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En0175 14 PDF
En0175 14 PDF
En0175 14 PDF
10 / 19 / 06
We use the concept of energy & work to demonstrate the major symmetry of C and S :
F, u
Assume an increment of displacement at the bar end,
u u +u
The work done by the applied load should equal to the stored energy in the material,
W = F u = A (l ) = Al = V
w= W
V = should be the stored elastic energy per unit volume, which is also called the
w = w( ) , =
w , w( ) = d 0
EN0175
10 / 19 / 06
Generalize to 3D
v f
V S
w = t u dS + f u dV
S V
v t
v
= ti ui dS + f i ui dV
S V
= ij n j ui dS + f i ui dV
S V V V
= ( ij ui ) j dV + f i ui dV
V V
= ( ij , j + f i ) ui dV + ij ui , j dV = ij ij dV = w dV
V V
w=
1 Cijkl ij kl 2
Cijkl
2w = = Cklij ij kl
Elastic moduli for isotropic materials: Isotropic tensor: I a = a ( ij a j = ai ) The 4th order isotropic tensors can be generally written as
Cijkl = c1 ij kl + c2 ik jl + c3 il jk
EN0175
10 / 19 / 06
Imposing the symmetry conditions indicate that the elastic moduli can be expressed in terms of just two constants
Cijkl = ij kl + ( ik jl + il jk )
where
Similarly,
S ijkl
can
also
be
expressed
in
terms
of
just
two
constants
as
S ijkl = d1 ij kl + d 2 ( ik jl + il jk )
The constants
Since there are only 2 independent elastic constants, it suffices to conduct experiments in 1D:
E=
'
(Youngs modulus)
ij = S ijkl kl = (d1 ij kl + d 2 ( ik jl + il jk )) kl = d1 kk ij + 2d 2 ij
to 1D loading
11 0 , 22 = 33 = 0 . In this case,
11 = d1 11 + 2d 2 11 = (d1 + 2d 2 ) 11 = 22 = d1 11 = 11 = 11
E
11
E
Therefore,
EN0175
10 / 19 / 06
E 1 + d2 = 2E
and
d1 =
S ijkl =
ij kl +
1 + ( ik jl + il jk ) 2E
ij =
This equation can be inverted as follows.
1 + ij kk ij E E
qq =
The percentage change of volume,
1 + 3 1 2 qq kk = qq E E E
V 1 2 3(1 2 ) = kk = kk = p V E E
p E . (This modulus can also be = V V 3(1 2 )
calculated using ab initio quantum mechanics techniques.) Invert the generalized Hookes law:
1 + E ij = ij + kk ij = ij + kk ij E E E 1 2 E E ij + ij = (1 + )(1 2 ) kk ij 1 +
Comparing this to the Lam form of Hookes law
ij = Cijkl kl = ( ij kl + ( ik jl + il jk )) kl = ij kk + 2 ij , we identify
(1 + )(1 2 )
E 2(1 + )
EN0175
10 / 19 / 06
=
G
G =
Let i = 1 , j = 2 in ij = ij kk + 2 ij ,
12 = = 2 12 =
Therefore, the second Lam constant is just the shear modulus:
G==
E 2(1 + )
III II I
Consider a linear superposition of strain in the principal stress directions
II
III
EN0175
10 / 19 / 06
Therefore, we have
1 + kk I E E
Through change of coordinates, this relation remains true for any other coordinate systems. Orthotropic materials An orthotropic material (e.g. wood, composites, fiber glass, etc) has three mutually perpendicular symmetry planes.
Sym 2
Sym 1
Sym 3
11 22 33 = 23 13 12 11 22 33 23 13 12
C 66
C11 C:
C12 C22
0 0 0 C44
0 0 0 0 C55
Sym
Cubic materials Single crystal metals: FCC (Cu, Al, Ag, etc.); BCC (Fe, etc.)
EN0175
10 / 19 / 06
C11 C:
C12 C11
0 0 0 C44
0 0 0 0 C44
Sym