MAE 442 COURSE NOTES- NC STATE UNIVERSITY, J. W.

EISCHEN, 2005

MAE442 Automotive Engineering Vehicle Performance

Objectives: We will be able to - Predict required horsepower to achieve desired acceleration - Predict required tractive force to achieve desired acceleration or steady speed

MAE 442 COURSE NOTES- NC STATE UNIVERSITY, J. W. EISCHEN, 2005

Understand the forces that act on ground vehicles to resist motion Rolling Grade Air Inertia Transmission

Figure 1- Vehicle Performance Parameters

MAE 442 COURSE NOTES- NC STATE UNIVERSITY, J. W. EISCHEN, 2005

The horsepower which must be delivered to the drive wheels to overcome the total resistance is
Drive Wheel Horsepower (HP) =

R V
375

where R is resistive force measured in lbs and V is the forward velocity measured in MPH. The sum of the resistive forces must be in equilibrium with the tractive force Px at steady speed. The tractive force is delivered by torque Td at the drive wheels.

Px r = Td

Px = R
Td W r

Px=0W(max)

Figure 2- Tractive Force and Torque on Drive Wheels

MAE 442 COURSE NOTES- NC STATE UNIVERSITY, J. W. EISCHEN, 2005

Rolling Resistance: - Rolling:

V = r Pmax 0W , Td max = 0Wr

- Sliding:
Wheel slip=s = V r 100 V

s usually 10-20% for max. traction

Rr = fW
where f is the coefficient of rolling resistance, depends on: ground surface structure tire-ground elasticity inflation pressure radius speed

A good approximation, including only the speed variable is

V f 0.01 1 + good to 80MPH 100

MAE 442 COURSE NOTES- NC STATE UNIVERSITY, J. W. EISCHEN, 2005

Grade Resistance:

Wsin W h

sx

Figure 3- Parameters for Grade Resistance

The % grade is defined according to

G=
So,

h 100 = 100 tan sx

Rg = W sin W tan W sin WG for small 100

MAE 442 COURSE NOTES- NC STATE UNIVERSITY, J. W. EISCHEN, 2005

Superhighway G<6%=3.5deg. Dual-lane mountain G<7-8% Mountain G<12%=7deg For off-road and military vehicles, design for G=60% or 31deg. Air Resistance:

ca A (1.466Vr ) 2 Ra = 2g
where ca = dimensionless drag coefficient (depends on geometry)

=air density (lb/ft 3 ) = 144

p RT

A = projected frontal area (ft 2 ) Vr = relative velocity vehicle/air (MPH)

Note that @4000ft. is 83% of sea-level value (important effect). For standard air, 60F, 29.9 in Hg, =0.0763lb/ft3.

V Ra = 0.26ca A r 10

MAE 442 COURSE NOTES- NC STATE UNIVERSITY, J. W. EISCHEN, 2005

Passenger car ca=0.4-0.5, A=14-20ft2 Race car =0.25-0.3 Truck =0.8-1.0, A=60-80ft2 Motorcycle and rider =1.8 where A0.9 x body height x wheel track. See http://www.fluidmech.net/msc/auto_a.htm http://www.f1technical.net/article10.html for more information. The Stone and Ball textbook treats the subject of vehicle aerodynamic drag in Chapter 10m, where the drag coefficient is called Cd (this is more standard terminology) Inertia Resistance: For translational resistance only, neglect spinning wheels and spinning drive line components

Ri = m

dv W = a dt g

To include the effect of rotating mass, an equivalent mass concept is used,

Ri = ma =

W a g

where >1. For a wide range of vehicles

MAE 442 COURSE NOTES- NC STATE UNIVERSITY, J. W. EISCHEN, 2005

= 1+ 0.04 + 0.0025 2
where the factor is the total reduction ratio between the drive axle and the engine. The equation in graphical form appears as

Figure 4- Rotating Mass Factor

MAE 442 COURSE NOTES- NC STATE UNIVERSITY, J. W. EISCHEN, 2005

Transmission Resistance: The torque at the drive wheels, Tt, that is required to overcome the transmission resistance produces a resistive force

Rt =

Tt r

This torque will be related to engine torque (or HP) using efficiencies: Manual clutch Torque convertor Manual tranmission Manual transmission in low gear Conventional automatic transmission Differential Joints and bearings =99% 96-98 98 95 80 95 98-99

The efficiency of the entire power train is then the product of the efficiencies of the components, and results in the following typical overall efficiencies, in direct gear 90%, in lower gears 85%, and in transmissions with very high reductions 75-80%.

MAE 442 COURSE NOTES- NC STATE UNIVERSITY, J. W. EISCHEN, 2005

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Figure 5- Vehicle Performance

MAE 442 COURSE NOTES- NC STATE UNIVERSITY, J. W. EISCHEN, 2005

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Summary: - Rolling and air resistance present under all conditions. These are the primary resistances which tractive force must overcome - All resistances except air are proportional to weight - Rolling and air depend on speed, grade and inertia do not Example 1: Data: Rr=35+0.25V lb, MPH Ra=0.048V2 transmission=88% Calculate the HP required for a 90MPH top speed. Assume the tractive force in top gear at 30MPH is 25% more than at 90MPH. Use W=4500lb. Find the acceleration at 30MPH. @90MPH

R = P = 35 + 0.25(90) + 0.048(90)2
= 446 lbs 446 90 = 107 HP 375 107 Engine HP= = 122 HP 0.88 Wheel HP=

MAE 442 COURSE NOTES- NC STATE UNIVERSITY, J. W. EISCHEN, 2005

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@30MPH

P = 446 1.25 = 557 lbs

R = 35 + 0.25(30) + 0.048(30)2
= 85.7 lbs W a g 4500 557 85.7= =a 32.2 PR = a = 3.37 ft/sec 2 = 0.1g !!
Example 2: Data: W=2400 lb V=60 MPH R=1.25 ft RPM=3420 transmission=90% R=200 lb (rolling + air+ no grade) a=3 ft/sec2 Engine rotating mass=24 lbs, k=0.48ft=(I/m)1/2 Driveline rotating mass=240 lbs, k=0.8ft Find engine HP

MAE 442 COURSE NOTES- NC STATE UNIVERSITY, J. W. EISCHEN, 2005

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HPe =

Tee Td but Te = trans 550

where Td is the drive axle torque in ft-lb, e is the engine speed in rad/sec, and is the total reduction ratio. At the drive wheels

Td = Ttranslation + Trotational Ttranslation = ( R + Ri ) r = ( R + ma ) r 2400 3)(1.25) 32.2 = 529 ft-lb @ drive wheels = (200 + Trotational = d I i2 3 a = = 2.4 s-2 r 1.25 2 240 (0.8) 2 2 24 (0.48) 2 e Trotational = 2.4 (1) + 32.2 32.2 where d is the angular acceleration of the drive axle, is the

d =

reduction ratio between the drive axle and a particular part (i.e. the engine).

MAE 442 COURSE NOTES- NC STATE UNIVERSITY, J. W. EISCHEN, 2005

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V 60 5280 = = 70.4 rad/sec r 1.25 3600 2 N 3420 engine = = 2 = 358 rad/sec 60 60 358 = 5.09 e= 70.4 Trotational = 22.1 ft-lb

wheels =

Finally,
Td = 529 + 22.1 = 551 ft-lb Te = 551 = 120 ft-lb (0.9)(5.09) (120)(358) HPe = = 78 HP 550

An easier way,

HPe

R + Ri ) V ( = 375

1 = 75 HP (close!) 0.9

MAE 442 COURSE NOTES- NC STATE UNIVERSITY, J. W. EISCHEN, 2005

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Some fun links: Drag Race Performance Calculator: http://hotrodworks.net/hotrodmath/quarter.html Drag Race Performance Calculator: http://www.ajdesigner.com/phphorsepower/horsepower_equatio n_trap_speed_method_increase_horsepower.php CVT Performance vs. Manual: http://cvt.com.sapo.pt/performances/CVT_vs_MT_calc.htm Stopping Distance Calculator: http://www.csgnetwork.com/stopdistcalc.html