Presented to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Marty Ingraham
M.S. Ocean Engineering
22 August 2011
Ocean Acoustic Tomography

Ocean Acoustic Tomography
z
Method to measure temperatures and currents
in the ocean
z
Proposed by Walter Munk and Carl Wunsch in
1978 article, Ocean acoustic tomography: a
scheme for large scale monitoring
z
Sound speed perturbations to estimate
temperature perturbations
z
Sound speed perturbations are estimated using
travel time perturbations between a source and
receiver

Temperature and Sound Speed
z
Sound speed varies with temperature and
salinity
z
Relationship between Salinity and Temperature
z
Time and Temperature Perturbations
6C
C
=o60+6S
S=S
0
+m0
o=3.210
3
m
o
0.03
6C
C
=o60
(
1+m

o
)
6T =
6C
C
Ar
C
Ar=30 km , 60=+3 C , C=1500
m
s
6T0.2 sec

Sound Speed Problem
z
Set up a grid with sources and receivers
z
Travel time between source and receiver
z
Path length in each grid

Ray Tracing
z
Acoustic waves direction of propagation change
as they travel through a medium
z
Acoustic energy is carried along a ray paths
z
Change in direction is described by Snell's Law
cos(0)
C
=
cos(0
0
)
C
0

Sound Speed Profile

Acoustic Ray Paths

Arrival Times of Rays

Detection Problem
z
A coded signal is sent out into the ocean
z
Cross-Correlation of the received signal and
sent signal (Matched Filter)
z
Width of spikes
z
Travel time error
z
SNR for a coded Signal
At=( A f )
1
c=At
(
S
N
)
1/ 2
S
N
=
2 PAt
N

Inverse Problem
z
Travel time
z
Relationship between travel time and sound
speed perturbations
z
SVD solution to the problem
T
i
=

j =1
J
R
ij
C
j
C
j
=C
0
+AC
j
+6C
j
T
i
=T
i
0
+6T
i
=

R
ij
C
j
0

R
ij
C
0
6C
j
C
0
+

R
ij
C
j
0
6C
j
(6C
j
+2AC
j
)
(C
0
)
2
+...
E6C=6T E=
R
ij
(C
0
)
2
6C=

l =1
p
(U
l
6T )
A
l
V
l
=V
p
A
p
1
U
p
T
6T
C
j
0
=C
0
+AC
j

Noisy Travel Time
z
Travel Time
z
New equation
z
Best Linear Unbiased Estimator
z
Minimum variance biased estimate
z
Covariance Matrices
6T
M
=6T+6T
N
E6C+6T
N
=6T
M
6C=E
T
( EE
T
)
1
6T
M
6C=E
T
( EE
T
+
(
c
C
0
)
2
I )
1
6T
M
6C=AE
T
( EAE
T
+B)
1
6T
M
A={6C
j
6C
j
' }=c
2

l =1
p
V
il
A
l
2
=c
2
V
p
A
p
2
V
p
T
B={(6T
N
)
i
(6T
N
)
i
' }=c
2
I

Vertical Slice
z
Naive Inversion
z
FMVW
6C=A
1
E
T
( E A
1
E
T
+B)
1
6T
M
A
1
=c
2
V
1
A
1
2
V
1
T
6C=V
p
A
p
1
U
p
T
6T
B=0

Three-Dimensional Problem
z
Break problem into
volumes
z
Determine the path
length of each ray in
each volume
z
Solve previous
equation
E6C=6T

Ocean Acoustic Tomography
z
Method to measure temperatures and currents
in the ocean
z
Need a relationship between change in
temperature and change in sound speed
z
Model the acoustic wave propagation to
determine path length in volume/grid and travel
time between source and receiver
z
Use apriori knowledge to verify results or
weight the model covariance matrix

References
1. Kinsler, Lawrence E, Austin R Frey, Alan B. Coppens, and
James V. Sanders. Fundamentals of Acoustics. 4
th
ed. New
York, NY, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2000. Print
2. Matched Filter. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia
Foundation, n.d. Web. 27 April 2010.
3. Munk, Walter, and Karl Wunsch. Ocean acoustic tomography:
a scheme for large scale monitoring. Deep-Sea Research, Vol
26A (1979): 123-161. Print.
4. Ocean Acoustic Tomography. Wikipedia: The Free
Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 27 April 2010.