JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. ???, XXXX, DOI:10.

1029/,

Global distribution of EMIC waves derived from THEMIS observations

Kyungguk Min , Jeongwoo Lee , Kunihiro Keika , Wen Li
1 1 1 2

Center for Solar and Terrestrial

Research, Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA.
2

Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic

Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.

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Abstract. This paper presents the global distribution of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave occurrence and the wave properties that have been derived from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) observations from 2007 to 2010 in the radius range of 4 RE to 14 RE including all magnetic local times. Our major ndings are: (1) there are two major peaks in the EMIC wave occurrence probability: one in the dusk at 8 12 RE reaching 11 % and the other at dawn at 10 12 RE with an equally high probability at dusk. (2) In terms of wave power the dusk events are stronger (around 10 nT2 /Hz) than the dawn events (around 3 nT2 /Hz). (3) The dawn events are obliquely propagating (> 45 ) waves emitted in the hydrogen band whereas dusk events are nearly parallel propagating ( 30 ) waves emitted in the helium band. (4) The dawn waves are weakly polarized at left-hand sense around the equator, become linearly polarized with increasing latitude and eventually change to a weak right-hand polarization at high latitudes whereas dusk waves are strongly left-hand polarized in a wide range of latitude. We compare the present results with the previous ones obtained by Anderson et al. [JGR, 1992] within 9.25 RE using Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorer/Charge Composition Explorer (AMPTE/CCE) observations, and briey discuss our new ndings based on the linear EMIC instability model presented by Horne and Thorne [JGR, 1994].

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1. Introduction
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Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are important in magnetospheric dynamics since they are able to cause heating of the thermal plasma [Thorne and Horne , 1992, 1997], and pitch angle scattering and loss of both ring current ions [Cornwall et al., 1970] and relativistic electrons [Thorne and Kennel , 1971]. EMIC waves can be excited by an anisotropic temperature distribution (T > T ) of energetic ions with energies of a few tens keV and are left-hand polarized at generation [Cornwall , 1965; Young et al., 1981; Roux et al., 1982; Rauch and Roux , 1982; Anderson et al., 1992a, 1996]. Under the convective instability, the greatest amplication of EMIC waves occurs where the group velocity of the waves is lowest, making the equator the most preferable region for EMIC wave generation [Cornwall , 1965, 1966; Kennel and Petschek , 1966]. It has been suggested that storms provide injections of hot ring current particles into the inner magnetosphere which may then lead to a condition favorable for EMIC wave generation [Cornwall , 1965; Criswell , 1969]. The compression of the magnetopause is suggested to be another source of EMIC wave generation [Anderson and Hamilton , 1993; Engebretson et al., 2002; McCollough et al., 2010]. The majority of EMIC waves are, however, observed during the quiet time of the geomagnetic activity and occur beyond the geosynchronous orbit. Young et al. [1981] and Roux et al. [1982] used observations by GOES 1 and 2 to suggest that EMIC waves near the geosynchronous orbit are often not associated with plasma density enhancements and that the wave characteristics can signicantly vary depending on the density and concentration of helium ions. Erlandson et al. [1990] and Anderson et al. [1990, 1992a, b],

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analyzed AMPTE/CCE magnetic eld data to nd that EMIC wave events occur primarily for L > 7 in the afternoon sector and the wave frequency and polarization of EMIC waves depend on the magnetic local time (MLT) and L value. In the afternoon sector the EMIC waves occur below the helium gyrofrequency and are left-hand polarized, whereas in the morning sector they occur at much higher frequencies and are linearly polarized. Fraser and Nguyen [2001] analyzed observations by CRRES to conclude that the plasmapause is a region of wave generation and propagation with signicant wave power seen in the plasmatrough, but is not necessarily the preferred region. They also found the local time dependent wave characteristics are similar to those reported by Anderson et al. [1992a, b]. Recently, Fraser et al. [2010] investigated the association of EMIC waves with storm phases using GOES observations and showed that EMIC waves are mostly hydrogen band at dawnside while hydrogen and helium band events are mixed at duskside at geosynchronous orbit. Anderson et al. [1996] examined the ion observations with and without EMIC wave events at noon and dawn to conclude that the dierence in frequency between noon and dawn is attributable to the combined eects of the dierent hot proton temperature and anisotropy and the cold plasma density. They also found that the dawn events had signicant growth for highly oblique waves and this may suggest that the linear polarization of the dawn events is due to domination of the wave spectrum by waves generated with oblique wave vectors. A comprehensive theoretical study of the results of Anderson et al. [1992a, b] has been presented by Horne and Thorne [1994] in which the path-integrated wave gain is calculated for two thermal plasma density conditions, that are used to explain the wave properties observed in the morning and afternoon sectors, respectively. They also argued

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that the left-hand polarization dominant in the afternoon sector within |MLAT| < 10 is a generation eect and the linear polarization at dawn is due to a propagation eect associated with wave reection. Recent hybrid simulation by Hu and Denton [2009] and Hu et al. [2010] further showed that the waves can be generated at the equator with strong left-hand polarization and the left-hand polarization can change to the linearly polarized waves as the wave normal angle increases during propagation. They also pointed out that the waves can be generated with large wave normal angle when the helium composition is small. In this paper, we study EMIC waves using the magnetic eld observations by THEMIS mission for four year operation period. Compared with the previous statistical studies based on either CRRES, AMPTE/CCE or GOES satellites, the THEMIS observation has a major advantage in that the wave distribution can be determined in a broader radial range. Using this dataset we are able to investigate the spatial distribution of EMIC wave occurrence, wave frequency, polarization and wave normal angle on both the equatorial and the meridional planes. This paper is organized as follows. We describe the instrumentation and analysis procedure in section 2 and the results in section 3. Section 4 is devoted to the discussion and section 5 concludes this study.

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2. Data Set and Analysis Procedure 2.1. Instruments

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The THEMIS spacecraft, comprising ve identical probes in near-equatorial orbits with apogees above 10 RE and perigees below 2 RE [Angelopoulos , 2008], are ideal for detecting EMIC waves in a wide range of L and MLT in the Earths magnetosphere. The

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THEMIS Fluxgate Magnetometer (FGM) measures the background magnetic eld and its low frequency uctuations (up to 64 Hz) in the near-Earth space [Auster et al., 2008]. In this study low-resolution (sampling rate 4 Hz) FGM data are utilized to construct the dynamic spectra of the EMIC waves. Electro-Static Analyzer (ESA) measures the ion and electron distribution functions over the energy range from a few eV up to 30 keV for electrons and up to 25 keV for ions [McFadden et al., 2008]. The total electron density is inferred from the spacecraft potential and the electron thermal speed measured by the Electric Field Instrument (EFI, which measures three components of the ambient vector electric eld [Bonnell et al., 2008]) and ESA respectively, including the cold plasma population in addition to the hot plasma component. The uncertainty for the electron density determination is usually less than a factor of two (see, for details, Li et al. [2010] and references therein). 2.2. Data Set and Event Identication

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We use the magnetic eld data obtained with the FGM instrument from April 1, 2007 to December 31, 2010. Since our goal is to determine the global distribution of EMIC waves, we process the data obtained in the radial distance range as wide as possible. The inner boundary was set to 4 RE below which local hydrogen and helium gyrofrequencies increase too high to determine the wave properties with the sampling rate. The outer boundary was set to 14 RE and data outside of the magnetosphere was excluded. The magnetopause was identied by visual inspection of the magnetic eld and dynamic spectra: upon crossing, the magnetic eld suddenly changed and broadband noises were seen in power spectra. The FGM observations from all ve spacecraft were used for the analysis. The number of hours, when the FGM observations are available within the magnetopause, is shown

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in Figure 1. O-equatorial observations were projected along the eld line using the dipole magnetic eld. Most of the observations were made within 12 RE around which the apogees of inner probes (THEMIS-A, D and E) are located. There were relatively few observations (< 0.1 hours) at 1800 < MLT < 0700 beyond 12 RE . The magnetic eld data sometimes includes unrealistic dropouts and spikes usually in order of seconds, which can occur when the sun pulse is unavailable for short periods (K. H. Glassmeier, private communication, 2011). We rst remove those using the phase-space method [Goring and Nikora , 2002]. We then determine the background magnetic eld by taking 1000-point (250 s) sliding average on the magnetic eld measured in the GSM coordinates. Using the background magnetic eld, we dene the eld aligned coordinates (FAC) and transform the original magnetic elds measured in the GSM coordinates into this FAC. Waveforms are obtained by subtracting the background magnetic eld from the total magnetic eld in the FAC. The waveforms in the time domain were Fourier-transformed to the frequency domain where we identify the EMIC waves. Since our investigation covers a broad range of L shells, EMIC waves should also be distributed in a correspondingly wide frequency range. We apply the Morlet wavelet transform [Grossmann and Morlet , 1984] to the daily dataset which returns spectrum in the logarithmic frequency scale and thus eases analysis of a spectrum in a wide frequency range. In this dynamic spectrum, we mark and record the EMIC wave period. The identication of EMIC waves is made via visual inspection of the dynamic spectrum in which signals with total power exceeding 102 nT2 /Hz (background noise level) within hydrogen and/or helium bands are identied with EMIC waves. Due to the sampling rate of the magnetic eld, EMIC waves in hydrogen band (fHe < f < fH )

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cannot be detected. When a dipole magnetic eld is assumed, hydrogen gyrofrequency reaches Nyquest frequency (2 Hz) for R 6.2 RE while helium gyrofrequency reaches 2 Hz for R 3.9 RE . Therefore the coverage of the hydrogen band waves in this study is limited within the geosynchronous orbit and hence little conclusion in that region can be drawn. It is, however, still possible to study helium band EMIC waves down to the inner boundary (4 RE ). 2.3. Data Reduction in the Frequency Domain

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In the above procedure, the three axis magnetic eld data in the time domain were Fourier transformed in the frequency domain to three components of complex magnetic elds which are then casted to the covariance matrix [Means , 1972]. Ellipticity, , is determined from the complex representation of the waveform [Kodera et al., 1977]. To determine the wave normal angle, k , we used the covariance matrix [Means , 1972]. The covariance matrix element is a function of frequency and we take the wave power weighted average of the covariance matrix (cf. Bortnik et al. [2007]). In addition, we determine the wave power spectral density (PSD) and the normalized frequency, X f /fH+ where f is the wave frequency and fH+ is the local proton gyrofrequency. Finally we average these quantities over the frequency as done by Anderson et al. [1996]. At every time segment, the average quantity is calculated as the power weighted mean over the frequency:
fmax fmin

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A(f )P (f )df (1) P (f )df

Aavg =

fmax fmin

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where P is the wave power and A is either X , , k or P . fmin and fmax are the minimum and maximum wave frequencies, respectively, beyond which the wave power is below the threshold as read from the power spectrum at each time segment. The analysis of EMIC waves detected on August 31, 2007 by THEMIS-A (P5) is shown in Figure 2 as an example. THEMIS-A was located at pre-noon southern hemisphere in GSM coordinates at 0050 UT. The duration of the EMIC wave activity was four hours. The rst two panels indicate that the transverse wave power was dominant. They also show that wave frequency changed from hydrogen band to helium band waves as THEMISA passed about 7.4 RE , which is also found in the fourth panel which shows average normalized wave frequency. Figure 2c and e indicate that the waves were mostly lefthand polarized and Figure 2f shows that the waves propagated almost parallel to the magnetic eld. 2.4. Determination of the Spatial Distribution

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Figure 3 is a scatter plot of spacecraft locations in x-y and x-z planes marked only during the time period of the event observed by the probes. As shown in Figure 3a, most of the events were detected when the probes were in the noon-dusk sector (1200 MLT 1800) and the dawn sector (0400 MLT 0900) while relatively fewer events were found at midnight. There is also a narrow region around 1000 MLT where fewer events were detected. This distribution is very similar to the distribution shown in Figure 8 of Anderson et al. [1992a] although the AMPTE spacecraft orbit was limited to within 9.25 RE . Figure 3b also indicates that the EMIC waves were concentrated in dayside and distributed in a wide range of latitude.

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In order to obtain the equatorial distribution, the quantities are projected to the magnetic equator along the magnetic eldline, which we assume, for simplicity, to be the dipole eld. Although the magnetic eld in the outer magnetosphere may deviate from a dipole, this approximation should not signicantly aect understanding of the essential physics. The equatorial plane is then partitioned into bins with x = 0.5 RE by y = 0.5 RE each covering all MLT and 4 RE < R < 14 RE . The quantities under study are averaged within each bin. For the meridional distribution, we divide the local time into four sectors: dawn ranging from 0300 to 0900 MLT, noon from 0900 to 1500 MLT, dusk from 1500 to 2100 MLT and night from 2100 to 0300 MLT. Each sector is partitioned into bins, each of which has size of x = 0.5 RE by z = 0.5 RE .

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3. Results 3.1. Occurrence Probability

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We dene the occurrence probability at each bin on the equatorial plane as the ratio of the time portion of detecting EMIC waves to the total observing time within the bin. We believe that this denition is the same as that of Anderson et al. [1992a]. Figure 4 shows the resulting equatorial distribution of the EMIC wave occurrence probability. The EMIC waves mostly occur at dusk (1300 < MLT < 1800) in a wide radial distance (8 RE < R < 12 RE ) and at dawn (0500 < MLT < 0800) in relatively outer magnetosphere (10 RE < R < 12 RE ), while they rarely occur at around midnight (2100 < MLT < 0300). As a result there are two peaks in the occurrence probability distribution; one is at dawn located around 10 RE reaching 11 % probability and the other is at dusk around 8

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to 12 RE reaching the equally high probability. The probability decreases in the region further away from these peaks. Up to some radial distance, the occurrence probability increases as radial distance increases, and drops after 13 RE . The gure shows that the occurrence probability decreases signicantly for R < 8 RE . Note that the result for the inner magnetosphere (within the geosynchronous orbit) is underestimated due to the low sampling rate of the magnetic eld data as mentioned earlier. As a comparison Anderson et al. [1992a] derived the distribution of EMIC waves between 3.5 RE and 9 RE by counting signals with peak amplitudes greater than 0.8 nT. The magnetic eld was sampled at every 0.124 s. They found that for L > 7, waves occur with 1020 % probability at post-noon (1200 1500 MLT) and 3% probability at dawn (0300 0900 MLT); for L < 5 events occur with a probability of 1 % and a relatively uniform local time distribution. Our result is similar to that of Anderson et al. [1992a] for L > 8, but has several subtle dierences: rst, the peak occurrence probability at dawn is located beyond 10 RE , reaching > 10%, which is as high as the peak probability in the dusk. This property was not found by Anderson et al. [1992a] because their investigation was limited to within 9 RE . Their result, however, showed that the occurrence probability tended to increase with L at all MLT ranges, consistent with our result. It could thus be due to the radial range limit at 9.25 RE that the high occurrence at dawn was not found in their study. Second, Anderson et al. [1992a] reported a radial gap of the occurrence probability at dawn around L = 6. No feature of such a radial gap is found in our result. We have very few events around the inner boundary most possibly due to the low sampling rate magnetic eld data (high frequency waves are not seen in the dynamic spectra). Third, a local time gap (relatively rare occurrence) at 0930 MLT in the occurrence probability

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is clearly seen and this gap is most prominent for R > 9 RE . This gap, however, was not shown in Anderson et al. [1992a]. 3.2. Wave Frequency and Wave Power

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Equatorial distribution of the normalized frequency is shown in Figure 5. In the color table adopted in this gure the blue (red) color represents a low (high) frequency and white color represents X = 0.25, i.e., helium gyrofrequency. At dusk, the frequencies are lower than helium gyrofrequency (XHe+ ) and at dawn the frequencies are much higher than helium gyrofrequency (X 0.4). Therefore emissions at these two regions are considered to be in the helium and hydrogen bands, respectively. This result agrees to the result of Anderson et al. [1992b] in which the normalized frequency decreases from 0.5 at 1000 MLT to 0.3 at 1800 MLT and increase from 0.28 at L = 3 5 to 0.39 at L = 8 9 (for 12001500 MLT). The meridional distributions of the normalized frequency are shown in Figure 6. At dawn, the normalized frequency tends to decrease at high latitude while it is almost constant with latitude at dusk, which also agrees to Anderson et al. [1992b]. In addition we note that at noon the normalized frequency changes from low (X < 0.25) to high (X 0.4) values as the radial distance increases. Wave power distribution is shown in Figure 7 together with the thermal density, perpendicular ion temperature, and ion temperature anisotropy, as they are important factors in EMIC wave generation [Gary and Lee , 1994]. Note that there is a great similarity between the wave power distribution and the occurrence probability distribution (Figure 4) so that strong events can be found in the regions of high occurrence probability, i.e., the dusk and dawn sector. Likewise the midnight and the 1000 MLT sector have weaker

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wave power. The dusk events have relatively high amplitudes often exceeding 10 nT2 /Hz, which is higher than those of the dawn events (3 nT2 /Hz). In comparison with Figure 5, the high amplitude is related to helium band EMIC waves at dusk and inner part of noon while relatively low amplitude is related to hydrogen band waves at dawn and outer part of noon. The instability condition for EMIC waves [Gary and Lee , 1994] is more likely to be met in the region of higher thermal density, higher ion temperature anisotropy and weaker eld strength. Figure 7b-d shows that the dusk region of strong wave power has the high density and high ion perpendicular temperature ideal for the growth of EMIC instability. On the other hand the dawn region has low density ( 1 cm3 ), but has higher ion temperature anisotropy (> 1), and low magnetic eld strength, which are arguably important factors for EMIC wave instability. 3.3. Polarization and Normal Angle

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The ellipticity distribution is shown in Figure 8. One general trend is that the noon-dusk waves are predominantly left hand polarized ( < 0.3) while dawn waves are mostly linearly polarized ( 0). Note that this pattern in polarization distribution resembles that of the normalized frequency distribution. However, there are a few discrepancies. First, the noon-dusk events are left-hand polarized at < 10 RE and linearly polarized beyond 10 RE with little dependence on local time. However, the normalized frequency (Figure 5) gradually increases with local time. In the noon sector, hydrogen band EMIC waves (the red colored region in Figure 5) become dominant as the radial distance increases, whereas the waves remain left-hand polarized.

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Meridional distributions of polarization are shown in Figure 9. The distribution at dawn is obtained by averaging polarizations at each latitude in the range of 0300 < MLT < 0900. Likewise noon, dusk, and midnight distributions are results of averaging over 0900 < MLT < 1500, 1500 < MLT < 2100 and 2100 < MLT < 0300, respectively. At dawn (Figure 9a) the waves are weakly left-hand polarized at the equator and the polarization changes to weakly right-hand sense at the high magnetic latitude (> 15 ). At R > 12 RE , the polarization, however, remains almost linear at all magnetic latitudes. At noon (Figure 9b) and dusk (Figure 9c), the waves are left-hand polarized at all magnetic latitudes except at the region of high latitude and large radial distance, where the polarization changes to the right-hand sense. Anderson et al. [1992b] also reported the dominance of the linear polarization at dawn and left-hand polarization at dusk. In our result, the helium (hydrogen) band waves appear to be related to the left-hand (linear) polarized waves except for the waves at noon where left-hand polarization is dominant regardless of the wave frequency. Another new result in this study is that our meridional distribution at dawn shows change of polarization with latitude whereas Anderson et al. [1992b] found the linear polarization dominates at all magnetic latitudes. Wave normal angles are shown in Figure 10 with the same color table in which blue to red colors correspond to the angle varying from 10 to 80 and is centered at white color corresponding to 45 . At dawn, oblique propagating waves (k > 45 ) are dominant and at noon and dusk quasi-parallel propagating waves (k 30 ) are dominant. When compared to the ellipticity distribution, it is obvious that the wave normal angle distribution is very similar to the polarization distribution.

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The meridional distribution of wave normal angle is shown in Figure 11 in the same format as Figure 6. At dawn, the wave normal angle is generally greater than 45 and becomes more oblique at larger radial distance. The wave normal angle does not vary with latitude along a given eldline. At noon and dusk, the wave normal angle is generally less than 30 at all latitudes. There is a weak trend that waves become more oblique in the outer magnetosphere.

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4. Discussion
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We discuss our results of EMIC wave properties mainly based on the theoretical model of Horne and Thorne [1994]. The model provides a linear convective instability analysis of EMIC waves designed for a comprehensive understanding of the result of Anderson et al. [1992a, b] and is considered appropriate for the present result as well. In the model, all the wave properties are physically interrelated to each other, and can, on the rst hand, be organized in terms of the wave frequency, because wave properties are determined by the dispersion relation as a function of frequency. Horne and Thorne [1994] discussed wave properties in three frequency regimes: guided mode below helium gyrofrequency X < 0.25, and unguided mode between the helium gyrofrequency and the crossover frequency, Xcr , and a guided mode above Xcr . At X = Xcr the dispersion curves for the L and R modes are coupled each other and therefore a mode may change to the other depending on inhomogeneity. For a cold H+ He+ plasma, the expression for the cross frequency is given by Smith and Brice [1964]. In our notation, Xcr = 0.25(1 + 15 )1/2 where = NHe+ /Ne is the helium abundance.

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4.1. Dusk Waves

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The dusk wave occurrence probability found in this study mostly agrees to the previous results [Anderson et al., 1992a, b; Fraser and Nguyen , 2001] in that they have low frequency X < 0.25 corresponding to helium band, and are strongly left-hand polarized with low wave normal angles (< 30 ). Horne and Thorne [1994] modeled the noon-dusk waves with a high density (ne 10 cm3 ) without distinction of the noon sector from the dusk sector. Through the path-integrated wave gain calculation they showed that the intense convective growth amplication occurs at frequencies in the helium band (X 0.25) and an unguided mode waves (0.25 X Xcr ) have strong growth rate. This model well reproduces our result that the dusk waves have mostly X 0.25 (Figure 5) in which case the high wave power at dusk (Figure 7) can thus be understood as due to strong growth of the guided mode in the helium band. The strong growth rate of the guided waves also comes with strong left-hand polarization, consistent with the observation of elipticity < 0.2 (Figure 8). The small wave normal angles (< 30 ) in

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Figure 10 also support the hypothesis that they are guided waves. It is thus the high thermal density that mostly characterizes the properties of the EMIC waves observed in the dusk sector. 4.2. Noon Waves

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In the noon sector we can see both a high density region at 6 9 RE extending from the dusk sector and a low density region at 9 12 RE extending from the dawn sector. This density prole is reected in the normalized frequency distribution in Figure 5. As the wave frequency increases with radial distance, the wave power decreases.

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We compare the observed interrelation among density, frequency, and wave power with the model prediction of the waves generated above XHe+ and below Xcr , because the frequency of waves in the outer region of the noon sector is higher (X > 0.25) compared with the dusk waves but lower than that of dawn waves (X 0.4). Since the noon wave frequency lies between 0.25 < X < 0.4, the noon waves are likely to be the unguided waves as discussed in Horne and Thorne [1994]. If we tentatively take the observed upper bound frequency (X 0.4) in the noon as the crossover frequency, then the helium abundance, NHe+ /Ne at noon should be as high as 10 %, consistent with previous observations Anderson et al. [1996]. In this interpretation, the relatively weaker wave power in the noon sector than the dusk sector may be attributed to nature of the unguided mode in the noon sector. The increasing wave frequency and decreasing wave power with radial distance at noon should then indicate the dominance of the unguided mode with radial distance. 4.3. Dawn Waves

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The high occurrence probability and strong wave power of EMIC wave in the dawn sector is one of the new ndings of this study with the inclusion of the outer magnetosphere beyond 9 RE enabled by the THEMIS spacecraft. According to Horne and Thorne [1994]s model, in the presence of a low density (Ne 2 cm3 ), the instability below the helium gyrofrequency (X < 0.25) is suppressed, and instead signicant instabilities at high frequencies X 0.25 are possible if the energetic ions have sucient anisotropy. Figure 7b and d shows that the dawn sector indeed has such a condition of low density and high anisotropy as required to generate high frequency (X = 0.4 0.5) and high wave power ( 1 nT2 /Hz) EMIC waves observed in the dawn (Figure 5 and 7).

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The linear polarization of EMIC waves observed in the dawn has been of great interest for theoretical studies. Either the waves are generated with oblique propagation angles and nearly linear polarization [Denton et al., 1992; Hu and Denton , 2009; Hu et al., 2010] or produced as merely a propagation eect when waves are reected in the magnetosphere [Horne and Thorne , 1994]. Mode conversion from L- to R-mode could be one simple explanation of the linear polarization, which was, however, not favored for a couple of reasons. One argument against it was that the frequency of dawn waves is too high compared with the presumable crossover frequency in the region for the mode coupling process to take place [Anderson et al., 1992b]. Another reason could be that Anderson et al.s results showed only the linear polarization at all latitudes and there was no need to further consider the mode conversion theory. In the present result, however, the mode conversion scenario is an attractive one because the left hand polarization is seen near the equator and then it rather changes to righthand polarization at high magnetic latitudes. Both left- and right-hand polarizations are observed to be very weak ( 0) and wave normal angles are large in the dawn sector. Hu et al. [2010] showed that the waves can be generated with large wave normal angle when the helium composition is small. Since helium abundance is expected to be low at dawn our observations are not contradictory to the theoretical modeling of EMIC wave generation. Rather Hu et al. [2010]s result that waves can be generated with oblique wave normal angle in the small helium composition is consistent with our observation. On the other hand, the large wave normal angles at all magnetic latitude is also a factor favorable for the mode conversion [Young et al., 1981]. The propagation eect proposed by Horne and Thorne [1994] would also not preclude the detectability of the weak left-hand

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polarization near the equator. Depending on how much waves are damped per transit the weak L mode signature may remain. In any case these arguments were made in response to the AMPTE/CCE observations by Anderson et al. [1992b] that the linear polarization is seen at all latitudes. The models themselves predict the properties found in this study as well. The issue that dawn waves have frequencies much higher than the presumable crossover frequency [Young et al., 1981] still deserves attention. We have not determined helium abundance at dawn, but if we use a typical value 1 % [Anderson et al., 1996], the crossover frequency is only Xcr 0.27. In contrast, our observation, the wave frequency at the equator is Xeq = 0.45 and even though it travels to 15 north or south under the dipole magnetic eld, X changes only to 0.33 (see Figure 5). Conversely if we require Xcr = 0.33 o the equator, at least 5 % of helium content is needed. It is thus not so obvious how to argue for the mode conversion at these frequencies with the dispersion relation expected for the cold H+ He+ plasma. A more detailed calculation of the dispersion relation may be needed in order to interpret the polarization of EMIC waves observed in the dawn side (cf. Johnson and Cheng [1999] and Lee et al. [2008]).

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5. Summary
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We have investigated the global distribution of EMIC waves using four years of THEMIS observations and interpreted our new results mainly based on the linear stability study presented by Horne and Thorne [1994]. The results of wave occurrence rate, polarization and wave power are mostly similar to the earlier results by Anderson et al. [1992a, b] except a few signicant dierences. 1. The occurrence rate at dawn peaks above R > 9 RE , and is as high as that of the

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peak occurrence rate at dusk (11 %). The high occurrence probability in the outer dawn region is considered to be due to the low group velocity of high frequency hydrogen band EMIC waves with radial distance. 2. The polarization at dawn is mostly linear as known earlier. However, it changes with latitude in such a way that it is weakly left hand polarized near the equator, and becomes linearly polarized at other latitudes, and even changes to right hand polarization at high latitudes. This observation suggests that the mode conversion occurs at dawn. 3. The wave normal angles are large at dawn (> 45 ) and thus the EMIC waves at dawn are obliquely propagating whereas the waves at dusk are quasi-parallel to the eld lines (< 30 ). This is consistent with existing theoretical models for EMIC wave generation [Hu et al., 2010]. Acknowledgments. We acknowledge NASA contract NAS5-02099 and V. Angelopoulos for use of data from the THEMIS Mission. Specically, we thank J. W. Bonnell and F. S. Mozer for use of EFI data, C. W. Carlson and J. P. McFadden for use of ESA data. We also acknowledge K. H. Glassmeier, U. Auster and W. Baumjohann for the use of FGM data provided under the lead of the Technical University of Braunschweig and with nancial support through the German Ministry for Economy and Technology and the German Center for Aviation and Space (DLR) under contract 50 OC 0302. We thank Andrei J. Runov, J. P. McCollough, Richard E. Denton and Yoshi Miyoshi for discussion. This work is partly carried out by the joint research program of the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Japan. Space physics research in NJIT has been funded by NASA grant NAS5-01072. JL was also supported by NSF grant NSF-ANT-083995.

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Means, J., Use of the threedimensional covariance matrix in analyzing the polarization properties of plane waves, J. Geophys. Res., 77 (28), 55515559, doi: 10.1029/JA077i028p05551, 1972. Rauch, J. L., and A. Roux, Ray tracing of ULF waves in a multi-component magnetospheric plasma: Consequences for the generation mechanism of ion cyclotron waves, J. Geophys. Res., 87 (A10), 81918198, doi:10.1029/JA087iA10p08191, 1982. Roux, A., S. Perraut, J. Rauch, C. de Villedary, G. Kremser, A. Korth, and D. Young, Wave-particle interactions near He+ observed on board GEOS 1 and 2, 2. Generation of ion cyclotron waves and heating of He+ ions, J. Geophys. Res., 87 (A10), 81748190, doi:10.1029/JA087iA10p08174, 1982. Smith, R., and N. Brice, Propagation in multicomponent plasmas, J. Geophys. Res., 69 (23), 50295040, doi:10.1029/JZ069i023p05029, 1964. Thorne, R. M., and R. Horne, The contribution of ion-cyclotron waves to electron heating and SAR-arc excitation near the storm-time plasmapause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 417 420, doi:10.1029/92GL00089, 1992. Thorne, R. M., and R. Horne, Modulation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron instability due to interaction with ring current O+ during magnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 102 (A7), 14,15514,163, doi:10.1029/96JA04019, 1997. Thorne, R. M., and C. F. Kennel, Relativistic electron precipitation during magnetic storm main phase, J. Geophys. Res., 76 (19), 44464453, doi:10.1029/JA076i019p04446, 1971. Young, D. T., S. Perraut, A. Roux, C. de Villedary, R. Gendrin, A. Korth, G. Kremser, and D. Jones, Wave-particle interactions near He+ observed on GEOS 1 and 2, 1.

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Propagation of ion cyclotron waves in He+ -rich plasma, J. Geophys. Res., 86 (A8), 67556772, doi:10.1029/JA086iA08p06755, 1981.

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Number of Hours of FGM Observation From All Probes 10h 10

0 14 12 10 8

4 0.1h

10 0.01h

10

0 x [R ]
E

10

Figure 1.

Total hours of the magnetic eld observations from all spacecraft on the

magnetic equator. The hours are shown in logarithmic scale. The spacecraft positions were projected along the dipole magnetic eldline to the magnetic equator. The sun is on the right and the concentric dashed circles represent the radial distances as labeled. The bin size is 0.5 by 0.5 RE .

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Number of Hours

5 y [R ]
E

1h

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log10(PSD [nT2/Hz]) EMIC Waves on 2007/08/31 Observed by THA

(a) Pz freq [Hz]

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.5

(c) Ellipticity (b) Pt freq [Hz] freq [Hz]

1 0 1 2 13 0 1 2 13 0 1

(d) X (g) Pavg

avg

0.25 0 1

(e) avg (f) avg [Deg] [nT2/Hz]

0 1 90 45 0 30 20 10 9.82 9.60 1.51 1.33 2.26 2.21 01:00 01:15 9.36 1.15 2.16 01:30 9.11 0.97 2.11 01:45 8.85 0.79 2.05 02:00 8.57 0.60 2.00 02:15 8.28 0.42 1.94 02:30 7.97 0.23 1.89 02:45 7.65 0.04 1.83 03:00 7.30 0.14 1.78 03:15 6.93 0.33 1.72 03:30 6.54 0.52 1.66 03:45 6.12 0.71 1.60 04:00

0 x [GSM]: y [GSM]: z [GSM]: 20070831:

Figure 2.

An example of identied EMIC waves showing spectral wave power (a)

parallel and (b) perpendicular to the background magnetic eld, (c) ellipticity, average (d) normalized wave frequency, (e) ellipticity and (f) wave normal angle, and (g) average wave power. The EMIC waves were detected by THEMIS-A (P5) between 0050 and 0350 UT on August 31, 2007. THEMIS-A, inbound from the southern hemisphere in GSM coordinates, was passing noon meridian at 0305 UT. The thick solid lines in the rst three panels (a, b and c) indicate local helium and oxygen gyrofrequencies, respectively. Color bars in the rst two panels (a and b) are logarithmically scaled. Polarization sense in ellipticity (c) is indicated by the sign of the color bar (positive being right-hand polarized). Dashed line at fourth panel (d) indicates helium gyrofrequency.

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(a)

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(b)

Figure 3. Positions of spacecraft during the EMIC wave observations. The inner circle is at 4 RE . They are shown in (a) x-y and (b) x-z planes. The sun is on the right.

Occurrence Rate 100% 10

5 y [RE]

10%

14

12

10

1%

10 0.1% 10 5 0 x [RE] 5 10

Figure 4.

EMIC occurrence probability projected on the magnetic equatorial plane

along the dipole magnetic eld. The probability is shown in logarithmic scale. The gure format is the same as Figure 1.

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Occurrence Probability

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MIN ET AL.: GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMIC WAVES

Averaged Normalized Frequency 0.5 0.45

10 0.4 5 y [RE] 0.35 0.3 0 X

14 12 10 8 6 4

0.25 0.2

0.15 0.1

10 0.05 10 5 0 x [RE] 5 10 0

Figure 5.

Average normalized wave frequency (X = f /fH+ ). Red-blue color table is

chosen in which the white corresponds to fHe+ . The gure format is the same as Figure 1.

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Normalized Frequency, X z [R ]

0.4 0
15 0 15

0.4 0
15 0 15

0.3 0.2 0.1 0

0.3 0.2 0.1 0

5 4 6 8 10 12 14 R [R ]
E

5 4 6 8 10 12 14 R [R ]
E

Normalized Frequency, X z [R ]

0.4 0
15 0 15

0.4 0
15 0 15

0.3 0.2 0.1 0

0.3 0.2 0.1 0

5 4 6 8 10 12 14 R [R ]
E

5 4 6 8 10 12 14 R [R ]
E

Figure 6.

Average normalized frequency distribution in the meridional plane for

(a) dawn (0300<MLT<1000), (b) noon (1000<MLT<1500), (c) dusk (1500<MLT<2100) and (d) night (2100<MLT<0300) quadrants. The same color scale as Figure 5 is adopted. Dashed curves indicate dipole eldlines and dashed straight lines from the bottom indicate 15 , 0 and 15 latitudes, respectively. The bin size is x = 0.5 RE and y = 0.5 RE .

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Normalized Frequency, X

Averaged Normalized Frequency (c) Dusk 1500 < MLT < 2100 5 0.5 z [R ]

Averaged Normalized Frequency (d) Night 2100 < MLT < 0300 5 0.5

Normalized Frequency, X

Averaged Normalized Frequency (a) Dawn 0300 < MLT < 1000 5 0.5 z [R ]

Averaged Normalized Frequency (b) Noon 1000 < MLT < 1500 5 0.5

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MIN ET AL.: GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMIC WAVES

Average Wave Power 10

(a)
10

(b)
10

Total Electron Density

100

5 y [R ]

Wave Power [nT2/Hz]

5 y [RE] 10 0
14 12 10 8 6 4

14

12

10

10 0.1

10 0.1

10

0 x [R ]
E

10

10

0 x [R ]
E

10

(c)
10

Mean Temperature (perpendicular) 5000 4500 4000

(d)
10

Mean Temperature Anisotropy 1.5

1 5 0.5
[eV]

3500 3000

0 14 12 10 8

2500 2000

14 12 10 8

0 5

1500 1000

0.5 10 1

10 500 10 5 0 x 5 10 0

10

0 x

10

Figure 7.

The equatorial distribution of (a) average peak wave power, (b) electron

density, (c) perpendicular temperature (Ti, ) and (d) temperature anisotropy (Ti /Ti 1). The gure formats are same as Figure 1. The electron density was derived from the spacecraft potential and the data was only available after June 2008. The temperature and thus anisotropy was derived from ESA data. The electron density and temperature are collected during each event. Despite presence of EMIC waves, some parts in b, c and d are missing due to absence of data. In panel c, the maximum temperature in the color scale is set to 5 keV for better visibility in dayside. The temperature is saturated in most parts of the color D R Aafter F T 2100 MLT due to limit October 14, scale. 2011, 4:56pm D R A F T

eDensity [/cm3]

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Averaged Ellipticity 0.4 10 0.3 0.2 5 Ellipticity, 0.1 y [RE] 0 14 12 10 8
6 4

X - 33

0 0.1

5 0.2 10 0.3 0.4

10

0 x [RE]

10

Figure 8. values of

Equatorial distribution of average wave ellipticity, . Negative (positive) indicate left (right) hand polarization sense. = 0 corresponds to linear

polarization and colored white. The gure format is the same as Figure 1.

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MIN ET AL.: GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMIC WAVES

(a)

Averaged Ellipticity Dawn 0300 < MLT < 1000 5 0.4

15 0 15

(b)

Averaged Ellipticity Noon 1000 < MLT < 1500 5

15 0 15

0.4 0.2 0 0.2 Ellipticity, Ellipticity,

0.2 0 0.2

Ellipticity, z [R ]

z [R ]

8 10 12 14 R [RE]

0.4

8 10 12 14 R [RE]

0.4

Averaged Ellipticity (c) Dusk 1500 < MLT < 2100 5

15 0 15

0.4 0.2 0 0.2

Averaged Ellipticity (d) Night 2100 < MLT < 0300 5 Ellipticity, z [R ]
15 0 15

0.4 0.2 0 0.2

z [R ]

8 10 12 14 R [R ]
E

0.4

8 10 12 14 R [R ]
E

0.4

Figure 9.

Meridional distribution of ellipticity. The same color scale as Figure 8 is

adopted. The gure format is the same as Figure 6.

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Averaged Wave Normal Angle 90 10 Wave Normal Angle, []

X - 35

5 y [R ]

60

14

12

10

30

10 0 10 5 0 x [R ]
E

10

Figure 10.

Equatorial distribution of average wave normal angle, k , measured from

the local magnetic eld direction. The wave vector direction is not shown. 45 is colored white. The gure format is the same as Figure 1.

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MIN ET AL.: GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMIC WAVES

Wave Normal Angle, []

15 0 15

45

15 0 15

45

8 10 12 14 R [R ]
E

10

8 10 12 14 R [R ]
E

10

Wave Normal Angle, []

15 0 15

45

15 0 15

45

8 10 12 14 R [R ]
E

10

8 10 12 14 R [R ]
E

10

Figure 11.

Meridional distribution of wave normal angle. The same color scale as

Figure 10 is adopted. The gure format is the same as Figure 6.

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Wave Normal Angle, []

Averaged Wave Normal Angle (c) Dusk 1500 < MLT < 2100 5 80 z [R ]

Averaged Wave Normal Angle (d) Night 2100 < MLT < 0300 5 80 z [R ]

Wave Normal Angle, []

Averaged Wave Normal Angle (a) Dawn 0300 < MLT < 1000 5 80 z [R ]

Averaged Wave Normal Angle (b) Noon 1000 < MLT < 1500 5 80 z [R ]