'Watching the Watchdog'

Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: NTV7 EDITION 7
15/08/13 Dr Tessa J. Houghton School of Modern Languages and Cultures Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and Culture University of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at: tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.my 010 523 4575 or Masjaliza Hamzah Executive Officer Centre for Independent Journalism cijmalaysia@gmail.com 03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

Table of Contents
Executive Summary of Key Results for NTV7 EDITION 7..................................................................................3 Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5 1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5 Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5 Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................6 1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7 Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7 Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage .................................................................... 8 Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9 Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10 Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 11 2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 11 Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11 Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12 2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources....................................................... 13 Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13 Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14 2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15 Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15 Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16 Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17 Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18 2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19 Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?............................................................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20 Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................21 3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21 Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21 Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues......................................................................................... 22 Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................ 23 Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24 Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables.......................................................................................................................... 25 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 25 Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

2 NTV7 EDITION 7

Executive Summary of Key Results for NTV7 EDITION 7

Introduction Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through the media the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy. But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective information about national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment, and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for? The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, television news broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English, Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia, during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration between the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism. The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report. Key Results In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by NTV7 Edition 7, we found the following trends: (1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was relatively equal. PR were attacked (69.12%) and covered negatively (47.35%) more then BN, with BN receiving more positive coverage (70.62%). Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutral category was used very much the most often (89%).

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about? The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewed towards coverage of BN politicians. Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category was used most often (71%), followed by the positive (15%) and negative (13%) categories. However, of the non-neutral material, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the most positive coverage by a very significant margin. Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most? Najib Razak was used as a source most often (38.82%), followed by Election Commission Spokespeople (19.74%) then Muhyiddin Yassin (13.82%). Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (61%) than PR politicians (6%), who 3 NTV7 EDITION 7

were used as sources less than independent/other political figures (33%). Najib Razak (61.35%) and Muhyiddin Yassin (15.91%) were first and second most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by Taib Mahmud and Mahathir Mohamad. Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics overwhelmingly more often than PR politicians. (3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues. The Non-Policy Issue of Socioeconomic Status was the most covered issue overall.

4 NTV7 EDITION 7

Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

PRM 0.03 SPDP 0.03 UPKO 0.05 PBB 0.07 PRS 0.10 PBS 0.10 SAPP 0.16 PSM 0.44 SUPP 0.53 MIC 1.18 Other 1.30 Gerakan 2.42 UMNO PKR PAS MCA PR DAP BN 0 5

6.58 7.60 9.11 10.67 16.41 17.43 25.80 10 15

Volume

20

25

30

BN received the most coverage (25.8%), followed by DAP, PR, MCA, PAS, then PKR. Refer to Table 1 for figures.

5 NTV7 EDITION 7

Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Other

1.30

Independent

0.63

PR

50.54

BN

47.53

10

20
Volume

30

40

50

60

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was relatively equal, with the PR coalition receiving slightly more mention-level coverage than BN. Refer to Table 2 for figures.

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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

3% 4%4% Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

89%

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutral category was used very much the most often (89%).

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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Attacked UPKO SUPP SPDP PRM PRS PBS PBB SAPP PSM Other MIC PKR Gerakan UMNO PAS MCA DAP PR BN 0 10 20 30
Coverage Volume

Negative

40

50

60

70

BN were the most negatively covered (25.91%), followed by PPR (20.89%), DAP (17.55%), MCA (14.21%), then PAS (6.69%). PR were the most attacked (40.78%), followed by DAP (19.59%), then BN (18.66%), MCA (7.6%), then Pas (7.37%). Refer to Table 3 for figures.

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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Positive PRM SPDP UPKO PBB PRS PBS SAPP PSM SUPP MIC Other Gerakan UMNO PKR PAS MCA PR DAP BN 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Neutral

Coverage Volume

BN received the most positive (55.64%) coverage by a very significant margin, followed by PR (13.42%), DAP (9.92%), then MCA (8.75%). Refer to Table 3 for figures.

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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Positive Independent & Other Neutral Negative Attacked Positive PR Neutral Negative Attacked Positive BN Neutral Negative Attacked 0

1.17 2.06 1.39 0.23 28.21 50.99 47.35 69.12 70.62 46.95 38.80 30.65 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Coverage Volume

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see that overall, PR were attacked (69.12%) and covered negatively (47.35%) more then BN, with BN receiving more positive coverage (70.62%). It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category. Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios. Coverage Type Positive Neutral Negative Attacked Tonal Weighting 4% 89% 3% 4%

BN : PR 1 : 0.4 1 : 1.1 1 : 1.2 1 : 2.3

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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Musa Aman G. Palanivel Azmin Ali Teresa Kok Taib Mahmud Nurul Izzah Mahathir Mohamad Ibrahim Ali Ng Yen Yen Karpal Singh Lim Kit Siang Chua Soi Lek Nik Aziz Tian Chua Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Hadi Awang Muhyiddin Yassin Anwar Ibrahim Najib Razak 0 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.70 1.17 1.87 1.87 1.87 2.10 2.10 3.04 3.27 3.50 3.74 3.97 4.21 4.67 9.81 10.05 39.25 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Coverage Volume

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph. Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion (39.25%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (10.05%) and Muhyiddin Yassin (9.81%). Refer to Table 5 for full figures.

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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

2% BN PR Independent/ Other

39% 59%

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and merged into their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from BN outweighed that of figures from PR by a significant margin. Refer to Table 6 for figures.

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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Ambiga Sreenevasan Musa Aman Mahathir Mohamad Chua Soi Lek Khalid Ibrahim Taib Mahmud Hadi Awang Muhyiddin Yassin Election Commission Spokesperson Najib Razak 0

0.00 1.32 1.97 1.97 2.63 3.29 3.29 13.82 19.74 38.82 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Coverage Volume

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often (38.82%), followed by Election Commission Spokespeople (19.74%) then Muhyiddin Yassin (13.82%). Refer to Table 7 for figures.

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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

33% BN PR Independent/Other 6%

61%

Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (61%) than PR politicians (6%), who were used as sources less than independent/other political figures (33%). Refer to Table 7 for figures.

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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

15%

1%

13% Positive Neutral Negative Attacked

71%

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category was used most often (71%), followed by the positive (15%) and negative (13%) categories.

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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Attacked Chua Soi Lek Chong Chieng Jen Bernard Dompok Baru Bian Ambiga Sreenevasan Alfred Jabu Abdul Rahman Dahlan Lim Kit Siang Mahathir Mohamad Liow Tiong Lai Ibrahim Ali Azmin Ali Nurul Izzah Khalid Ibrahim Karpal Singh Nik Aziz Muhyiddin Yassin Lim Guan Eng Tian Chua Hadi Awang Najib Razak Anwar Ibrahim 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Negative

Coverage Volume

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim received the most negative coverage (16.33%), followed by Najib Razak (14.29%) and then Hadi Awang and Tian Chua (both 12.25%). Najib Razak, Nik Aziz and Lim Kit Siang were the most attacjed (33.33% each). Refer to Table 8 for full figures.

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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Positive Hishamuddin Hussein Elizabeth Wong Azmin Ali Musa Aman G. Palanivel Teresa Kok Mahathir Mohamad Taib Mahmud Karpal Singh Nurul Izzah Ibrahim Ali Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ng Yen Yen Tian Chua Chua Soi Lek Lim Guan Eng Khalid Ibrahim Hadi Awang Anwar Ibrahim Muhyiddin Yassin Najib Razak 0 20 40
Coverage Volume

Neutral

60

80

100

120

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received the most positive coverage by a very significant margin (75.44%), and the most neutral coverage (36.47%%). Refer to Table 8 for figures.

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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Positive 0.00 Independent/ Other Neutral Negative 3.01 2.04

Attacked 0.00 Positive PR Neutral Negative Attacked Positive BN Neutral Negative Attacked 0 10 20 30 26.53 33.33 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 59.40 12.28 37.59 71.43 66.67 87.72

Coverage Volume

Overall, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the most positive coverage by a very significant margin. Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios. Coverage Type Positive Neutral Negative Attacked Tonal Weighting 13% 62% 11% 1%

BN : PR 1 : 0.14 1 : 0.6 1 : 2.7 1:2

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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?
Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng 0.00 0.00

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.00 Hassan Ali 0.00 Chua Soi Lek 0.00 Baru Bian Ambiga Sreenevasan Musa Aman Khalid Ibrahim Hadi Awang Mahathir Mohamad Taib Mahmud Muhyiddin Yassin Najib Razak 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0.00 0.00 2.27 2.27 2.27 4.55 11.36 15.91 61.36 70 Anwar Ibrahim 0.00

Attack Volume

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Najib Razak (61.35%) and Muhyiddin Yassin (15.91%) were first and second most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by Taib Mahmud and Mahathir Mohamad. Refer to Table 10 for figures.

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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

5%

BN PR Independent/Other

95%

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics overwhelmingly more often than PR politicians. Refer to Table 10 for figures.

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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

43% 57%

Policy Issues Non-Policy Issues

More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

6% 8% 25%

Policy Issues
Vision Policies/Programmes Environment Economy/Development Education Foreign Policy Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security Oppressive Legislation Health Religion

0% 31%

19%

10%

0%

Of all Policy Issues covered, Domestic Policy, Crime, and National Security was given the most coverage, followed by Vision Policies and Programmes, then the Economy and Development. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

19%

16%

Non-Policy Issues
3% 1% 2% Ethnicity Religion Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic Status Mudslinging Gender Electioneering

12%

47%

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Socioeconomic Status was given the most coverage, followed by Ethnicity, then Electioneering. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

23 NTV7 EDITION 7

Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days) Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 4194 Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 274 Average number of articles/day: na/d = 8.8 Data Collection The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70 'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society, coded their assigned media on a daily basis. Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria: They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, or were the paper's editorial (if they run one). They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with 'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily. They were from within the TV news broadcasts. They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns, opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level (from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' are outlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study. Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching each reference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjective language/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source being quoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coders were instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support a positive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted. Data Analysis The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinary mathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well as much higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key datacodes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of coded data (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised to provide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables

TABLE 1 Party Percentage BN 25.799 DAP 17.427 Gerakan 2.4192 MCA 10.67 MIC 1.1837 PAS 9.1066 PBB 0.06912 PBS 0.095041 PKR 7.6032 PR 16.407 PRS 0.095041 PRM 0.02592 PSM 0.44064 SAPP 0.16416 SPDP 0.03456 SUPP 0.52704 UMNO 6.5837 UPKO 0.05184 Other 1.296 Parties & Coalitions BN DAP Gerakan MCA MIC PAS PBB PBS PKR PR PRS PRM PSM SAPP SPDP SUPP UMNO UPKO Other Party BN Gerakan MCA MIC PBB PBS PRS SPDP SUPP UMNO UPKO PR DAP PAS PKR PRM PSM SAPP Other TABLE 3 Attacked 18.664 19.585 0 7.6037 0 7.3733 0 0 1.3825 40.783 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.3779 0 0.23041 Negative 25.905 17.549 4.1783 14.206 1.6713 6.6852 0 0 2.2284 20.891 0 0 0.5571 0.27855 0 0 5.2925 0 0.5571 Neutral 24.61 17.726 2.4668 10.764 1.248 9.5261 0.078003 0.10725 8.3951 15.347 0.10725 0.019501 0.46802 0.17551 0.039002 0.58502 6.8838 0.058502 1.3943 Positive 55.642 9.9222 2.3346 8.7549 0.58366 3.8911 0 0 0.97276 13.424 0 0.19455 0.19455 0 0 0.19455 3.1128 0 0.77821 TOTAL 124.821 64.7822 8.9797 41.3286 3.50296 27.4757 0.078003 0.10725 12.97876 90.445 0.10725 0.214051 1.21967 0.45406 0.039002 0.77957 19.667 0.058502 2.96002 TABLE 2 Percentage Coalition 25.799 2.4192 10.67 1.1837 0.06912 0.095041 BN 0.095041 0.03456 0.52704 6.5837 0.05184 16.407 17.427 PR 9.1066 7.6032 0.02592 0.44064 Independent 0.16416 1.296 Other Percentage

47.528242

50.5438

0.63072 1.296

25 NTV7 EDITION 7

BN

PR

Independent & Other

TABLE 4 Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

30.6456 38.8012 46.947627 70.62251 69.1238 47.3536 50.9942 28.21006 0.23041 1.39275 2.057331 1.16731

TABLE 5 Politician/Political Figure Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Ibrahim Ali James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee

Percentage (mention) 0.098668 0 1.3567 9.2501 0.24667 0.024667 0 0.024667 6.8821 0.024667 0 0.59201 3.552 0 1.0607 0.91268 0 0.148 1.7267 1.8994 0.17267 8.1401 15.121 2.22 3.3794 0 0.37 8.2388 0.074001 25.728 2.1214 1.776 0.074001 1.036 1.036 0.46867 0.024667 0.024667 0.27134 1.332 0.59201 0 0 0 0

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Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Liow Tiong Lai Ng Yen Yen G. Palanivel Alfred Jabu Taib Mahmud Maximus Ongkili James Masing William Mawan Wong Soon Koh Abdul Rahman Dahlan Hishamuddin Hussein Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Karpal Singh Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Teresa Kok Tony Pua Wong Ho Leng Dzulkefly Ahmad Hadi Awang Khalid Samad Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Siti Mariah Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Elizabeth Wong Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Tian Chua Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Ibrahim Ali Rosmah Mansur Yong Teck Lee

TABLE 6 Party etc. Percentage MCA MIC PBB PBS PRS SPDP SUPP 11.2235 0.59201 0.024667 0 0 0 0

Coalition

Percentage

BN

50.419746

UMNO

38.579569

UPKO

DAP

25.875817

PAS

5.994005 PR 46.842659

PKR

14.972837

Bersih Independent Perkasa '1st lady' SAPP

1.3567 0 0.91268 0.46867 0

Independent/ Other

2.73805

27 NTV7 EDITION 7

Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Taib Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Baru Bian Hadi Awang Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson

TABLE 7 Percentage (source) 12.078 2.4596 13.032 0 19.64 0 0.51395 5.4332 0.036711 1.5051 0 1.6887 11.233 15.235 1.138 1.1747 0.40382 6.3877 1.138 0.84435 6.0573

Coalition

Percentage

BN

47.72355

PR

36.269711

Independent

16.00587

28 NTV7 EDITION 7

Politician/Political Figure Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Ibrahim Ali James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee

TABLE 8 Attacked Negative 0 0 0 0 0 0.96154 10.692 8.6538 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.465 13.462 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.8846 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.8846 5.6604 0.96154 0 0 11.321 2.8846 28.931 24.038 3.1447 2.8846 5.0314 9.6154 0 0 0 1.9231 0 3.8462 0 0 16.352 11.538 0 4.8077 0.62893 2.8846 0 0 1.2579 0.96154 0 0.96154 1.2579 1.9231 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.2579 1.9231 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Neutral 0.087694 0 1.5493 9.7048 0.29231 0.029231 0 0.029231 6.4309 0.029231 0 0.67232 4.0339 0 0.96463 1.0816 0 0.17539 1.7831 1.8416 0.20462 8.2432 14.469 1.7831 3.0693 0 0.35077 8.4186 0.087694 25.694 2.1923 1.9293 0.087694 1.0231 0.90617 0.43847 0.029231 0.029231 0.32154 1.4031 0.61386 0 0 0 0

Positive 0.625 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 3.125 0 0 0.625 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.5 1.25 0 4.375 15 2.5 1.875 0 0 2.5 0 48.75 3.75 1.25 0 1.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.625 0 0 0 0

29 NTV7 EDITION 7

BN

PR

Independent/ Other

TABLE 9 Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

38.9931 46.1539 49.429769 63.75 59.74913 50.96102 47.500378 36.25 1.2579 2.88464 3.06937 0

TABLE 10 Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Taib Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Baru Bian Hadi Awang Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson Percentage (source + attacking) 11.585 3.6585 22.561 0 19.512 0 0 1.8293 0 1.2195 0 2.439 15.244 17.073 0 1.2195 0 2.439 0 0 1.2195 Coalition Percentage

BN

57.3165

PR

37.8048

Independent

4.878

30 NTV7 EDITION 7

TABLE 11 Issues Vision Policies/Programmes Environment Economy/Development Education Foreign Policy Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security Oppressive Legislation Health Religion Ethnicity Religion Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic Status Mudslinging Gender Electioneering Coverage 7.3958 0.58567 2.0567 1.7162 0.66739 1.0488 0.40861 0.01362 3.3778 13.307 2.1656 1.1305 4.7399 0.21792 0.9398 2.7513 PI/NPI Coverage

Policy Issues

17.27059

Non-Policy Issues

25.25202

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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 2. Abdul Rahman Dalan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 3. Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Nik Aziz Taib Mahmud Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson

Party or Coalition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. BN (Barisan Nasional) DAP (Democratic Action Party) Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement Party) MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association) MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress) PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party) PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu) PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah) PKR (People's Justice Party) PR (Pakatan Rakyat) PRS (Sarawak People's Party) PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia) PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia) SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party) SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party) SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party) UMNO (United Malays National Organisation) UPKO (United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation)

4.

Organisations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Bersih Community-based organisations. Democracy- or human rights-oriented organisations (excluding Bersih) Environmentally-oriented organisations Ethnicity-oriented organisations JATI Perkasa Professionals organisations Religious organisations. Trade Unions Womens' rights or issues focused organisations. Youth or student focused organisations Election Commission

Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih) Anwar Ibrahim (PKR) Baru Bian Chua Soi Lek Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Mahathir Mohamad

5.

Policy Issues 1. Vision Policies or Programmes 1. 1Malaysia 2. GTP (Government Transformation Programme) 3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme) 4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas) 5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'

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6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 2.

PAS's Welfare State PKR's Buku Jingga NEM (New Economic Model) 'Transformasi' BN Manifesto PR Manifesto Other

6. 7. 8.

SOSMA (Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012) Other

Health 1. 1Care 2. Other Religion 1. Apostasy 2. Islamic State 3. Hudud 4. Conversion (into Islam) 5. 'Allah' issue 6. Other

Environment 1. Deforestation/Land Rights 2. Recycling 3. Lynas 4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas) 5. Damming Projects 6. Other Economy/Development 1. Recession 2. Welfare 3. Unemployment 4. Poverty 5. Privatisation 6. Growth/FDI 7. FTA/Globalisation 8. Inflation/Price Rises 9. Infrastructure 10. Housing 11. Other Education 1. Vernacular Schools 2. Access 3. PPSMI 4. Academic Freedom 5. System 6. PTPTN 7. Other Foreign Policy 1. Western World 2. Singapore (Mentions of) 3. Singapore (Comparison with) 4. China 5. India 6. Islamic World 7. Israel/Palestine 8. Indonesia 9. Other Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security 1. Immigration 2. Illegals/Refugees 3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu) 4. Crime 5. Lahad Datu Incident 6. Other Oppressive Legislation 1. ISA (Internal Security Act) 2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University Colleges Act 1971) 3. Sedition Act 4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act) 5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012) 6.

9.

3.

Non-Policy Issues 1. Ethnicity 1. Malaysia 2. Chinese 3. Indian/South Asian 4. Orang Asli 5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak 6. Thai 7. Portuguese/Eurasian 8. Malay Rights 9. Other Religion 1. Islam 2. Buddhism/Taoism 3. Hinduism 4. Christianity 5. Sikhism 6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related) 7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity 8. Interfaith Friction 9. Other Democracy & Human Rights 1. General Corruption 2. Electoral Corruption 3. Media Freedom 4. Electoral Reform 5. Electoral Legislation 6. 2-Party System 7. Protest/Rallies 8. Other Socioeconomic Sectors 1. Middle Class/Professionals 2. Working Class 3. Aristocracy/Monarchy 4. Civil Service 5. Military and Police 6. FELDA 7. Plantation/Estate Workers 8. Chine New Villagers 9. Senior Citizens/Retirees 10. RELA/Wataniah 11. Urban 12. Rural 13. Cost of Living

4.

2.

5.

3.

6.

4.

7.

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14. Other 7. 5. Territory 1. Kuala Lumpur 2. Labuan 3. Putrajaya 4. Johor 5. Kedah 6. Kelantan 7. Malacca 8. Negeri Sembilan 9. Pahang 10. Perak 11. Perlis 12. Penang 13. Sabah 14. Sarawak 15. Selangor 16. Terengganu 17. Sarawak Independence 18. Sabah Independence Mudslinging 1. Anwar/Sodomy 2. Altantuya 3. Rosmah 4. Penang CM 5. Selangor CM 6. NFC 7. Arms Deals 8. Psy/CNY Concert 9. Project IC 10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose 11. Other Gender 1. Sexuality 2. Women in politics 3. Personal/Private life 4. Womens' Issues 5. LGBT/Q 6. Appearance 7. Sexism 8. Other Electioneering 1. Event-specific Gifts 2. Handouts 3. Timely Developments 4. Election Promises 5. Baby-kissing 6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War 7. Other

8.

6.

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