Transitions.

1) that something is being added, repeated, or intensified, 2) they may compare or contrast things or contradict something; 3) they may show a time or space relationship; 4) they may limit something or prepare for an example; 5) they may signal cause or result; 6) they may assert that the truth of something is obvious or grant an opposing argument or position. 7) The following list is by no means comprehensive, but it includes some of the most commonly used transitions. (Note that some of the words in one category may also be used in another and there are some duplications to suggest tliese various uses.) 1) Transitions that add, repeat, or intensify-^ 'and' also in addition besides too "anolNef in other words further furthermore moreover indeed in fact as a matter of (act to put it another way nevertheless finaily after all lo repeat first, second, and so on to conclude to sum'up again once again usually

habitually anymore

Transitions that compare, contrast, or contradict: rsimflarly .li linlike on the ke likewise other hand however in spite of, on the despite but contrary nevertheless nonetheless in like manner by comparison as as well as as, as if instead instead of either. . , Or neither... nor though although yet whereas then again to regardless even when put it another rather than way in fact

3., Transitions that show a time or space relationship: before now next after that after so much time in time later following fihatiy. earlier at first, last then, Just then until soon the next day, night while meanwhile then beside between

beyond across over at from, to into outside, inside eventually since ever since even when up, down near, far within when from then on during beginning, ending 4. Transitions chat limit or prepare for an example: if unless when provided that in case in particular that 5. Transitions chat signal cause or result'. because for for this, that reason therefore thus so, so that as a result consequently that is namely for example for instance to illustrate such as

6. Transitions that assert obvious truth or grant opposition: no doubt doubtless undoubtedly

without a doubt of course naturally surely certainly in fact granted thatconceding that

/ \/ EXERCISE El 2. UNDERLINE TRANSITIONAL WORDS OR PHRASES Underline tlie transitional words or phrases that help to give the following paragraphs continuity. A.1 The two old friends were happy to meet again after such a long separation; however, the meeting was a strain for both of them. ^t was an effort, after so much time, to find common ground for comfortable, easy conversation, ^n addition, ihey had not parted on the best of terms, so that they each needed to labor to rise above old wounds. ''A1 first they stuck to safe topics such as the weather, the health of those they knew, and ordinary events in each of their lives, ^t last they approached the problem that had led to the break in their relationship. "How painful it was to stir that up again. PA It T 0 N E / P B. A C.T'l C ING THE P A S, A G ft A P H

^ fact, they experienced the same old impasse, but they discussed the subjecl for about an hour before they gave it up, both frustrated by the effort to communicate. "Finally they parted, each one wondering what had become of their friendship. B. 'I am suspicious that anyone who uses the expression "women's lib" is not very liberated, ^o illustrate, there was an article in the newspaper the other day that asked if women were better off before "women's lib." ^f course, the way the question was put, evoked biased answers. ^For example, one woman said, "Women shouldn't be allowed to be boss. That's what women's lib comes down to . . . being the boss or equal. It's not right. The man is supposed to be the head of the house." although that woman .may be happy with her husband, she is nonetheless denying herself full citizenship and rights equal to his. "However, if she had been asked if she enjoyed being'a secondclass citizen, her consciousness might possibly have been raised enough to answer differently.

C. 'One of the reasons the violin is difficult to leam to play is that its fingerboard contains no visual or tactile aids to help the beginner acquire competence in fingering. ^Unlike the banjo or guitar, for instance, the violin has no frets, that is, no small metal bars or ridges to guide the fingers, therefore, the novice must learn exact positions and literally feel his or her way, unaided, from position to position up the fingerboard of the instrument. ^That precise process is demanding and painful to the fledgling violinist, who must contort fingers and arm into unnatural and unfamiliar angles while pressing the strings at the correct places and with enough force to get a clear tone. ^f the beginner is a hair off, the note will be sharp or flat, that is, sour. ''Until the novice. develops skill, many notes are painfully out of tune.7 Even when skil! increases, the fledgling player may still sound off key unless he or she has a good ear. ^hus, not only 'does the novice suffer, he or she can also torture those listening, as many a stoic parent or sacrificial sibling can aflirm. D. What a drab place the culinary world would be without onions! ^n fact, losing any member of the onion family would be an international disaster to the world's great chefs, the gourmet cooks, the slingers of hash, and the heaters-up at home. ^or instance, how could the Dutch manage without leeks? "What would the French do for
1

onion soup? 5 How would the Italians make spaghetti sauce? ''Moreover, how could any

part of the world get along without garlic? regardless of the tears shed over these bulbous plants, the smells that are endured, the deodorants and mouthwash that are spent on them, onions and their kin are vital to the gustatory pleasures of this world. ? / ,C Q H E R:E N .C E A -N D "Surely tine restaurants would lose their stars without the onion family, and great chefs would lose their flair. ''The zing would go oui of even hamburgers and hot dogs, as well as the freedom of those hard choices one must make when ordering them. ^Besides, think of holidays and children growing up without the familiar smell of turkey stuffing wafting from the oven; and who wouid have the heart to toss a salad anymore? "Indeed, it would be a depressed and dreary world without onions. E. ^Mosi people like to tall*;, but 'few people like to listen, yet listening well is a rare talent lhat everyone should treasure. Because ihey hear more, good listeners tend to know more and to be more sensitive to what is going on around them than most people, sin. addition, good listeners are inclined to accept or tolerate rather than to Judge and criticize. ''Therefore, they have fewer enemies than most people, E\n fact, Ihey are probably the most loved of people. "However, there are exceptions to that generality.. ^For example, John Steinbeck is said to have been an excellent listener, yet he was C tt H T I N U I T Y

hated by some of ihe people he wrote about. "No doubt his ability to listen contributed to his capacity to write. Nevertheless, the results of his listening did not make him popular. ^Thus, depending on what a good listener does with what he hears, he may pay a price for his talent or go unappreciated in his lifetime. / '/EXERCISE El 3. WRITE IN TRANSITIONAL WORDS OR PHRASES Write In rheblank spaces tlie transitional words or phrases you think are needed or appropriate in the following paragraphs ro help give chem continuity. More that" your choice of transition will depend on how you-interpret the statements in [he paragraphs and that there may be more than one way to fill in the spaces correctly. Therefore, prepare to explain or defend the transition you choose. A. ^he problem with an old car is that it is always needing something replaced or repaired, s_____, about the lime the fourth tire is replaced, the first one begins to wear thin again. 3 ____, if the front brakes are renewed, _______ the rear brakes start to go.4_______ common problem is that some kind of pump is always breaking down and needing replacement.5_______ the air pump may develop trouble, _______ the fuel pump may go bad, and _______ the water pump may give up. ^hese pumps _______ require new hoses,
7 s

........-,____, everything under the hood seems to need a new hose or a new valve. the car needs a new transmission or a new engine. ''There seems to be PAS.AG-B.APK

....-.,...,

no end to the trouble and expense of keeping up an old car. / -/ B.1 The homes of the two friends are very different, ^ne is situated in the United States on a hill in Seattle, _______ the other is located in The Netherlands by a canal in Amsterdam, ^here is a generous yard around the hiil house, _______ there is no space at ail around the canal house canal houses are built right next to each other, wall to wall. 'The Seattle house has only one floor, ,_______ some of its rooms are spacious; _______, the Amsterdam house has five floors. ____ most of its rooms are small, ^he differences in these homes _______ reflect differences in lifestyle. "The American house is casual and opens to a patio for outdoor living.7_______, the Dutch house is more formal, and_____ of hard winters, is closed against the coid outside. ".. the two: homes are different, each one suits its location. ,,,,,.,,,,,,,,^ FART ONE/FItACTTC. ING THE

/ C. ^ome of my older relatives amaze me with their vitality.2

____, one of my

cousins is in her eighties; _______, she has the vitality of someone much younger and is as active and interested in what goes on around her as anyone I know. ^er quick wiE, _______, is a match for the sharpest, most alert of peopie.
4

________ illustration is my aunt, who is in her nineties. 5 she - playing cut-throat bridge. fl. my cousin, my aunt is

recently broke her hip and suffered a small stroke, she is still driving her f-qr, - ,_______ a dynamo. 7_______, these two ladies put some of their younger relatives to shame with their vigor. ! . ., ''!. D. ^ost people who live in the San Francisco Bay Area appreciate the night and morning fog. 2, they like the fog ___, it controls the temperature naturally, keeping the nights and mornings cool ____...-...... disappearing _______ for the day to warm to a comfortable degree, _______ in the sixties or low seventies _______ the summer months, ^ust a few miles ,, the Bay Area, suburbanites may be sizzling in temperatures ranging

_______, the mid-eighties _______ the upper nineties and higher , .,. . . .,., ,,. people near San Francisco keep Iheir cool in the mild climate of the Bay. / ''The.-; reason San Franciscans and their immediate neighbors like the fog is _______ its beauty. ^They love to see it tumbling _______ the hills, enveloping the Golden Gate Bridge, and _______ creeping ________ the Bay itself _______ it touches its eastern shore, where it climbs hills again, ^ew people dislike the fog.7____. admire it5 / C 0. Iff E R EN -C E E. ''Contentment is the one emotion that daytime television dramas cannot long endure. ^M My Children, _______, draws its life breath from discontent, misery, and pain. ^rica Kane, the central character, may fail in love innumerable times and even get married repeatedly. 4_______, she must never settle down. 5________, some mishap or dire complication must interfere with every relationship. 6_______, she may even need to recycle her lovers to sustain her anguish, ^dam Chandler, --____....... comes in handy when she is running low on lovers, oc a new one, ,_______ Dimitri Marick, is rowing in the wings. 8___. after a great deal of high and low drama, Erica may have her heart's desire. 9_______, her bliss AND CffNTIMUtTY the

most people depend on it and

must be short lived and terminate in some manner, __ quickly from disaster, -.______ slowly, drip by drop, she 'Is_______ her wretched , ._..^,-... indomitable self, poised for the _______ heartbreaking chapter in

her tantalizing life. SUMMARY A well-organized paragraph is a single entity, a unified whole made of a number of pares or sentences so well ordered and fitted together that they cohere or hang together in one continuous unit. A simple outline of the main ideas and supporting points of your paragraph, written before or after the paragraph is written, can serve to guide the structure of your paragraph or to ensure its organization and coherence. In addition, if you make good use of transitional words or phrases when you write your paragraph, you will make sure it lias continuity as well. Sullivan/ Katheleen E. Paragraph Practice: Writing the Paragraph and the Short Composition. 7 ed. New York: iMacmillan/ 1994. Print._________________