STOICHIOMETRY Chapter 15, Unit 2REVIEW AVOGADROS CONSTANT The specific number of particles is known as AVOGADROS CONSTANT (NA)

) where, N = number of particles n = number of moles of substance (mol) NA = Avogadros number NA = 6.022 x 1023 N = n x NAHOW MANY MOLES IS 6.54 X 1025 PARTICLES OF NEON? HOW MANY PARTICLES IN 3.2 MOLES OF CARBON DIOXIDE?REVIEW MOLAR MASS The mass of 1 mole of substance is the Molar Mass (M). It has the units of g / mol. Molar mass is found by adding up the atomic masses of each individual atom found in the formula. For example, sulfuric acid is...

M(H2SO4) = 2 x 1 + 1 x 32 + 4 x 16 = 98 g / mol So, the mass of 1 mole of sulfuric acid would weigh 98 g. What would 5 moles weigh? o m(H2SO4) = 5 x 98 o = 490 g

WHAT IS THE MOLAR MASS OFPHOSPHORIC ACID (H3PO4)? CALCULATE THE MOLAR MASS OF HYDRATED COPPER SULPHATE (CUSO4 .5H2O). REVIEW THE MOLE It is possible to calculate the amount (in mol) of a substance if its mass is known where, n = amount of substance (mol) m = mass of substance (g) M = molar mass of substance (g / mol) n = m/M

CALCULATE THE MASS OF 0.25 MOLES OF WATER.CALCULATE THE MOLES IN 124.5 G OF OXYGEN.CALCULATE THE MOLECULAR MASS OF 1.75 MOLES OF SUBSTANCE WITH A MASS OF 29.792G . DETERMINE THE MASS OF 7.89 X 1024 PARTICLES OF AMMONIA? REVIEW CONCENTRATION The amount of substance present in a solution can be determined using:where, n = number of moles of substance (mol) c = molar concentration (mol/L or M) V = volume of solution (L)

c = n/V
VCALCULATE THE CONCENTRATION (MOLARITY) OF A SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION CONTAINING 0.125 MOLES OF SODIUM CHLORIDE IN 0.5 LITRES OF WATER. CALCULATE THE AMOUNT (IN G) OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE IN 250ML OF 0.2M NAOH SOLUTION.STOICHIOMETRY DEFINITION Stoichiometry is the study of ratios of substances based on Lavoisiers Law of Conservation of Mass that matter can be neither created nor destroyed; only change during a chemical reaction. TO PUT IT SIMPLY... Stoichiometry is simply the math behind chemistry. Given enough information, we can use stoichiometry to calculate masses, moles, and percents within a chemical equation. So, basically if we have a balanced chemical equation and the amount (either in grams or moles) of one substance, we can work out the amount of all substances reacting and how much of each substance is being produced! We need to understand mole ratios in order to do this. SOLVING PROBLEMS If we know the amount of a reactant consumed or a product formed we can calculate the amounts of other reactants and products formed. The steps to follow are:

1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction. 2. Calculate the amount (in mole) of the substance given. 3. Use the mole ratios to determine the amount (in mole) of the required substance.

4. Convert the amount (in mole) into the required units asked. BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS Lets recap! Balance the following chemical equations. __HCl + __NaOH __NaCl + __H2O __H2SO4 + __NaOH __Na2SO4 + __H2O __HCl + __Na2CO3 __NaCl + __CO2 + __H2O __H2SO4 + __Na2CO3 __Na2SO4 + __CO2 + __H2OMOLE RATIOS A mole ratio relates the number of moles of any two substances involved in a chemical reaction. Consider the following equation... 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) If we have 2 moles of oxygen reacting, how many moles of hydrogen reacts? o 4 moles How many moles of water is produced if we have 5 moles of hydrogen reacting? o 5 moles

GIVEN THE FOLLOWING EQUATION: 3FE(S) + 4H2O(G) FE3O4(S) + 4H2(G) HOW MANY MOLES OF H2 CAN BE PRODUCED WHEN6 MOLES OF FE REACT?MASSMASS STOICHIOMETRY What is the mass of iron produced by reacting 25.0 g of zinc with excess iron (III) oxide according to the equation:

Fe2O3(s) + 3Zn(s) 3ZnO(s) + 2Fe(s) Octane (C8H18) is a component of petrol. It burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Energy is released during this reaction. The equation for this reaction is: 2C8H18(g) + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(g) (a) Calculate the mass of oxygen required to react with 200 g of octane (b) Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced in part (a). HOMEWORK Questions 1 5, p263STOICHIOMETRY OF SOLUTIONS It is important when solving that you check the units as calculations need to be performed in moles and litres (L).

molarity always has the units of g/mol or M (molar).

1. Write the balanced chemical equation. 2. Calculate the mole of the substance given. 3. Use the mole ratios to determine the amount of the required substance. 4. Convert to the units asked.What volume of 0.250 M H2SO4 is needed to react completely with 13.5 g of NaOH? 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4

(aq) + 2H2O(l)HOMEWORK Questions 6 8, p263LIMITING REAGENTS not added in the correct proportions. Usually, one of the reactants is used up before the other.

limiting reagent as when it is all consumed it causes the reaction to stop. other reactants are said to be in excess or the excess reagents. A small amount of them remains when the reaction has finished.

of all reactants to determine which the limiting reagent is as their amount controls the amount of product being formed.30.0 g of Ca is added to 30.0 g of water and allowed to react according to the following equation:

(aq) + H2 (g) (a) Calculate the amount in mole of each reactant.(b) Which reactant is the limiting reagent?(c) What is the mass of the Ca(OH)2 formed?HOMEWORK Questions 9 11, p267VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

the concentrations of unknown solutions.

called a titration. A solution of unknown concentration is determined by titrating it against a solution of known concentration (standard solution).

the point at which reaction is complete (equivalence point). If undertaken accurately, the reactants should be in the precise ratio. That is, no excess.When undertaking volumetric analysis calculations, the following steps should be followed: 1. Write the balanced equation for the reaction. 2. Extract all relevant data from the question and ensure units are consistent. 3. Calculate the amount (in moles) for known reactant.

4. Find the mole ratio for known reactant : unknown reactant from the balanced equation. 5. Determine the amount (in moles) of the unknown reactant. 6. Calculate the concentration of the unknown reactant.10.0 mL of a solution of potassium hydroxide was titrated with a 0.10 M solution of hydrochloric acid. 12.5 mL of the acid was required for neutralisation. Calculate the concentration of potassium hydroxide.25 mL of 0.20 M of NaOH is needed to titrate 25 mL of a solution of sulfuric acid. Calculate the concentration of sulfuric acid.HOMEWORK Questions 12 & 13, p268EXTENSION 3.45g of an unknown acid (HX) is dissolved in 250cm3 of water in a standard flask. 25cm3 of this solution was pipetted into a conical flask. 24cm3 of 0.4M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was needed to titrate it. a) What is the amount of NaOH in 24cm3 of 0.4M solution? b) Taking into account the stoichiometry between HX and NaOH, what is the amount of HX in the 25cm3 aliquot? c) What is the total amount of HX in the original 250cm3 solution? d) Using your answer in part (c), and the mass given in the question, calculate M(HX). e) If X is a halogen, what is the most likely identity o