By: Rizwan Khan Ahmed Mohiuddin University of Engineering & Technology (Rachna Campus) Gujranwala, Pakistan

EXPERIMENT#1 Verification of CURRENT DIVISION RULE (CDR)

APPARATUS Resistor Voltmeter Voltage source Bread board

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

THEORY Current division rule (CDR) states that current divide it self inversely Proportional to the resistance It means that greater the resister less will be the current and vice versa. This experiment is use to find current through resistor which are in parallel to Each other.

PROCEDURE Form a circuit as shown Find currents through resistors R1, R2, R3 respectively now find source current using Formula

Also calculate currents using formula Finally calculate error between calculated value and experiment value

CALCULATIONS

EXPERIMENT#2 Read color coding of carbon resistor

APPARATUS: Four different resistors

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE To read the resistance of particular resistor write first no of corresponding First color band similarly write no. of second color band. In the case of third color band Write the no. to the power of 10. In some resistors there is fourth band. This band is for tolerance. Its color may be Golden, silver having tolerance 5%, 10% respectively. If there is no band then its tolerance will be 20%.

EXPRIMENT#3

TO CALCULATE FREQUENCE OF WAVE USING OSCILLOSCOPE

PROCEDURE

Connect nabs wave generator with oscilloscope and form wave On generator on time axis each big division consist of 5 small divisions. Calculate small division and multiply it with number on voltage control nab In this way we will

TIME PERIOD

As we know reciprocal of time period of wave is frequency so use formula To calculate frequency

TO CALCULATE VOLTAGE OF WAVE

Calculate no of small division and Multiply it with no. voltage control nab.

Experiment#4 Introduction to Oscilloscope

Oscilloscopes:
When you connect an oscilloscope probe to a circuit, the voltage signal travels through the probe to the vertical system of the oscilloscope. Figure 6 is a simple block diagram that shows how an analog oscilloscope displays a measured signal.

Analog Oscilloscope Block Diagram

Depending on how you set the vertical scale (volts/div control), an attenuator reduces the signal voltage or an amplifier increases the signal voltage. Next, the signal travels directly to the vertical deflection plates of the cathode ray tube (CRT). Voltage applied to these deflection plates causes a glowing dot to move. (An

electron beam hitting phosphor inside the CRT creates the glowing dot.) A positive voltage causes the dot to move up while a negative voltage causes the dot to move down. What Can You Do With It? Oscilloscopes are used by everyone from television repair technicians to physicists. They are indispensable for anyone designing or repairing electronic equipment. The usefulness of an oscilloscope is not limited to the world of electronics. With the proper transducer, an oscilloscope can measure all kinds of phenomena. A transducer is a device that creates an electrical signal in response to physical stimuli, such as sound, mechanical stress, pressure, light, or heat. For example, a microphone is a transducer. An automotive engineer uses an oscilloscope to measure engine vibrations. A medical researcher uses an oscilloscope to measure brain waves. The possibilities are endless. How Does an Oscilloscope Work? To better understand the oscilloscope controls, you need to know a little more about how oscilloscopes display a signal. Analog oscilloscopes work somewhat differently than digital oscilloscopes. However, several of the internal systems are similar. Analog oscilloscopes are somewhat simpler in concept and are described first, followed by a description of digital oscilloscopes.

EXPERIMENT#5 Verification of KCL APPARATUS: Resistor Voltmeter Voltage source Bread board CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY: KCL states that Algebraic sum of all currents through node is zero .If it is assume that current loss through wire is zero then sum of current at any node is zero

PROCEDURE: Calculate current through each resister using ammeter and verify these equations to prove KCL

CALCULATIONS:

EXPERIMENT#5 Verification of KVL APPARATUS: Resistor Voltmeter Voltage source Bread board

CIRCUIT.DIAGRAM:

THEORY: Kirchhoffs voltage law states that Algebraic sum of all voltages along a close path must be equal to zero. Hence any voltage can be found using KVL in mathematical form

PROCEDURE: Form a circuit as shown in fig Take voltmeter and find voltage across each resister or take ammeter and find current using current find voltmeter. After this verify the equations

CALCULATIONS:

EXPERIMENT#7 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFOR THEOREM APPARATUS Resistor Voltmeter Voltage source Bread board CIRCUIT.DIAGRAM

Where R=2.2K RL=1K, 2K, 2.2K, 2.7K THEORY Power will max when load resistance is equal to internal resistance of voltage source. PROCEDURE As we know power across RL will max when RL=R So find current and use formula to calculate power. CALCULATIONS:

EXPERIMENT#8 VARIFICATION OF OHM LAW APPARATUS: Ammeter Voltage source Resistor CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

R=2K THEORY: According to ohm law Voltage across resister is directly proportional to current. Hence when voltage increases current increases and vice versa. So It can be use to determined voltage or current. PROCEDURE: Calculate current using ammeter then use this formula to calculate Voltage across the resister

EXPERIMENT#9 Power equation verification

APPARATUS: Ammeter Voltage source Resistor

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY: As we know that in an ideal circuit power loss across connecting wires is Zero. So all the power delivered by voltage source must be equal to the power across Circuit because we assume that power loss across resistor is zero.

PROCEDURE: From circuit as shown using Ammeter find out value of Current. Using this value find Power using different formulas P= V*I P= (I*I)*R P= (V*V)/R

CALCULATIONS:

EXPERIMENT#10 To observe the response of R-C series circuit

PURPOSE: The main purpose is to perform this experiment is to study charging and discharging time of a capacitor and study its waveform. APPARATUS: Resistor 0.1K Capacitor 0.01 Oscilloscope Function generator Bread board Connecting wires PROCEDURE: First o all made a circuit using resistor , capacitor , function generator in series on bread board as shown. Now take an oscilloscope connect probes of ch1 across the unction generator and Connect probes of ch2 across capacitor When signal is given to the circuit by function generator then waveform of out put Is shown on oscilloscope then observe waveform of out put signal. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY: When input signal is given to the circuit the charging current begins to flow and Start charging the capacitor on though the resistor an is increase slowly. Finally Reach at maximum value Q=CV The voltage across the capacitor at any time is given by V= q/c The speed of charging and discharging depends upon the product of resistor R And capacitance C of capacitor used in circuit . Its unit sec an called as time constant. GRAPH:

TIME CONSTANT: It is defined as The time during which capacitor is charged or discharged up to 63% of its original value The graph shows that charging reach to its max value sooner when time constant is Small and it is small when time constant is small.

EXPERIMENT#11 TO VARIFY THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPER POSITION

APPARATUS: Resistor Voltmeter Voltage source Bread board

CIRCUIT.DIAGRAM:

THEORY Super position theorem states that In a linear circuit containing multiple sources current or voltage at any point in the network may be calculated as sum of individual contributions of each source acting alone Hence this theorem is use to determined voltage across resistor when there are Many voltage sources. PROCEDURE: Form the circuit as shown Disconnect Vb1 and calculate voltages across each resistor. Now disconnect Vb2 and Calculate voltages across each resistor now according to super position in order to Get actual voltage sum these voltages.

CALCULATIONS:

EXPERIMENT#12 Verification of Thevenins Theorem

APPARATUS: Resistor Voltmeter Voltage source Bread board

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY: As we know Thevenins theorem is use to simplify complex circuit Using this theorem we get only one resistor in series with Load and voltage Source PROCEDURE: Thevenins theorem states that Entire circuit exclusive of load can be converted in to an equivalent circuit contain voltage source in series with resistor Calculate v using voltmeter and then calculate it theoretically

CALCULATIONS:

EXPERIMENT#13 Verification of Voltage Division Rule (V.D.R) APPARATUS: Resistor Voltmeter Voltage source Bread board CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY: According to voltage division rule Voltage divide itself proportional to the resistance across the resister, In other words greater the resistance greater will be the voltage across it This rule is use to know voltage across any resistor if they are connected in series with Voltage source. PROCEDURE: Connect 3 resister in series with voltage source .Using voltmeter calculate voltage across each resister or use formula to calculate voltages across Resister

Where I=1, 2, 3,

CALCULATIONS: