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4 Body Systems and Related Conditions: Homeostasis
4 Body Systems and Related Conditions: Homeostasis
Homeostasis
the condition in which all of the bodys systems are working their best.
Metabolism
physical and chemical processes by which substances are produced or broken down into energy or products for use by the body.
Dilate
to widen.
Constrict
to narrow.
Atrophy the wasting away, decreasing in size, and weakening of muscles from lack of use. Contractures the permanent and often painful stiffening of a joint and muscle.
Inflammation swelling. Autoimmune illness an illness in which the bodys immune system attacks normal tissue in the body. Osteoarthritis a type of arthritis that usually affects hips and knees and joints of the fingers, thumbs, and spine. Rheumatoid arthritis a type of arthritis in which joints become red, swollen, and very painful, and movement is restricted.
Osteoporosis
a condition in which the bones become brittle and weak; may be due to age, lack of hormones, not enough calcium in bones, alcohol, or lack of exercise.
Menopause
the stopping of menstrual periods. Remember these facts about osteoporosis: Causes bones to become brittle May be due to age, lack of hormones, lack of calcium, alcohol consumption, or lack of exercise Occurs more commonly in women after menopause
Partial weight bearing (PWB) able to support some weight on one or both legs. Non-weight bearing (NWB) unable to support any weight on one or both legs Full weight bearing (FWB) able to bear 100 percent of the body weight on one or both legs on a step. REMEMBER: Fall prevention is the key to avoiding fractures.
Transparency 4-4: Care Guidelines for Hip Replacement Keep often-used items within reach. Dress affected side first. Never rush the resident. Use praise and encouragement. Ask for pain medication if needed. Have the resident sit to do tasks. Follow the care plan. Do not perform ROM exercises on a leg on hip replacement side. Hip cannot be bent of flexed more than 90 degree angle. It cannot be turned inward or outward. Transfer resident carefully, with stron side leading in standing, pivoting and sitting. With chair or toilet transfers, operative leg/knee should be straightened. Strong leg should stand first.
Transparency 4-5: Care Guidelines for Knee Replacement Apply special stockings as ordered. Perform ankle pumps as ordered. Encourage fluids. Assist with deep breathing exercises. Ask for pain medication if needed. Report to nurse if you notice redness, swelling, heat or deep tenderness in one or both calves.
Hemiplegia paralysis on one side of the body. Hemiparesis weakness on one side of the body. Expressive aphasia inability to speak or speak clearly. Receptive aphasia inability to understand spoken or written words.
Emotional lability laughing or crying without any reason, or when it is inappropriate. Dysphagia difficulty swallowing.
Transparency 4-7: Care Guidelines for Stroke Assist with exercises as ordered, keeping safety in mind. Use terms weaker or involved, not bad. Assist with speech therapy as needed. Use verbal and nonverbal communication to express positive attitude. Residents may experience confusion, memory loss, and emotions. Be patient and understanding. Encourage independence and self-esteem. Always check on residents body alignment. Pay special attention to skin care. If residents have lost sense of touch or sensation, be aware of potentially harmful situations such as closeness to heat and sharp objects. Conduct procedures supporting affected side when caring for residents with one-sided paralysis or weakness.
Transparency 4-7: Care Guidelines for Stroke (contd.) For transfers: Always use gait belt. Stand on and support weaker side. Lead with stronger side. For assisting with dressing: Dress weaker side first. Undress stronger side first. Use assistive equipment to help resident dress himself.
Transparency 4-7: Care Guidelines for Stroke (contd.) For assisting with communication: Keep questions and directions simple. Phrase questions so they can be answered with a yes or no. Agree on signals, such as shaking or nodding the head or raising a hand or finger for yes or no. Give residents time to respond. Listen attentively. Use a pencil and paper if the resident can write. Use verbal and nonverbal communication to express your positive attitude. Use pictures, gestures, or pointing. Use communication boards or special cards to aid communication. Keep the call signal within reach of residents.
Transparency 4-8: Care Guidelines for Parkinsons Disease Protect residents from falls. Help with ADLs as needed. Assist with ROM exercises as ordered. Encourage self-care and be patient.
Transparency 4-9: Care Guidelines for Multiple Sclerosis Help with ADLs. Be patient with self-care and movement. Allow time for tasks. Offer rest periods. Give resident time to communicate. Prevent falls. Help avoid stressful situations. Listen to residents. Encourage proper diet. Give regular skin care. Assist with ROM exercises.
Paraplegia loss of function of lower body and legs. Quadriplegia loss of function of legs, trunk, and arms.
Transparency 4-10: Care Guidelines for Head and Spinal Cord Injuries Give emotional, as well as physical, support. Be patient. Prevent falls and burns. Be patient with self-care. Give good skin care. Assist with position changes at least every two hours. Perform passive range of motion exercises. Encourage fluids and proper diet to prevent constipation. Give extra catheter care as needed. Offer rest periods as needed. Use special stockings as ordered. Encourage deep breathing exercises as ordered. Provide for privacy if involuntary erections occur. Assist with bowel and bladder training.
Hypertension high blood pressure. (measurement of 140/90) Diuretics medications that reduce fluid volume in the body.
Transparency 4-14: Care Guidelines for High Blood Pressure Treatment to control it is vital. Encourage residents to follow their diet and exercise programs.
Angina pectoris the medical term for chest pain, pressure, or discomfort due to coronary artery disease.
Transparency 4-15: Care Guidelines for Angina Pectoris Encourage rest. Nitroglycerin should be close by. Tell the nurse if a nitroglycerin patch comes off. Residents may need to avoid heavy meals, overeating, intense exercise, and extreme weather exposures.
Transparency 4-16: Care Guidelines for Heart Attack Residents may be placed on exercise program. Residents may be on low-fat/low-sodium diet. Medications may be used to regulate heart rate and blood pressure. Quitting smoking is encouraged. Stress management program may be started. Residents may need to avoid cold temperatures.
Transparency 4-17: Care Guidelines for Congestive Heart Failure Medications can help control CHF. Medications mean more trips to bathroom. Answer call lights promptly. Low-sodium diet or fluid restriction may be prescribed. Limited activity or bedrest may be prescribed. I&O may need to be measured. Residents may need to be weighed daily. Elastic leg stockings help reduce swelling. ROM exercises improve muscle tone. Extra pillows may help breathing. Help with personal care and ADLs as needed. High-potassium foods can help with dizziness. Report symptoms to the nurse.