected to the load through a controller Microcontroller, PLCEtc
Generator selection:
Generators are selected according to emergency loads power rating (KVA).
UPS selection:
A UPS is selected according to emergency load power rating (KVA) and discharging time of back up batteries. Co-ordination between Generator starting up time and backup battery discharging time is crucial as to assure the continuity of power. The UPS discharging time must be selected to cover the delay time between current interruption and continuity.
Eng.M.Tharwat
52
2013/2014
Part Six Short Circuit Current
Eng.M.Tharwat
53
2013/2014
Short circuit current

In case of short circuit, there is a large current value passing through protective devices. If these protective devices fail to stand the current value, damage occurs in circuit components which might cause fire or complete damage of the electrical system. The power systems must be designed to stand short circuit currents for a short period of time before the trip process takes place. While the types of trips performed by a circuit breaker are: Thermal trip: Responsible for protection against over load currents. Magnetic trip: Responsible for protection against short circuit currents.
Thermal trip
Mag. trip
ISC IK Ik is the maximum current capacity that a device stands before damaging. Short circuit current calculations: It = ISC + IL At short circuit (IL = Zero):
Z Cab
Z Load
IS.C =
Vph phase voltage
It Z Cab
Zt total circuit impedance
Z Load I sc IL
Eng.M.Tharwat
54
[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS] For the following circuit:
2013/2014
A) For part a:
IS.C = =
B)For part b:
IS.C = =
Eng.M.Tharwat
55
2013/2014
Impedances Calculations:
1/Ring Main Units: Power Rating 250 KVA 500 KVA 1000 KVA Reactance Value 0.633 m 0.316 m 0.158 m
2/Transformers: Power Rating 25 KVA 50 KVA 100 KVA 160 KVA 200 KVA 250 KVA 315 KVA 400 KVA Reactance Value 256 m 128 m 64 m 40 m 32 m 25.6 m 20.3 m 16 m
Eng.M.Tharwat
56
2013/2014
500 KVA 630 KVA 800 KVA 1000 KVA 1600 KVA
12.8 m 10.16 m 9m 8m 7.35 m
3/Circuit breaker:
XC.B = 0.15 m
4/Bus Way:
Xb.w= 0.15L m
Cables:
XCable = 0.08L m
Resistances are negligible.
Short circuit current can be calculated by another method Up and Down Stream Tables
Eng.M.Tharwat
57
2013/2014
Eng.M.Tharwat
58
2013/2014
Eng.M.Tharwat
59
2013/2014
Part Seven Earthing Systems
Eng.M.Tharwat
60
2013/2014
Earthing systems
There are two types of ear thing systems: (1) Function earthing (2) Protection earthing
(1) Function earthing:

This is the earthing of neutral points. A neutral point is connected to the earth point to get the potential of the neutral point to be zero.
(2) Protection earthing:

This is the earthing of the electrical equipment body for human protection.
Earthing system design:

The following shape shows electrical equipment having a current leakage problem while a human is touching the equipment body. The above circuit can be represented by: Rh.. Human Resistance. Re.. Earthing Resistance.
I1 It
The sole purpose of any earthing system is to protect humans from (I1) So for I1<<< I2 or (I1 zero)
I2
So its required Re <<< Rh For power systems: Rearthing = 2 4
It I1 Rh I2 Re
For light current systems: Rearthing = 0.5
Eng.M.Tharwat
61
[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS] Earthing Systems Resistance Calculation:
2013/2014
Re =
Where: Re . Electrode Resistance Soil Resistivity L..Earth Electrode Length Soil resistivity depends on soil type as show in table (1)
L
Rv =
Where:
Rv Total earth resistance ReEarth resistance for each electrode L..Electrode length SDistance between electrodes N.Number of electrodes ..Utilization factor which calculated by tables (2), (3), (4).
S S L
Eng.M.Tharwat
62
2013/2014
Eng.M.Tharwat
63
2013/2014
Eng.M.Tharwat
64

Also there is the resistance of wire thats connected between electrodes (Rh)
2013/2014
Rh =
Where:
.soil resistivity L.wire length .utilization factor.
Total Earth Resistance
Rt =
Eng.M.Tharwat
65

Design of Electrical Works For Projects

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Design of Electrical Works For Projects

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design of Electrical Works For Projects

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

Civil & Architecture Design

Electro-Mechanical Works Design

Electrical Works Design

Plumping works Design

HVAC works Design

To B.O.Q Preparation Contractors Tendering & Analysis

Consultant Implementation Process Shop Drawing Approval

Tender selection (Contractor)

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

With all respect

Eng .Mohammed Tharwat

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

Part One Interior Lightning Design

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

Luminous Intensity (I):

Lighting lines Lumen

The lighting lines that illuminates 1 m2 is a simple definition of Lux

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

Some Lighting Parameters:

Colour Temperature (K):

Luminous Efficacy (lm/W):

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

The following tables show required lux for many applications:

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

Tungsten Halogen Lamp

Low Pressure Mercury Lamp

High Pressure Mercury Lamp

Metal Halide Lamp

Low Pressure Sodium Lamps

High Pressure Sodium Lamps

Efficacy Life Time Dimming

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

A) Area of room (A):

C) Number of lamps (n):

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

Hm2 = Ht - (Hw + Hf)

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

Lumen per lighting lamp:

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

Design lighting for the following project:

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

Arrangement of lighting fixture

So we will arrange those as (4x6) units

[ELECTRICAL WORKS FOR PROJECTS]

Control of lighting circuits