Modelling and Simulation in Smart Grid Demos

Roger C. Dugan Sr. Technical Executive IEEE ISGT Europe 2011 Manchester, UK 7 December 2011

What is the Smart Grid?

Smart Grid means different things to different people Communications and control Not typically represented in distribution system analysis Distributed resources Generation, storage, demand response, microgrids Some of these issues have been addressed Monitoring (AMI, etc.) Intelligent protection Energy efficiency

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What Kind of Analysis Tools are Needed?

What can be done if more is known about the system? What different approaches to DSA tools? Expected: Convergence of distribution monitoring and distribution state estimation (DSE) into DMS

Selected relevant issues are discussed in this presentation

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State of the Art

Most DSA tools can perform 3-phase analysis Some (e.g., EPRI OpenDSS) more than three phases Most tools were originally designed for static power flow A few can perform power flows over time Tools and techniques designed for uniprocessors Satisfactory for the time being future ?? Many (most?) exploit radial nature of feeders For simulation efficiencies Harmonics analysis is optional If available

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State of the Art, contd

Frequency-domain tools are preferred for DSA Time-domain tools do exist Dynamics analysis (electromechanical transients) is uncommon Planning and operational tools (DMS) are often separate Secondary (LV) has been ignored Changing! Loads modeled by time-invariant ZIP models

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Needs Envisioned by EPRI

Sequential time simulation In various time steps Meshed network solution capability Better modeling of Smart Grid controllers Advanced load and generation modeling High phase order modeling ( >3 phases) Stray voltage (NEV), crowded ROWs, etc. Integrated harmonics NEV requires 1st and 3rd User-defined (scriptable) behavior Dynamics for DG evaluations
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EPRIs Vision
Distribution planning and distribution management systems (DMS) with access to real time loading and control data will converge into a unified set of analysis tools.

Real-time analysis and planning analysis will merge into common tools.
Distribution system analysis tools will continue to play an important role, although they might appear in a much different form than today.

2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Tackling Smart Grid Issues

Modeling for Distributed Generation

Voltage rise and regulation, Voltage fluctuations, Protective relaying and control functions, Impact on short-circuit analysis, Impact on fault location and clearing practices, Interconnection transformer, Transformer configuration, Harmonics, Response to system imbalances e.g. open-conductor faults due to failing splices.

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Example of an Expected DG Problem

Voltage overshoots as power output ramps up

Regulator taps up to compensate for voltage drop

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Root of Problem

p.u. Voltage 1.10

Voltage Profile w/ DG

High Voltages

1.05

Distribution Systems designed for voltage DROP, not voltage RISE.

1.00

0.95

0.90
0.0 2.0 Distance from Substation (km) 4.0 6.0

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Time Sequential Simulation

Electric vehicle charging (minutes, hours)

Solar and wind generation

Storage simulations

(seconds)

Dispatchable generation (minutes to hours) (minutes to hours) (seconds, minutes) (minutes to hours) (minutes to hours)

Energy efficiency (hours)

Distribution state estimation End use load models End use thermal models

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Modeling for Unbalances

Very important for North American systems Symmetrical component model and an unbalanced phasedomain model can yield quite different results. A symmetrical component model uses only the positive- and zerosequence impedances assumes balance Asymmetries yield impedances that are not balanced between phases. Many distribution system analysis tools can perform full 3-phase analysis; A few programs can go beyond 3-phases. Many circuits include multiple feeders sharing right-of-ways We have analyzed circuits with 17 conductors on the same pole sharing a common neutral (as well as several communications messengers).
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Example
Unbalanced model Symmetrical Component Model
FEEDER A
543.7 A
A A

54.4 A
Shield

FEEDER B
380.0 A 364.6 A

Feeder A

Feeder B

525.2 A
B B

509.6 A
C C

348.6 A

%I2/I1= 3.85%

%I2/I1= 4.09%

515 A

519 A

518 A

357 A

359 A

359 A

IAVG=517 A

IAVG=358 A

I2 = Negative Sequence I1 = Positive Sequence

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Large Systems
A key capability 5000 10000 bus systems are routine today Smart Grid requires solution of multiple feeders simultaneously Goal: 100,000 to 1,000,000 nodes Parallel computing could enable this Requires new algorithms HPC (High Performance Computing) ?

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Distribution State Estimation (DSE)

Key feature for Smart Grid Robust estimation more feasible with AMI, sensors Transmission state estimation mature Barriers to DSE Low X/R Phase unbalances Magnitude (V, I) measurements in line sensors Communications latency and bandwidth Non-coincident samples Insufficent samples to make feeder observable

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Simulating with AMI Load Data

AMI verses Modeld (7/12/2010 to 7/17/2010)
1.04

1.03

Modeled

1.02

Voltage (PU)

1.01

0.99

0.98

Measured
0.97 0.96 20:00

8:00

20:00

8:00

20:00

8:00
Time

20:00

8:00

20:00

8:00

20:00

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Modelling Community Energy Storage (CES)

Storage Element Model in OpenDSS

Idle | Discharge | Charge

% Eff. Charge/Discharge
Other Key Properties % Reserve kWhRated kWhStored %Stored kWRated etc.

kW, kvar

Idling Losses

kWh STORED

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Basic Charge/Discharge Model for Storage Model

Example STORAGE Dispatch LoadShape

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 Discharge Zone > 0.92

Mult

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1250 Charge on Time These Days Charge Zone < 0.40

Mult

1300 Time, hr

1350

1400

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Follow Mode
Charge/Discharge driven proportionately to a predefined curve
Example Follow Mode Solution (2 Days)

Example Daily Dispatch Curve

1.5 Discharge Cycle 1

250 200 150 100 50

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 8 16 24 time, h Power Discharged LoadShape kWh Stored 32 40 48

kW
Mult 0 5 10 15 20 25 Charge Cycle time, Hr

0.5

0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250

Multiplier

-0.5

-1

-1.5

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StorageController Element in OpenDSS (CES Hub)

Discharge Mode Charge Mode kW Target Discharge Time Total Fleet kW Capacity Total Fleet kWh et. al.

Time + Discharge rate Peak Shaving Load Following Loadshape

Comm Link V, I

Substation
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Storage Fleet
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Hub Dispatch Modes Defined for AEP Demo

Time 9000 Turn ON at specific time 8000 Peak Shave 7000 Limit to a value 6000 5000 Follow Time trigger and 4000 then shave
10000

Load Shapes With and Without Storage Mode=Peak Shave, Target=8000 kW, Storage=75 Charge=2:00 @ 30%

kW

3000

Loadshape

2000 1000 0 0 50 100 150 Hours

Discharge

200

250

Charge

Schedule
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Load Shapes With and Without Storage Discharge Trigger @ Noon, 75 kWh Storage, 30% charge @ 2AM
10000 9000 8000 60 7000 6000 50 40 30 20 "kWh Normal" "kWh" kWh Stored

About right

80 70

kW

5000 4000 3000 Late 2000 1000 0 0 100 200 300 Hours 400 500

Early Too early drains storage

10 0 600

75 kWh Does a pretty good job of clipping the peaks unless triggered too early
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Load Shapes With and Without Storage Discharge Trigger @ Noon, 25 kWh Storage, 30% charge @ 2AM
10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 10 3000 15 "kWh Normal" "kWh" kWh Stored 30

Not enough Oomph

25

20

kW

Early
2000 1000 0 150 170 190 210 230 Hours 250 270 290 0 5

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Co-Simulation of Power and Communications Systems

The Question
Can you dispatch the 84 CES units fast enough to compensate for the sudden loss of PV generation on a Cloud Transient ? Why it might not work: Communications latency CES not in right location or insufficient capacity

Calls for a Hybrid simulation Communications network (NS2) Distribution network (OpenDSS)
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Modeling Communications
PV Location (PV1)

p.u. 1.00 0.80

Solar Ramp Function

Voltage regulator (Reg1) Clusters of Storage Units

0.60 10%/s 0.40 0.20 (dropout @ 20%) 0.00 0 100 200 Seconds 300

5%/s

1.025

% Arrival vs time (S)

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000

Voltage Magnitude (per unit)

1.020

1.015

Base Phase a Base Phase b Base Phase c Phase a Phase b Phase c

400mW

1.010

80mW 30mW
10mW

1.005

1.000

0.995

10

Time (seconds)

15

20

25

30

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How We Did It

OpenDSS topology for DS devices

Extract Time and Coordinates

NS2 script to configure node topology

Power Circuit Model

OpenDSS

NS2

Wireless Model

Load profiles timed to DS event arrival

Merge Time and Profile

Message arrival times Load profiles for each DS device

DS Device Load Profile

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OpenDSS Script (Snippet)

Set sec=20 Solve ! Init steady state at t=20 Sample

! Start the ramp down at 1 sec Set sec=21 Generator.PV1.kW=(2500 250 -) ! Decrement 10% Solve Sample Set sec=22 Generator.PV1.kW=(2500 500 -) ! Decrement another 10% Solve Sample Set sec = 22.020834372 ! Unit 1 message arrives storage.jo0235001304.state=discharging %discharge=11.9 Solve Sample Set sec = 22.022028115 ! Unit 2 message arrives storage.jo0235000257.state=discharging %discharge=11.9 Solve Sample

Etc.

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Questions?

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TogetherShaping the Future of Electricity

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