'Watching the Watchdog'

Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: THE CHINA PRESS
15/08/13 Dr Tessa J. Houghton School of Modern Languages and Cultures Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and Culture University of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at: tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.my 010 523 4575 or Masjaliza Hamzah Executive Officer Centre for Independent Journalism cijmalaysia@gmail.com 03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

Table of Contents
Executive Summary of Key Results for THE CHINA PRESS................................................................................3 Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5 1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5 Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5 Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................6 1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7 Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7 Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage .................................................................... 8 Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9 Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10 Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 11 2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 11 Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11 Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12 2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources....................................................... 13 Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13 Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14 2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15 Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15 Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16 Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17 Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18 2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19 Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?............................................................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20 Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................21 3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21 Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21 Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues......................................................................................... 22 Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................ 23 Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24 Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables.......................................................................................................................... 25 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 25 Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

2 THE CHINA PRESS

Executive Summary of Key Results for THE CHINA PRESS

Introduction Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through the media the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy. But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective information about national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment, and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for? The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, television news broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English, Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia, during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration between the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism. The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report. Key Results In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by The China Press, we found the following trends: (1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions Both major coalitions received very similar levels of mention-level coverage, with BN receiving slightly more. PR were attacked and covered negatively more then BN, but received around the same amount of positive coverage as BN. Overall, PR were attacked much more then BN, while BN received the most positive coverage by a significant margin.

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about? Overall, the coverage of figures from both major coalitions was quite equal. Najib Razak received the most mentions overall. Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category was used very much the most often (94%). However, of the non-neutral material, more positive coverage was given to BN, while PR was attacked much more often. Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most? Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (44%) than both PR politicians (32%) and independent/other political figures (23%). Najib Razak and Lim Kit Siang were used as sources most often. 3 THE CHINA PRESS

 Najib Razak (19.74%) was most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by Chua Soi Lek. Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often than opposition politicians. (3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues. The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall by a significant margin.

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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

PRM 0.00 SPDP 0.02 PRS 0.02 PBB 0.11 UPKO 0.12 SAPP 0.16 PBS 0.16 SUPP 0.17 PSM 0.25 MIC 0.96 Other 1.61 Gerakan 2.64 PKR UMNO PAS MCA PR DAP BN 0 5

6.50 7.21 7.30 14.45 14.76 18.81 24.74 10 15

Volume

20

25

30

BN received the most coverage (24.74%), followed by DAP, PR, MCA, then PAS. Refer to Table 1 for figures.

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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Other

1.61

Independent

0.41

PR

47.37

BN

50.60

10

20
Volume

30

40

50

60

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, both major coalitions received very similar levels of mention-level coverage, with BN receiving slightly more. Refer to Table 2 for figures.

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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

1% 3% 1% Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

94%

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutral category was used very much the most often (94%).

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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Attacked SUPP SPDP PSM PRM PRS PBS PBB UPKO SAPP MIC Gerakan PAS PKR Other UMNO DAP MCA BN PR 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Negative

Coverage Volume

PR was the most negatively covered (29.06%), followed by BN and MCA (both 18.8%), then DAP, then UMNO. PR were the most attacked by a significant margin (42.27%), followed at a distance by DAP (21.36%), then BN, UMNO, and MCA, in that order. Refer to Table 3 for figures.

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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Positive PRM SPDP PRS UPKO SAPP PBB PBS SUPP PSM MIC Other Gerakan PKR UMNO PAS PR MCA DAP BN 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Neutral

Coverage Volume

BN received the most positive coverage (61.29%) by a very significant margin, followed at a distance by PR (11.29%), then UMNO (8.87%). Refer to Table 3 for figures.

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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Positive Independent & Other Neutral Negative Attacked Positive PR Neutral Negative Attacked Positive BN Neutral Negative Attacked 0

0.00 1.96 4.27 3.18 18.55 47.20 47.86 69.55 81.45 50.84 47.86 27.27 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Coverage Volume

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see that overall, PR were attacked much more then BN, while BN received the most positive coverage by a significant margin. It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category. Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios. Coverage Type Positive Neutral Negative Attacked Tonal Weighting 1% 94% 1% 3%

BN : PR 1 : 0.2 1 : 0.6 1:1 1 : 2.6

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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Nizar Jamaluddin G. Palanivel Hishamuddin Hussein Ng Yen Yen Ibrahim Ali Tian Chua Khalid Ibrahim Teresa Kok Nik Aziz Liow Tiong Lai Hadi Awang Ambiga Sreenevasan Karpal Singh Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Lim Guan Eng Anwar Ibrahim Chua Soi Lek Lim Kit Siang Najib Razak 0 0.61 0.70 0.82 0.88 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.12 1.46 1.46 1.91 2.34 2.37 3.92 6.59 8.99 9.84 11.21 15.92 23.33 5 10
Coverage Volume

15

20

25

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph. Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions (23.33%), followed by Lim Kit Siang, Chua Soi Lek, Anwar Ibrahim, then Lim Guan Eng, in that order. Refer to Table 5 for full figures.

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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

4% BN 50% PR 47% Independent/ Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and merged into their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitions is quite equal. Refer to Table 6 for figures.

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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Ambiga Sreenevasan Hadi Awang Mahathir Mohamad Anwar Ibrahim Chua Soi Lek Muhyiddin Yassin Lim Guan Eng Election Commission Spokesperson Lim Kit Siang Najib Razak 0

1.18 1.80 3.61 3.84 7.67 11.06 11.06 11.28 14.78 21.66 5
Coverage Volume

10

15

20

25

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak and Lim Kit Siang were used as sources most often (21.66% and 14.78% respectively), followed by EC Spokespeople, Lim Guan Eng, then Muhyiddin Yassin. Refer to Table 7 for figures.

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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

23% 44% BN PR Independent/Other 32%

Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (44%) than both PR politicians (32%) and independent/other political figures (23%). Refer to Table 7 for figures.

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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

1% 3% 1% Positive Neutral Negative Attacked 94%

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category was used very much the most often (94%).

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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Attacked Baru Bian Azmin Ali Ambiga Sreenevasan Abdul Rahman Dahlan Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Liow Tiong Lai Karpal Singh Tian Chua Mahathir Mohamad Khalid Ibrahim Teresa Kok Muhyiddin Yassin Nik Aziz Alfred Jabu Taib Mahmud G. Palanivel Lim Guan Eng Nizar Jamaluddin Najib Razak Lim Kit Siang Anwar Ibrahim Chua Soi Lek 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Negative

Coverage Volume

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Chua Soi Lek received the most negative coverage (20.93%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim and Lim Kit Siang (both 13.95%), then Najib Razak and Nizar Jamaluddin (both 11.63%). Anwar Ibrahim received the most attacks (27.62%), followed by Lim Kit Siang (20.95%), Chua Soi Lek (14.29%), Lim Guan Eng (7.62%), followed by Nik Aziz (6.67%). Refer to Table 8 for full figures.

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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Positive Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu G. Palanivel Hishamuddin Hussein Ng Yen Yen Tian Chua Khalid Ibrahim Ibrahim Ali Teresa Kok Nik Aziz Liow Tiong Lai Hadi Awang Ambiga Sreenevasan Karpal Singh Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Lim Guan Eng Anwar Ibrahim Chua Soi Lek Lim Kit Siang Najib Razak 0 20 40
Coverage Volume

Neutral

60

80

100

120

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received almost three-quarters of all positive coverage (72.5%). Refer to Table 8 for figures.

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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Positive Independent/ Other Neutral

5.00 3.90

Negative 0.00 Attacked 0.00 Positive 20.00 46.82 51.16 70.48 75.00 49.28 48.84 29.52 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

PR

Neutral Negative Attacked Positive

BN

Neutral Negative Attacked

Coverage Volume

Overall, more positive coverage was given to BN, while PR was attacked much more often. It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category. Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios. Coverage Type Positive Neutral Negative Attacked Tonal Weighting 1% 91% 1% 3%

BN : PR 1 : 0.3 1:1 1:1 1 : 2.4

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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?

Nazri Aziz Musa Aman Khalid Ibrahim

0.00 0.00 0.00

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.00 Hassan Ali 0.00 Hadi Awang 0.00 Baru Bian Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Mahathir Mohamad Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Muhyiddin Yassin Chua Soi Lek Najib Razak 0 5 10
Attack Volume

0.00 0.00 5.26 7.89 13.16 15.79 17.11 17.11 19.74 15 20 25

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Najib Razak (19.74%) was most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by Chua Soi Lek, Muhyiddin Yassin, Lim Guan Eng, then Lim Kit Siang. Refer to Table 10 for figures.

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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

4%

34% 62%

BN PR Independent/Other

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often than opposition politicians. Refer to Table 10 for figures.

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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

40% 60%

Policy Issues Non-Policy Issues

More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

17%

Policy Issues
36% 0% 2% 5% Vision Policies/Programmes Environment Economy/Development Education Foreign Policy Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security Oppressive Legislation Health Religion

17% 1% 14% 7%

Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage, followed by Religion and Foreign Policy, then the Economy and Development. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

7%

3% 1%

Non-Policy Issues
17% Ethnicity Religion Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic Status Mudslinging Gender Electioneering

57% 11%

4%

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed by Socioeconomic Status, then Democracy and Human Rights. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days) Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 26600 Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 1103 Average number of articles/day: na/d = 35.6 Data Collection The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70 'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society, coded their assigned media on a daily basis. Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria: They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, or were the paper's editorial (if they run one). They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with 'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily. They were from within the TV news broadcasts. They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns, opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level (from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' are outlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study. Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching each reference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjective language/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source being quoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coders were instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support a positive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted. Data Analysis The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinary mathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well as much higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key datacodes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of coded data (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised to provide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

24 THE CHINA PRESS

Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables

TABLE 1 Party Percentage BN 28.38 DAP 9.0988 Gerakan 0.86655 MCA 1.2998 MIC 0.17331 PAS 18.718 PBB 0.25997 PBS 0.043328 PKR 10.962 PR 18.284 PRS 0.043328 PRM 0.086655 PSM 2.5997 SAPP 0 SPDP 0.043328 SUPP 0.086655 UMNO 6.6291 UPKO 0.086655 Other 2.2964 Party BN Gerakan MCA MIC PBB PBS PRS SPDP SUPP UMNO UPKO PR DAP PAS PKR PRM PSM SAPP Other TABLE 2 Percentage Coalition 28.38 0.86655 1.2998 0.17331 0.25997 0.043328 BN 0.043328 0.043328 0.086655 6.6291 0.086655 18.284 9.0988 PR 18.718 10.962 0.086655 2.5997 Independent 0 2.2964 Other Percentage

37.912024

57.0628

2.686355 2.2964

TABLE 3 Parties & Coalitions BN DAP Gerakan MCA MIC PAS PBB PBS PKR PR PRS PRM PSM SAPP SPDP SUPP UMNO UPKO Other Attacked 23.077 12.308 1.5385 0 0 4.6154 0 0 4.6154 43.077 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.769 0 0 Negative 21.673 10.646 2.6616 1.9011 0 17.49 0 0.38023 10.646 16.35 0 0.38023 5.7034 0 0 0 11.027 0 1.1407 Neutral 27.75 9.4361 0.67002 1.34 0.22334 19.095 0.33501 0 11.669 17.755 0.055835 0.055835 2.4567 0 0.055835 0.11167 6.1977 0 2.7917 Positive 46.111 2.7778 0 0 0 22.778 0 0 7.2222 17.222 0 0 0.55556 0 0 0 3.3333 0 0 TOTAL 118.611 35.1679 4.87012 3.2411 0.22334 63.9784 0.33501 0.38023 34.1526 94.404 0.055835 0.436065 8.71566 0 0.055835 0.11167 31.327 0 3.9324

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BN

PR

Independent & Other

TABLE 4 Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

TABLE 5 35.3845 34.2385 36.73941 49.4443 64.6158 55.132 57.9551 50 0 7.22433 5.304235 0.55556 Politician/Political Figure Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Ibrahim Ali James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee Percentage (mention) 0.18868 0.37736 1.1321 15.66 1.1321 0.18868 0 0 0.9434 0.56604 0.18868 0.18868 9.434 0.18868 2.4528 0.75472 0 0 3.7736 7.3585 2.0755 2.4528 4.5283 0.75472 2.2642 0 1.5094 4.1509 0.37736 19.623 0.18868 3.2075 0.56604 8.6792 2.4528 0 0.56604 0 0.18868 1.5094 0.18868 0 0 0 0.18868

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Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Liow Tiong Lai Ng Yen Yen G. Palanivel Alfred Jabu Taib Mahmud Maximus Ongkili James Masing William Mawan Wong Soon Koh Abdul Rahman Dahlan Hishamuddin Hussein Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Karpal Singh Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Teresa Kok Tony Pua Wong Ho Leng Dzulkefly Ahmad Hadi Awang Khalid Samad Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Siti Mariah Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Elizabeth Wong Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Tian Chua Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Ibrahim Ali Rosmah Mansur Yong Teck Lee

TABLE 6 Party etc. Percentage MCA MIC PBB PBS PRS SPDP SUPP 1.8868 0.18868 0.37736 0 0 0 0

Coalition

Percentage

BN

31.50978

UMNO

29.05694

UPKO

DAP

11.13206

PAS

17.92452 PR 66.22594

PKR

37.16936

Bersih Independent Perkasa '1st lady' SAPP

1.1321 0.18868 0.75472 0 0.18868

Independent/ Other

2.26418

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Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Taib Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Baru Bian Hadi Awang Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson

TABLE 7 Percentage (source) 0.51724 6.0345 5.1724 0.17241 21.207 0.68966 0.17241 14.483 0.34483 10.172 0 7.5862 2.5862 5.6897 3.2759 0.86207 0.68966 0.17241 0 6.7241 13.448

Coalition

Percentage

BN

33.96562

PR

44.13783

Independent

21.89624

28 THE CHINA PRESS

Politician/Political Figure Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Ibrahim Ali James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee

TABLE 8 Attacked Negative 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 19.048 0 4.7619 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.7619 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19.048 0 0 0 0 0 14.286 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.7619 0 0 75 14.286 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19.048 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Neutral 0.22026 0.44053 1.3216 16.52 1.1013 0.22026 0 0 0.88106 0.66079 0.22026 0.22026 9.9119 0.22026 2.8634 0.88106 0 0 4.4053 6.3877 2.4229 2.4229 4.6256 0.22026 2.4229 0 1.7621 4.4053 0.44053 17.841 0.22026 2.6432 0.66079 8.1498 2.6432 0 0.66079 0 0.22026 1.3216 0.22026 0 0 0 0.22026

Positive 0 0 0 6.8966 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13.793 0 0 0 0 0 0 17.241 0 6.8966 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24.138 0 10.345 0 10.345 3.4483 0 0 0 0 6.8966 0 0 0 0 0

29 THE CHINA PRESS

BN

PR

Independent/ Other

TABLE 9 Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

75 23.8098 30.17576 24.138 25 76.1919 67.18091 75.8621 0 0 2.64318 0

TABLE 10 Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Taib Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Baru Bian Hadi Awang Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson Percentage (source + attacking) 0 9.0909 4.5455 0 54.545 18.182 0 9.0909 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.5455 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coalition Percentage

BN

86.3634

PR

13.6364

Independent

30 THE CHINA PRESS

TABLE 11 Issues Vision Policies/Programmes Environment Economy/Development Education Foreign Policy Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security Oppressive Legislation Health Religion Ethnicity Religion Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic Status Mudslinging Gender Electioneering Coverage 9.2027 0.084818 3.3503 0.84818 0.042409 1.3995 0.80577 0 3.0534 6.2341 2.4173 8.6938 2.9686 1.1874 3.3079 2.8838 PI/NPI Coverage

Policy Issues

18.787077

Non-Policy Issues

27.6929

31 THE CHINA PRESS

Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 2. Abdul Rahman Dalan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 3. Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Nik Aziz Taib Mahmud Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson

Party or Coalition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. BN (Barisan Nasional) DAP (Democratic Action Party) Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement Party) MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association) MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress) PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party) PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu) PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah) PKR (People's Justice Party) PR (Pakatan Rakyat) PRS (Sarawak People's Party) PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia) PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia) SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party) SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party) SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party) UMNO (United Malays National Organisation) UPKO (United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation)

4.

Organisations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Bersih Community-based organisations. Democracy- or human rights-oriented organisations (excluding Bersih) Environmentally-oriented organisations Ethnicity-oriented organisations JATI Perkasa Professionals organisations Religious organisations. Trade Unions Womens' rights or issues focused organisations. Youth or student focused organisations Election Commission

Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih) Anwar Ibrahim (PKR) Baru Bian Chua Soi Lek Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Mahathir Mohamad

5.

Policy Issues 1. Vision Policies or Programmes 1. 1Malaysia 2. GTP (Government Transformation Programme) 3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme) 4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas) 5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'

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6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 2.

PAS's Welfare State PKR's Buku Jingga NEM (New Economic Model) 'Transformasi' BN Manifesto PR Manifesto Other

6. 7. 8.

SOSMA (Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012) Other

Health 1. 1Care 2. Other Religion 1. Apostasy 2. Islamic State 3. Hudud 4. Conversion (into Islam) 5. 'Allah' issue 6. Other

Environment 1. Deforestation/Land Rights 2. Recycling 3. Lynas 4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas) 5. Damming Projects 6. Other Economy/Development 1. Recession 2. Welfare 3. Unemployment 4. Poverty 5. Privatisation 6. Growth/FDI 7. FTA/Globalisation 8. Inflation/Price Rises 9. Infrastructure 10. Housing 11. Other Education 1. Vernacular Schools 2. Access 3. PPSMI 4. Academic Freedom 5. System 6. PTPTN 7. Other Foreign Policy 1. Western World 2. Singapore (Mentions of) 3. Singapore (Comparison with) 4. China 5. India 6. Islamic World 7. Israel/Palestine 8. Indonesia 9. Other Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security 1. Immigration 2. Illegals/Refugees 3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu) 4. Crime 5. Lahad Datu Incident 6. Other Oppressive Legislation 1. ISA (Internal Security Act) 2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University Colleges Act 1971) 3. Sedition Act 4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act) 5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012) 6.

9.

3.

Non-Policy Issues 1. Ethnicity 1. Malaysia 2. Chinese 3. Indian/South Asian 4. Orang Asli 5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak 6. Thai 7. Portuguese/Eurasian 8. Malay Rights 9. Other Religion 1. Islam 2. Buddhism/Taoism 3. Hinduism 4. Christianity 5. Sikhism 6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related) 7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity 8. Interfaith Friction 9. Other Democracy & Human Rights 1. General Corruption 2. Electoral Corruption 3. Media Freedom 4. Electoral Reform 5. Electoral Legislation 6. 2-Party System 7. Protest/Rallies 8. Other Socioeconomic Sectors 1. Middle Class/Professionals 2. Working Class 3. Aristocracy/Monarchy 4. Civil Service 5. Military and Police 6. FELDA 7. Plantation/Estate Workers 8. Chine New Villagers 9. Senior Citizens/Retirees 10. RELA/Wataniah 11. Urban 12. Rural 13. Cost of Living

4.

2.

5.

3.

6.

4.

7.

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14. Other 7. 5. Territory 1. Kuala Lumpur 2. Labuan 3. Putrajaya 4. Johor 5. Kedah 6. Kelantan 7. Malacca 8. Negeri Sembilan 9. Pahang 10. Perak 11. Perlis 12. Penang 13. Sabah 14. Sarawak 15. Selangor 16. Terengganu 17. Sarawak Independence 18. Sabah Independence Mudslinging 1. Anwar/Sodomy 2. Altantuya 3. Rosmah 4. Penang CM 5. Selangor CM 6. NFC 7. Arms Deals 8. Psy/CNY Concert 9. Project IC 10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose 11. Other Gender 1. Sexuality 2. Women in politics 3. Personal/Private life 4. Womens' Issues 5. LGBT/Q 6. Appearance 7. Sexism 8. Other Electioneering 1. Event-specific Gifts 2. Handouts 3. Timely Developments 4. Election Promises 5. Baby-kissing 6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War 7. Other

8.

6.

34 THE CHINA PRESS