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En0175 11 PDF
En0175 11 PDF
En0175 11 PDF
10 / 10 / 06
Strain in a solid
2
v d x2 v d x1
v u
v d y2
v d y1
v x
v y
1
3
Consider an arbitrary fiber within the elastic body, In the undeformed configuration, we can represent the fiber as a small vetor: dx = mdl0 where
v dl 0 is the length and m is the unit vector along the fiber direction (orientation of the fiber).
In the deformed configuration, the same fiber is represented as dy = n dl . Write the deformed position of a particle as
r r v v y = y ( x1 , x 2 , x3 ) = x + u ( x1 , x 2 , x3 )
where u ( x1 , x 2 , x3 ) is clearly the displacement vector. We can write a differential segment dy as
v v dy = Fdx
where
Fij =
yi x j
v v n dl = F mdl0
The ratio between the deformed length to undeformed length: = defined as stretch. Therefore,
dl = 1 + ( : strain) is dl0
v v F m = n
1
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10 / 10 / 06
v v F contains information about both stretch and rotation (change of orientation from m to n ).
In order to separate stretch from rigid body rotation, consider the dot product of two fibers,
relative angle between the two vectors, rigid body rotation has been effectively filtered out of
F.
We can easily see that C is a symmetric tensor because
C = F F
T T
= F F =C
T
There exist 3 principal values/directions of C . Assume the 3 principal directions are ( mI , mII ,
Physical/Geometrical Interpretations of C
EN0175
10 / 10 / 06
2
v d x1 v d y1
v x
v y
1
3
Considering a fiber initially along one of the base vectors, say e1 direction,
C11 =
dl12 2 = 1 2 dl10
Therefore, the geometrical interpretation of C11 is that it is the stretch of a fiber initially aligned in the e1 -direction.
Similarly,
EN0175
10 / 10 / 06
2
v d x2
v d y2
v x
v d x1
v d y1
v y
1
3
To understand the off-diagonal terms of C , let us consider two fibers initially aligned in the e1 and e2 directions, respectively,
12
C12
C12 C11C22
Therefore, the geometrical interpretation of C12 is that it is a measure of the angle between two fibers initially aligned in the e1 and e2 directions.
The matrix
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2
dl30 d dl20 l10
d l2
dl1
dl3
2 I C=0 0
2 II
0
0 0 2 III
3
where
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This indicates that the fibers along the principal directions will remain perpendicular to each other after deformation. The above formulation of strain has been focused on making predictions about the deformed configuration (called Eulerian) based on know information in the undeformed (called Lagrangian) configuration. Alternatively, we could reverse the direction of analysis. We could start from the deformed configuration and try to predict the undeformed configuration. For example, consider a fiber dy1 in aligned in the e1 direction after deformation, what is the stretch that has happened to this fiber?
2
v d x1 v d y1
v x
v y
1
3
Assume we know dy1 = dl e1 , we need to calculate dx1 = dl10 m
v v v 1 v dy = F dx dx = F dy
Similarly,
1 2 B22 = 2
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10 / 10 / 06
1 2 B33 = 3 1
Write B and B
in matrix form,
Clearly, B12 gives the information about the original angle of two fibers that have become aligned in the Similarly,
cos 23 =
, cos 13 =
I U = C = 0 0
Here U is called the right stretch tensor.
II
0
0 0 III
The deformation, Fdx = dy , can be generally described as stretch + rigid body rotation. If stretch happens first, rotation second, we can write
v v v v v v v v dx dz = U dx dy = Rdz dy = RU dx = Fdx
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U F
2
1
This suggests a decomposition F = RU , which is called the right polar decomposition
R F
2
1
We then have F = V R , which is called the left polar decomposition.
C = F F = (RU ) RU = U R RU = U U = U
T T T T T
EN0175
10 / 10 / 06
B = F F = V R (V R ) = V R R V = V V = V
T T T T T
We can easily show that the principal values and directions of C and B are related.