WTW 8TV Mandarin Final

'Watching the Watchdog'
Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: 8TV MANDARIN NEWS
15/08/13 Dr Tessa J. Houghton School of Modern Languages and Cultures Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and Culture University of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at: tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.my 010 523 4575 or Masjaliza Hamzah Executive Officer Centre for Independent Journalism cijmalaysia@gmail.com 03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
Table of Contents
Executive Summary of Key Results for 8TV MANDARIN NEWS......................................................................3 Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5 1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5 Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5 Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................6 1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7 Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7 Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage .................................................................... 8 Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9 Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10 Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 11 2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 11 Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11 Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12 2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources....................................................... 13 Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13 Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14 2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15 Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15 Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16 Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17 Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18 2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19 Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?............................................................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20 Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................21 3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21 Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21 Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues......................................................................................... 22 Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................ 23 Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24 Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables.......................................................................................................................... 25 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 25 Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
2 8TV MANDARIN NEWS
Executive Summary of Key Results for 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Introduction Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through the media the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy. But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective information about national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment, and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for? The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, television news broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English, Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia, during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration between the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism. The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report. Key Results In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by 8TV Mandarin News, we found the following trends: (1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was skewed towards more coverage of BN. PR were attacked (87.5%) and covered negatively (92.31%) more then BN, with BN receiving more positive coverage (84.62%). Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutral category was used very much the most often (89%).
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about? The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewed towards more coverage of BN politicians. Najib Razak was the most mentioned politician. Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutral category was used very much the most often (98%). However, of the non-neutral material, more attacks were given to PR, while more positive coverage was given to BN. Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most? Najib Razak was the source used most often, followed by Chua Soi Lek. Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (48%) than PR politicians (16%), who were used as sources less than independent/other political figures (37%). 3 8TV MANDARIN NEWS
Najib Razak (40%) was the most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by Anwar Ibrahim and Chua Soi Lek (both 20%). Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often than either opposition politicians or Others. (3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues. The Non-Policy Issue of Electioneering was the most covered issue overall.
4 8TV MANDARIN NEWS
Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
UPKO SPDP PSM PRM PRS PBB SAPP PBS SUPP MIC Other Gerakan UMNO PKR PAS PR MCA DAP BN 0
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.39 0.68 4.17 4.17 4.46 6.30 6.40 10.67 14.06 18.14 30.36 5 10 15
Volume
20
25
30
35
BN received the most coverage (30.36%), followed by DAP, MCA, then PR. Refer to Table 1 for figures.
5 8TV MANDARIN NEWS
Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Other
4.17
Independent
0.10
PR
41.51
BN
54.22
10
20
Volume
30
40
50
60
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was skewed towards more coverage of BN. Refer to Table 2 for figures.
6 8TV MANDARIN NEWS
1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
1% 1% 1% Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
97%
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutral category was used very much the most often (97%).
7 8TV MANDARIN NEWS
Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Attacked UPKO SUPP SPDP SAPP PSM PRM PRS PBS PBB MIC MCA Gerakan BN Other UMNO PKR PAS PR DAP 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Negative
Coverage Volume
DAP and PR were the most negatively covered (38.46%), followed by PAS, PKR and UMNO (all 7.69%). DAP were the most attacked (50%), followed by PR (25%), PAS and Others (both 12.5%). Refer to Table 3 for figures.
8 8TV MANDARIN NEWS
Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Positive UPKO SPDP PSM PRM PRS PBB SAPP PBS SUPP MIC Other Gerakan UMNO PKR PAS PR MCA DAP BN 0 20 40 60
Coverage Volume
Neutral
80
100
120
BN received the most positive (76.92%) coverage by a very significant margin, followed by DAP, MCA and Others (7.69%). Refer to Table 3 for figures.
9 8TV MANDARIN NEWS
Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Positive Independent & Other Neutral
7.69 3.97
Negative 0.00 Attacked Positive 12.50 7.69 41.20 92.31 87.50 84.62 54.83 7.69
PR
Neutral Negative Attacked Positive
BN
Neutral Negative Attacked 0.00 0 10 20 30 40 50
60
70
80
90
100
Coverage Volume
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see that overall, PR were attacked (87.5%) and covered negatively (92.31%) more then BN, with BN receiving more positive coverage (84.62%). It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category. Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios. Coverage Type Positive Neutral Negative Attacked Tonal Weighting 1% 97% 1% 1%
BN : PR 1 : 0.09 1 : 0.8 1 : 12 0 : 87.5
10 8TV MANDARIN NEWS
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Ambiga Sreenevasan Abdul Rahman Dahlan Teresa Kok Nik Aziz Khalid Ibrahim Hassan Ali Azmin Ali Nurul Izzah Ng Yen Yen Hishamuddin Hussein Hadi Awang Mahathir Mohamad Karpal Singh Muhyiddin Yassin Anwar Ibrahim Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Liow Tiong Lai Chua Soi Lek Najib Razak 0 0.29 0.29 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.88 1.18 2.06 2.06 2.65 3.54 3.54 4.42 4.72 10.03 10.03 10.32 10.32 29.79 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Coverage Volume
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph. Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion (29.79%), followed by Chua Soi Lek and Liow Tong Lai (both 10.32%), then Lim Guan Eng and Lim Kit Siang (both 10.03%). Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
1% 36% BN PR 63% Independent/ Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and merged into their respective coalitions, we can see that figures from BN were given much more coverage than figures from PR. Refer to Table 6 for figures.
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Muhyiddin Yassin Lim Kit Siang Hadi Awang Mahathir Mohamad Lim Guan Eng Chua Soi Lek Election Commission Spokesperson Najib Razak 0
0.00 0.97 2.91 2.91 3.88 4.85 7.77 8.74 13.59 31.07 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Coverage Volume
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often (31.07%), followed by Election Commission Spokespeople (13.59%), Chua Soi Lek (8.74%), then Lim Guan Eng (7.77%). Refer to Table 7 for figures.
Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
37% 48%
BN PR Independent/Other
16%
Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (48%) than PR politicians (16%), who were used as sources less than independent/other political figures (37%). Refer to Table 7 for figures.
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
1% 1% 1% Positive Neutral Negative Attacked 98%
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category was used very much the most often (98%).
Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Attacked Khalid Ibrahim Karpal Singh Jeffrey Kitingan James Masing Ibrahim Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Hassan Ali Hadi Awang G. Palanivel Elizabeth Wong Dzulkefly Ahmad Chong Chieng Jen Bernard Dompok Baru Bian Azmin Ali Ambiga Sreenevasan Alfred Jabu Abdul Rahman Dahlan Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Chua Soi Lek Anwar Ibrahim 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Negative
Coverage Volume
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim and Chua Soi Lek received the most negative coverage (50% each), while Lim Guan Eng and Lim Kit Siang received the most attacks (66.67% and 33.33% respectively). Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Positive Musa Aman Elizabeth Wong Dzulkefly Ahmad Ambiga Sreenevasan Abdul Rahman Dahlan Teresa Kok Khalid Ibrahim Hassan Ali Azmin Ali Nurul Izzah Ng Yen Yen Hishamuddin Hussein Hadi Awang Mahathir Mohamad Karpal Singh Muhyiddin Yassin Anwar Ibrahim Chua Soi Lek Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Liow Tiong Lai Najib Razak 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Neutral
Coverage Volume
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak, Chua Soi Lek and Muhyiddin Yassin received the most positive coverage (33.33% each). Refer to Table 8 for figures.
Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Positive 0.00 Independent/ Other Neutral 0.93
Negative 0.00 Attacked 0.00 Positive 0.00
PR
Neutral Negative Attacked Positive
35.80 50.00 100.00 100.00 63.27 50.00
BN
Neutral Negative Attacked 0.00 0 20 40 60
80
100
120
Coverage Volume
Overall, more attacks were given to PR, while more positive coverage was given to BN. It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category. Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios. Coverage Type Positive Neutral Negative Attacked Tonal Weighting 2% 96% 1% 1%
BN : PR 1 : 0.6 1:1 1 : 1.1 1 : 1.5
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?
Nazri Aziz Musa Aman Muhyiddin Yassin Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Khalid Ibrahim 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mahathir Mohamad 0.00
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.00 Hassan Ali 0.00 Hadi Awang 0.00 Baru Bian Ambiga Sreenevasan Chua Soi Lek Anwar Ibrahim Najib Razak 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0.00 0.00 20.00 20.00 40.00 40 45
Attack Volume
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Najib Razak (40%) was the most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by Anwar Ibrahim and Chua Soi Lek (both 20%). Refer to Table 10 for figures.
Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
20.00 BN PR Independent/Other
60.00
20.00
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often than opposition politicians or Others. Refer to Table 10 for figures.
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
33% Policy Issues Non-Policy Issues 67%
More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues. Refer to Table 11 for figures.
Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
24%
26%
Policy Issues
Vision Policies/Programmes Environment Economy/Development Education Foreign Policy Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security Oppressive Legislation Health Religion
1% 2% 9% 9%
15% 2%
12%
Of all Policy Issues covered, Religion was given the most coverage, followed by Vision Policies and Programmes then Education. Refer to Table 11 for figures.
Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
34% 39% Ethnicity Religion Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic Status Mudslinging Gender Electioneering 8% 16% 1% 0%
2%
Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Electioneering was given the most coverage, followed by Ethnicity. Refer to Table 11 for figures.
Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days) Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 3424 Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 276 Average number of articles/day: na/d = 8.9 Data Collection The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70 'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society, coded their assigned media on a daily basis. Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria: They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, or were the paper's editorial (if they run one). They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with 'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily. They were from within the TV news broadcasts. They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns, opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level (from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' are outlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study. Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching each reference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjective language/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source being quoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coders were instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support a positive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted. Data Analysis The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinary mathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well as much higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key datacodes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of coded data (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised to provide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables

TABLE 1 Party Percentage BN 30.359 DAP 18.138 Gerakan 4.1707 MCA 14.064 MIC 0.67895 PAS 6.4016 PBB 0 PBS 0.096993 PKR 6.3046 PR 10.669 PRS 0 PRM 0 PSM 0 SAPP 0.096993 SPDP 0 SUPP 0.38797 UMNO 4.4617 UPKO 0 Other 4.1707 Party BN Gerakan MCA MIC PBB PBS PRS SPDP SUPP UMNO UPKO PR DAP PAS PKR PRM PSM SAPP Other TABLE 2 Percentage Coalition 30.359 4.1707 14.064 0.67895 0 0.096993 BN 0 0 0.38797 4.4617 0 10.669 18.138 PR 6.4016 6.3046 0 0 Independent 0.096993 4.1707 Other Percentage
54.219313
41.5132
0.096993 4.1707
TABLE 3 Parties & Coalitions BN DAP Gerakan MCA MIC PAS PBB PBS PKR PR PRS PRM PSM SAPP SPDP SUPP UMNO UPKO Other Attacked 0 50 0 0 0 12.5 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.5 Negative 0 38.462 0 0 0 7.6923 0 0 7.6923 38.462 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.6923 0 0 Neutral 30.214 17.904 4.3744 14.446 0.71211 6.5107 0 0.10173 6.5107 10.275 0 0 0 0.10173 0 0.40692 4.5778 0 3.8657 Positive 76.923 7.6923 0 7.6923 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.6923 TOTAL 107.137 114.0583 4.3744 22.1383 0.71211 26.703 0 0.10173 14.203 73.737 0 0 0 0.10173 0 0.40692 12.2701 0 24.058
BN
PR
Independent & Other
TABLE 4 Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
TABLE 5 0 7.6923 54.83296 84.6153 87.5 92.3086 41.2004 7.6923 12.5 0 3.96743 7.6923 Politician/Political Figure Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Ibrahim Ali James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee Percentage (mention) 0.29499 0 0.29499 4.7198 0.88496 0 0 0 10.324 0.29499 0.29499 0 2.6549 0.58997 2.0649 0 0 0 3.5398 0.58997 0 10.029 10.029 10.324 3.5398 0 0 4.4248 0.29499 29.794 2.0649 0.58997 0.29499 1.1799 0 0 0 0 0.58997 0.29499 0 0 0 0 0
Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Liow Tiong Lai Ng Yen Yen G. Palanivel Alfred Jabu Taib Mahmud Maximus Ongkili James Masing William Mawan Wong Soon Koh Abdul Rahman Dahlan Hishamuddin Hussein Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Karpal Singh Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Teresa Kok Tony Pua Wong Ho Leng Dzulkefly Ahmad Hadi Awang Khalid Samad Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Siti Mariah Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Elizabeth Wong Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Tian Chua Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Ibrahim Ali Rosmah Mansur Yong Teck Lee
TABLE 6 Party etc. Percentage MCA MIC PBB PBS PRS SPDP SUPP 22.7129 0 0 0 0 0 0
Coalition
Percentage
BN
63.12638
UMNO
40.41348
UPKO
DAP
24.18777
PAS
3.83485 PR 35.98723
PKR
7.96461
Bersih Independent Perkasa '1st lady' SAPP
0.29499 0.58997 0 0 0
Independent/ Other
0.88496
Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Taib Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Baru Bian Hadi Awang Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson
TABLE 7 Percentage (source) 8.7379 4.8544 2.9126 0 31.068 0 0 0.97087 0 3.8835 0 0 7.767 2.9126 0 0 0 9.7087 7.767 5.8252 13.592
Coalition
Percentage
BN
47.5729
PR
15.53397
Independent
36.8929
Politician/Political Figure Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Ibrahim Ali James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee
TABLE 8 Attacked Negative 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 66.667 33.333 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Neutral 0.30864 0 0.30864 4.6296 0.92593 0 0 0 9.5679 0.30864 0.30864 0 2.7778 0.61728 2.1605 0 0 0 3.7037 0.61728 0 9.8765 9.8765 10.494 3.7037 0 0 4.321 0.30864 30.247 2.1605 0.30864 0.30864 1.2346 0 0 0 0 0.61728 0.30864 0 0 0 0 0
Positive 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33.333 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33.333 0 33.333 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TABLE 9 BN Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive 0 50 63.27188 99.999 100 50 35.80239 0 0 0 0.92592 0
PR
Independent/ Other
TABLE 10 Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Taib Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Baru Bian Hadi Awang Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson Percentage (source + attacking) 20 0 0 0 40 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 Coalition Percentage
BN
60
PR
20
Independent
20
TABLE 11 Issues Vision Policies/Programmes Environment Economy/Development Education Foreign Policy Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security Oppressive Legislation Health Religion Ethnicity Religion Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic Status Mudslinging Gender Electioneering Coverage 4.0082 0.20555 1.5416 2.5694 0.30832 2.0555 1.4388 0.30832 4.3165 11.511 0.8222 2.7749 5.3443 0.10277 0.30832 13.258 PI/NPI Coverage
Policy Issues
16.75219
Non-Policy Issues
34.12149
Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 2. Abdul Rahman Dalan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 3. Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Nik Aziz Taib Mahmud Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson
Party or Coalition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. BN (Barisan Nasional) DAP (Democratic Action Party) Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement Party) MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association) MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress) PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party) PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu) PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah) PKR (People's Justice Party) PR (Pakatan Rakyat) PRS (Sarawak People's Party) PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia) PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia) SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party) SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party) SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party) UMNO (United Malays National Organisation) UPKO (United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation)
4.
Organisations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Bersih Community-based organisations. Democracy- or human rights-oriented organisations (excluding Bersih) Environmentally-oriented organisations Ethnicity-oriented organisations JATI Perkasa Professionals organisations Religious organisations. Trade Unions Womens' rights or issues focused organisations. Youth or student focused organisations Election Commission
Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih) Anwar Ibrahim (PKR) Baru Bian Chua Soi Lek Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Mahathir Mohamad
5.
Policy Issues 1. Vision Policies or Programmes 1. 1Malaysia 2. GTP (Government Transformation Programme) 3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme) 4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas) 5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 2.
PAS's Welfare State PKR's Buku Jingga NEM (New Economic Model) 'Transformasi' BN Manifesto PR Manifesto Other
6. 7. 8.
SOSMA (Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012) Other
Health 1. 1Care 2. Other Religion 1. Apostasy 2. Islamic State 3. Hudud 4. Conversion (into Islam) 5. 'Allah' issue 6. Other
Environment 1. Deforestation/Land Rights 2. Recycling 3. Lynas 4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas) 5. Damming Projects 6. Other Economy/Development 1. Recession 2. Welfare 3. Unemployment 4. Poverty 5. Privatisation 6. Growth/FDI 7. FTA/Globalisation 8. Inflation/Price Rises 9. Infrastructure 10. Housing 11. Other Education 1. Vernacular Schools 2. Access 3. PPSMI 4. Academic Freedom 5. System 6. PTPTN 7. Other Foreign Policy 1. Western World 2. Singapore (Mentions of) 3. Singapore (Comparison with) 4. China 5. India 6. Islamic World 7. Israel/Palestine 8. Indonesia 9. Other Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security 1. Immigration 2. Illegals/Refugees 3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu) 4. Crime 5. Lahad Datu Incident 6. Other Oppressive Legislation 1. ISA (Internal Security Act) 2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University Colleges Act 1971) 3. Sedition Act 4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act) 5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012) 6.
9.
3.
Non-Policy Issues 1. Ethnicity 1. Malaysia 2. Chinese 3. Indian/South Asian 4. Orang Asli 5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak 6. Thai 7. Portuguese/Eurasian 8. Malay Rights 9. Other Religion 1. Islam 2. Buddhism/Taoism 3. Hinduism 4. Christianity 5. Sikhism 6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related) 7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity 8. Interfaith Friction 9. Other Democracy & Human Rights 1. General Corruption 2. Electoral Corruption 3. Media Freedom 4. Electoral Reform 5. Electoral Legislation 6. 2-Party System 7. Protest/Rallies 8. Other Socioeconomic Sectors 1. Middle Class/Professionals 2. Working Class 3. Aristocracy/Monarchy 4. Civil Service 5. Military and Police 6. FELDA 7. Plantation/Estate Workers 8. Chine New Villagers 9. Senior Citizens/Retirees 10. RELA/Wataniah 11. Urban 12. Rural 13. Cost of Living
4.
2.
5.
3.
6.
4.
7.
14. Other 7. 5. Territory 1. Kuala Lumpur 2. Labuan 3. Putrajaya 4. Johor 5. Kedah 6. Kelantan 7. Malacca 8. Negeri Sembilan 9. Pahang 10. Perak 11. Perlis 12. Penang 13. Sabah 14. Sarawak 15. Selangor 16. Terengganu 17. Sarawak Independence 18. Sabah Independence Mudslinging 1. Anwar/Sodomy 2. Altantuya 3. Rosmah 4. Penang CM 5. Selangor CM 6. NFC 7. Arms Deals 8. Psy/CNY Concert 9. Project IC 10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose 11. Other Gender 1. Sexuality 2. Women in politics 3. Personal/Private life 4. Womens' Issues 5. LGBT/Q 6. Appearance 7. Sexism 8. Other Electioneering 1. Event-specific Gifts 2. Handouts 3. Timely Developments 4. Election Promises 5. Baby-kissing 6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War 7. Other
8.
6.

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'Watching the Watchdog'

Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

2 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Executive Summary of Key Results for 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

4 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

5 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

6 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1% 1% 1% Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

7 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

8 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

9 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Positive Independent & Other Neutral

Neutral Negative Attacked Positive

Neutral Negative Attacked 0.00 0 10 20 30 40 50

BN : PR 1 : 0.09 1 : 0.8 1 : 12 0 : 87.5

10 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

11 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

1% 36% BN PR 63% Independent/ Other

12 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

13 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

14 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

1% 1% 1% Positive Neutral Negative Attacked 98%

15 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

16 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

17 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Positive 0.00 Independent/ Other Neutral 0.93

Negative 0.00 Attacked 0.00 Positive 0.00

Neutral Negative Attacked Positive

35.80 50.00 100.00 100.00 63.27 50.00

Neutral Negative Attacked 0.00 0 20 40 60

BN : PR 1 : 0.6 1:1 1 : 1.1 1 : 1.5

18 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Mahathir Mohamad 0.00

19 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

20 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

33% Policy Issues Non-Policy Issues 67%

21 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

22 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

23 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Section 4: A Brief Methodology

24 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables

25 8TV MANDARIN NEWS

Independent & Other

26 8TV MANDARIN NEWS