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Introduction to Fluid Power System

Session Speaker: Arup Bhattacharya

Session Objectives
At the end of this session the delegate would have understood The meaning of fluid power

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Classification of power systems

Drives, control and actuation in a power system Comparison of different power systems

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Session Topics
Fluid power Introduction

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Introduction to power systems: Mechanical, Electrical, Hydraulic, Pneumatic,

Hydrodynamic, Hydrostatic
Application of fluid power in industry application. Energy transmission Analogy between different power circuits

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Fluid Power
using pressurized fluids (either liquids or gases)

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Technology that deals with the generation, control and transmission of power

The force and motion may be in the form of pushing, pulling, rotating,
regulating or driving Fluid power is called hydraulics when the fluid is a liquid and is called pneumatics when the fluid is a gas First hydraulic fluid used was water but usage is reduced due to many disadvantages Various types of oils are used these days

Pneumatic systems uses extensively air

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History of Fluid Power

Pressure is transmitted undiminished in a confined body of fluid

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Fluid power technology began in 1650 with the discovery of Pascals Law: In 1738, Bernoulli developed his law of conservation of energy for a fluid flowing in pipe After Industrial Revolution of 1850 in Great Britain these laws were applied to industry By 1870, fluid power was extensively used to drive hydraulic equipments such as cranes, presses, winches, extruding machines, hydraulic jacks, shearing machines and riveting machines

Then in 19th century electricity emerged as a dominant technology which

shifted the effort from fluid power to electric power

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History (cont.)

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The modern era of fluid power is considered to have begun in 1906, when a hydraulic system was developed to replace electrical systems for elevating

controlling guns on the battleship USS Virginia

In 1926, the United States developed the first utilized, packaged hydraulic system consisting of a pump, controls and actuators The military and naval industry had used fluid power for cargo handling, winches, propeller pitch control, submarine control systems, operation of shipboard aircraft elevations and drive systems for radar and sonar During world war II aviation and aerospace industry provided impetus for many

fluid power technology like hydraulic actuated landing gears, cargo doors, gun
drives and flight control devices like rudders, ailerons and elevons for aircrafts
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History (cont.)
when Harry Vickers developed the balanced vane pump

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High pressure fluid power systems were put into practical application in 1925

Today fluid power has become an inevitable part of industry

Applications of FP are in automobiles, tractors, airplanes, missiles, boats, robots and machine tools In automobile the applications include hydraulic and pneumatic brakes, automotive transmissions, power steering, power brakes, air-conditioning, lubrication, water coolant and gasoline pumping system In modern technology hydraulic combines with electronics called electro hydraulic systems are used

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Most Powerful Hydraulic System

How is this figure related to this module

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1. God created the first and most powerful hydraulic system 2. It is a double pump delivering a fluid flow rate

of about 10L/min at 0.16 bar maximum pressure

3. The pump feeds a piping network stretching more than 1,00,000 km 4. It is human blood circulatory system
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Power System
Power systems are used to transmit and control power This function is shown as below:

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Rotary Motion ( and T)

Power transmission, transformation and control (Mechanical/ Electrical/ Liquids/ Compressed Air)

Input Power

Output Power Linear Motion (V and F)

The basic parts of a power systems are:

1. 2. 3. Source of energy delivering mechanical power Energy transmission, transformation and control elements Load requiring mechanical power of either rotary or linear motion.
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Classification of Power System

Power System

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Mechanical

Electrical

Fluid

Hydraulic

Pneumatic

Hydrodynamics (Hydrokinetics)

Hydrostatics

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Mechanical Power System

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Uses mechanical elements to transmit and control mechanical power Advantages compared to other power systems:
Relatively simple construction Easy maintenance Smooth operation Low cost

An Automotive Drive Train The gear box (3) is connected to the engine (1) through the clutch (2) The input shaft of the gear box turns at the same speed as the engine The output shaft (4) turns at different speeds, depending on the selected gear transmission ratio The power is then transmitted to the wheels (8) through the universal joints (5), drive shaft (6) and differential (7)

Disadvantages include:
Minimal power to wt. ratio Limitation of the power transmission distance Poor flexibility and controllability

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Electrical Power System

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Advantages:
High flexibility and a very long power transmission distance

Disadvantages:
Produce mainly rotary motion Rectilinear motion of high power can be obtained by converting the rotary motion using a suitable gear system or by using drum and wire
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Electrical System - Example

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Hydrostatic Power System

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Power is transmitted by increasing the pressure energy of the liquid Widely used in industry, mobile equipment, aircrafts, ship control and others These are commonly called hydraulic power system
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Example

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Hydrodynamic Power Systems

Also called Hydrokinetic Power Systems

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Transmit power by increasing mainly the Kinetic Energy of the liquid

Generally consists of a rotodynamic pump, a turbine and additional control

elements Applications limited to rotary motion

Replace classical mechanical system due to:

High power to weight ratio Better controllability

Two main types of hydrodynamic power systems:

Hydraulic Coupling Torque Convertor
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Hydraulic Coupling
Essential fluid based clutch Consists of a pump (2), driven by an input

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shaft (1) and a turbine (3), coupled to the

output shaft (4) Working Principle When the pump impeller rotates, the oil flows to the turbine at high speed. The oil then impacts the turbine blades, where it loses most of the kinetic energy it gained from the pump. The oil re-circulates in a closed path inside the coupling and the power is transmitted from the input shaft to the output

shaft. The input torque is practically equal to the output torque.

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Torque Convertor
Is a hydraulic coupling with one extra component: the stator, also called the

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reactor (5)
The stator consists of a series of guide blades attached to the housing

The torque converters are used where

it is necessary to control the output torque and develop a transmission ratio, other than unity, keeping acceptable transmission efficiency

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Basic Pneumatic Power System

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Use compressed air as a working medium for the power

transmission
Principle of operation is similar to electrical power systems

The air compressor converts the mechanical energy of the prime mover into mainly pressure
energy of compressed air. This transformation facilitates the transmission and control of power. An air preparation process is needed to prepare the compressed air for use. The air preparation includes filtration, drying, and the adding of lubricating oil mist. The compressed air is stored in the

compressed air reservoirs and transmitted through rigid and/or flexible lines. The pneumatic power
is controlled by means of a set of pressure, flow, and directional control valves. Then, it is converted to the required mechanical power by means of pneumatic cylinders and motors (expanders)
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Example

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Fluid Power Applications

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McKibben Air Muscles M S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies Bangalore

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Fluid Power Applications

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Application of FPC is space shuttle

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FP Applications in Landing Gear

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Fluid Power Applications

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Industrial machinery and equipment

Aerospace

Position Control Industrial Application 25

Manufacturing

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Advantages of Fluid Power

Ease and accuracy of control Multiplication of force Constant force or torque Simplicity, safety, economy

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Power systems comparison

System Properties
Input energy source

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Mechanical ICE and electric motor Mechanical parts, levers, shafts, gears Rigid and elastic objects Poor Poor Fair Fair Best

Electrical ICE and hydraulic, air or steam turbines Electrical cables and Magnetic field Flow of electrons Fair Fair Best Best Best

Pneumatic ICE, electric Motor and Pressure tank Pipes and hoses Air Best Good Fair Good Fair

Hydraulic ICE, electric motor and accumulators Pipes and hoses Hydraulic fluids Best Best Good Very good Fair

Energy transfer element Energy carrier Power to weight ratio Torque/ Inertia Response speed Control (acceleration) Dirt sensitivity Relative cost Motion type

Best
Mainly rotary

Best
Mainly rotary

Good
Linear or rotary

Fair
Linear or rotary

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Parameter comparison
Type of power system Mechanical (linear) Mechanical (rotary) Electrical (DC) Effort Variable Force (F) Torque (T) Electric Potential, (V/e) Unit N Nm V Flow Variable Velocity (v) Angular speed () Unit m/s rad/s

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Power Variable P = Fv P = T P = Vi Unit W W W

Electric current A (i)

Hydraulic

Pressure (p)

Pa

Flow Rate (Q)

P = pQ

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Different Forms of Pressure Measurement

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Energy conversion example Load lifting by a Forklift

Consider a forklift that lifts a load vertically for a distance

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y in time t
The vertical force needed to lift the load = F = mg

Where m = mass to be lifted and g = acceleration due to gravity

Work done by the forklift in time t = W = Fy = mgy (assuming no friction) The mechanical power delivered to the load = W/ t

= mgy/ t
= F.v Assuming that the load lifting is to be done by a hydraulic cylinder.
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This cylinder acts on the lifted body by a force F and drives it with a speed v. It is a single acting cylinder which extends by the pressure force

and retracts by the body weight.

The pressurized oil flows to the hydraulic cylinder at a flow rate Q and its pressure is p

Assuming no friction the pressure force needed to extend the

piston = F = p Ap In time t the piston moves y, hence volume of oil entering = V = Ap y

The oil flow rate entering the cylinder = Q = V/ t = Ap y/ t = Ap v

The inlet to the cylinder assuming ideal cylinder = F.v = p Ap .v = pAp . Q/Ap = pQ
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(v = Q/Ap) 31

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