'Watching the Watchdog'

Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: TV2 BERITA MANDARIN
15/08/13 Dr Tessa J. Houghton School of Modern Languages and Cultures Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and Culture University of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at: tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.my 010 523 4575 or Masjaliza Hamzah Executive Officer Centre for Independent Journalism cijmalaysia@gmail.com 03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

Table of Contents
Executive Summary of Key Results for TV2 BERITA MANDARIN .................................................................... 3 Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5 1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5 Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5 Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................6 1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7 Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7 Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage .................................................................... 8 Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9 Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10 Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 11 2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 11 Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11 Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12 2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources....................................................... 13 Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13 Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14 2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15 Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15 Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16 Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17 Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18 2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19 Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?............................................................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20 Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................21 3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21 Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21 Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues......................................................................................... 22 Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................ 23 Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24 Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables.......................................................................................................................... 25 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 25 Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

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Executive Summary of Key Results for TV2 BERITA MANDARIN

Introduction Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through the media the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy. But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective information about national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment, and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for? The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, television news broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English, Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia, during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration between the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism. The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report. Key Results In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by TV2 Berita Mandarin, we found the following trends: (1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was skewed towards more coverage of BN. PR were attacked (90.48%) more then BN, with BN receiving more positive coverage (73.49%) and negative coverage (75%). Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutral category was used very much the most often (92%).

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about? The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions is skewed towards BN (70%). Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category was used very much the most often (91%). However, of the non-neutral material, more negative and positive coverage was given to BN, while PR was most often attacked. Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most? Chua Soi Lek and Najib Razak were used as sources most often. Independents/Others were used as sources more often (58%) than both BN politicians (39%) and PR politicians (4%). 3 TV2 BERITA MANDARIN

 Chua Soi Lek and Najib Razak were first and second most commonly engaged in attack politics. Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often (83%) than Independent/Other politicians, and Opposition politicians never engaged in attacked politics. (3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues. The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall.

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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

UPKO SPDP PRM PRS PBB PBS PSM SUPP SAPP MIC PKR UMNO PAS Gerakan Other PR MCA DAP BN 0

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.44 1.56 3.00 3.50 3.69 5.06 8.99 10.74 15.93 16.62 30.11 5 10 15
Volume

20

25

30

35

BN received the most coverage (30.11%), followed by DAP, MCA, PR, then Others. Refer to Table 1 for figures.

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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Other

8.99

Independent

0.56

PR

34.04

BN

56.40

10

20
Volume

30

40

50

60

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was skewed towards more coverage of BN. Refer to Table 2 for figures.

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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

2% 1% 5% Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

92%

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutral category was used very much the most often (92%).

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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Attacked UPKO SUPP SPDP SAPP PSM PRM PRS PBS PBB MIC PAS UMNO PKR PR Other Gerakan DAP MCA BN 0 10 20 30
Coverage Volume

Negative

40

50

60

70

BN were the most negatively covered (32.14%), followed by MCA (28.57%), then DAP & Gerakan (10.71% each). DAP were the most attacked (47.62%), followed by PR (28.57%). Refer to Table 3 for figures.

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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Positive UPKO SPDP PRM PRS PBB PBS PSM SUPP SAPP MIC PKR UMNO PAS Gerakan Other PR DAP MCA BN 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Neutral

Coverage Volume

BN received the most positive (46.99%) coverage by a very significant margin, followed by DAP (20.48%) then MCA (10.84%). Refer to Table 3 for figures.

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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Positive Independent & Other Neutral Negative

1.20 10.55 7.14

Attacked 0.00 Positive PR Neutral Negative Attacked Positive BN Neutral Negative Attacked 0 9.52 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 56.54 75.00 73.49 17.86 90.48 25.30 32.91

Coverage Volume

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see that overall, PR were attacked (90.48%) more then BN, with BN receiving more positive coverage (73.49%) and negative coverage (75%). It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category. Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios. Coverage Type Positive Neutral Negative Attacked Tonal Weighting 5% 92% 2% 1%

BN : PR 1 : 0.3 1 : 0.6 1 : 0.2 1 : 9.5

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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Azmin Ali Alfred Jabu Teresa Kok Nurul Izzah Musa Aman Khalid Samad Ibrahim Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Nik Aziz Khalid Ibrahim Karpal Singh Ng Yen Yen Mahathir Mohamad Anwar Ibrahim Muhyiddin Yassin Liow Tiong Lai Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Chua Soi Lek Najib Razak 0

0.21 0.21 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.63 1.25 1.25 2.08 2.92 4.79 5.21 6.46 7.08 12.71 16.67 35.21 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Coverage Volume

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph. Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion (35.21%), followed by Chua Soi Lek then Lim Kit Siang. Refer to Table 5 for full figures.

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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

0.42 29.58 BN PR Independent/ Other

70.00

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and merged into their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitions is skewed towards BN (70%). Refer to Table 6 for figures.

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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Anwar Ibrahim 0.00 Taib Mahmud Lim Guan Eng Khalid Ibrahim Ambiga Sreenevasan Lim Kit Siang Muhyiddin Yassin Election Commission Spokesperson Najib Razak Chua Soi Lek 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 1.80 2.70 3.60 17.12 18.02 18 20

Coverage Volume

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Chua Soi Lek was used as a source most often (18.02%), followed by Najib Razak (17.12%). Refer to Table 7 for figures.

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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

39% 58% 4%

BN PR Independent/Other

Independent/Other were used as sources more often (58%) than both BN politicians (39%) and PR politicians (4%). Refer to Table 7 for figures.

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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

7% 1% 2% Positive Neutral Negative Attacked 91%

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category was used very much the most often (91%).

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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Attacked James Masing Ibrahim Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Hassan Ali Hadi Awang G. Palanivel Elizabeth Wong Dzulkefly Ahmad Chong Chieng Jen Bernard Dompok Baru Bian Azmin Ali Ambiga Sreenevasan Alfred Jabu Abdul Rahman Dahlan Anwar Ibrahim Najib Razak Muhyiddin Yassin Khalid Ibrahim Ng Yen Yen Chua Soi Lek Lim Guan Eng 0 10 20

Negative

30

40

50

60

70

80

Coverage Volume

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Lim Guan Eng, Chua Soi Lek and Ng Yen Yen received the most negative coverage (22.22% each). Anwar Ibrahim was most attacked (66.67%) followed by Lim Guan Eng (33.33%). Refer to Table 8 for full figures.

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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Positive Maximus Ongkili Jeffrey Kitingan Azmin Ali Alfred Jabu Khalid Samad Teresa Kok Nurul Izzah Musa Aman Ibrahim Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Nik Aziz Khalid Ibrahim Karpal Singh Ng Yen Yen Mahathir Mohamad Anwar Ibrahim Muhyiddin Yassin Liow Tiong Lai Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Chua Soi Lek Najib Razak 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Neutral

Coverage Volume

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received the most positive (25%) and neutral coverage (36.85%). Chua Soi Lek and Liow Tiong Lai received the second most positive coverage (both 18.75%), followed by Muhyiddin Yassin (15.63%). Refer to Table 8 for figures.

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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Positive Independent/ Other Neutral

0.00 0.47

Negative 0.00 Attacked 0.00 Positive 15.63 30.05 33.33 100.00 84.38 69.48 66.67

PR

Neutral Negative Attacked Positive

BN

Neutral Negative Attacked 0.00 0 20 40 60

80

100

120

Coverage Volume

Overall, more negative and positive coverage was given to BN, while PR was most often attacked. It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category. Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios. Coverage Type Positive Neutral Negative Attacked Tonal Weighting 7% 89% 2% 1%

BN : PR 1 : 0.22 1 : 0.43 1 : 0.5 0 : 100

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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?
Nazri Aziz Musa Aman Muhyiddin Yassin Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Khalid Ibrahim 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Mahathir Mohamad 0.00

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.00 Hassan Ali 0.00 Hadi Awang 0.00 Baru Bian 0.00 Anwar Ibrahim 0.00 Ambiga Sreenevasan Najib Razak Chua Soi Lek 0 10 20
Attack Volume

0.00 33.33 50.00 30 40 50 60

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Chua Soi Lek was most often engaged in attack politics (50%), followed by Najib Razak (33.33%). Refer to Table 10 for figures.

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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

17% BN PR Independent/Other

83%

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often (83%) than Independent/Other politicians, and Opposition politicians never engaged in attacked politics. Refer to Table 10 for figures.

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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

43% 57%

Policy Issues Non-Policy Issues

More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

0% 6% 18%

Policy Issues
4% 26% Vision Policies/Programmes Environment Economy/Development Education Foreign Policy Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security Oppressive Legislation Health Religion

26%

2%

18%

Of all Policy Issues covered, the Economy/Development and Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security were given the most coverage, followed by Education and Vision Policies and Programmes. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

23%

Non-Policy Issues

46%

3% 3%

11%

Ethnicity Religion Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic Status Mudslinging Gender Electioneering

4%

11%

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed by Electioneering. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days) Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 4625 Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 291 Average number of articles/day: na/d = 9.4 Data Collection The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70 'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society, coded their assigned media on a daily basis. Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria: They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, or were the paper's editorial (if they run one). They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with 'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily. They were from within the TV news broadcasts. They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns, opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level (from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' are outlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study. Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching each reference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjective language/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source being quoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coders were instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support a positive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted. Data Analysis The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinary mathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well as much higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key datacodes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of coded data (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised to provide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables

TABLE 1 Party Percentage BN 30.106 DAP 16.615 Gerakan 5.0593 MCA 15.928 MIC 1.5615 PAS 3.6852 PBB 0 PBS 0.062461 PKR 2.9981 PR 10.743 PRS 0 PRM 0 PSM 0.12492 SAPP 0.43723 SPDP 0 SUPP 0.18738 UMNO 3.4978 UPKO 0 Other 8.9944 TABLE 2 Percentage Coalition 30.106 5.0593 15.928 1.5615 0 0.062461 BN 0 0 0.18738 3.4978 0 10.743 16.615 PR 3.6852 2.9981 0 0.12492 Independent 0.43723 8.9944 Other

Party BN Gerakan MCA MIC PBB PBS PRS SPDP SUPP UMNO UPKO PR DAP PAS PKR PRM PSM SAPP Other

Percentage

56.402441

34.0413

0.56215 8.9944

TABLE 3 Parties & Coalitions BN DAP Gerakan MCA MIC PAS PBB PBS PKR PR PRS PRM PSM SAPP SPDP SUPP UMNO UPKO Other Attacked 9.5238 47.619 0 0 0 9.5238 0 0 4.7619 28.571 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Negative 32.143 10.714 10.714 28.571 0 0 0 0 3.5714 3.5714 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5714 0 7.1429 Neutral 29.887 15.612 5.2743 16.245 1.3361 3.7271 0 0.070323 3.0239 10.549 0 0 0.14065 0.49226 0 0.21097 3.5162 0 9.9156 Positive 46.988 20.482 3.6145 10.843 6.0241 0 0 0 1.2048 3.6145 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.0241 0 1.2048 TOTAL 118.5418 94.427 19.6028 55.659 7.3602 13.2509 0 0.070323 12.562 46.3059 0 0 0.14065 0.49226 0 0.21097 13.1117 0 18.2633

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TABLE 5 TABLE 4 Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive 9.5238 74.9994 56.539893 73.4937 90.4757 17.8568 32.912 25.3013 0 7.1429 10.54851 1.2048 Politician/Political Figure Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Ibrahim Ali James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee Percentage (mention) 0 0.20833 0 4.7917 0.20833 0 0 0 16.667 0 0 0.20833 0 0 0.41667 0.41667 0 0.20833 1.25 1.25 0.41667 7.0833 12.708 6.4583 2.9167 0.20833 0 5.2083 0.41667 35.208 2.0833 0.625 0 0.41667 0 0 0 0 0.41667 0 0.20833 0 0 0 0

BN

PR

Independent & Other

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Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Liow Tiong Lai Ng Yen Yen G. Palanivel Alfred Jabu Taib Mahmud Maximus Ongkili James Masing William Mawan Wong Soon Koh Abdul Rahman Dahlan Hishamuddin Hussein Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Karpal Singh Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Teresa Kok Tony Pua Wong Ho Leng Dzulkefly Ahmad Hadi Awang Khalid Samad Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Siti Mariah Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Elizabeth Wong Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Tian Chua Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Ibrahim Ali Rosmah Mansur Yong Teck Lee

TABLE 6 Party etc. Percentage MCA MIC PBB PBS PRS SPDP SUPP 25.2086 0.20833 0.20833 0.20833 0 0 0

Coalition

Percentage

BN

69.99993

UMNO

44.16634

UPKO

DAP

21.6663

PAS

1.04167 PR 29.583

PKR

6.87503

Bersih Independent Perkasa '1st lady' SAPP

0 0 0.41667 0 0

Independent/ Other

0.41667

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Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Taib Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Baru Bian Hadi Awang Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson

TABLE 7 Percentage (source) 18.018 0 2.7027 0 17.117 0 0.9009 0 0 0 0 0.9009 0.9009 1.8018 0 0.9009 0 18.919 4.5045 29.73 3.6036

Coalition

Percentage

BN

38.7386

PR

3.6036

Independent

57.658

28 TV2 BERITA MANDARIN

Politician/Political Figure Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Ibrahim Ali James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee

TABLE 8 Attacked Negative 0 0 0 66.667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33.333 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.222 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.111 0 22.222 0 0 0 0 0 11.111 0 11.111 22.222 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Neutral 0 0.23474 0 3.9906 0.23474 0 0 0 16.432 0 0 0 0 0 0.46948 0.46948 0 0.23474 1.4085 1.1737 0.23474 6.8075 14.085 5.6338 3.2864 0.23474 0 4.2254 0.46948 36.854 1.6432 0.70423 0 0.46948 0 0 0 0 0.46948 0 0.23474 0 0 0 0

Positive 0 0 0 3.125 0 0 0 0 18.75 0 0 3.125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.125 6.25 3.125 18.75 0 0 0 15.625 0 25 3.125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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TABLE 9 BN Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive 0 66.666 69.48324 84.375 100 33.333 30.04745 15.625 0 0 0.46948 0

PR

Independent/ Other

TABLE 10 Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Taib Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Baru Bian Hadi Awang Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson Percentage (source + attacking) 50 0 0 0 33.333 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.667 0 0 0 Coalition Percentage

BN

83.333

PR

Independent

16.667

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TABLE 11 Issues Vision Policies/Programmes Environment Economy/Development Education Foreign Policy Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security Oppressive Legislation Health Religion Ethnicity Religion Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic Status Mudslinging Gender Electioneering Coverage 3.1274 0.6865 4.5004 3.1274 0.38139 4.5767 1.0679 0.076278 0 10.45 0.83905 2.5934 2.4409 0.6865 0.61022 5.2632 PI/NPI Coverage

Policy Issues

17.543968

Non-Policy Issues

22.88327

31 TV2 BERITA MANDARIN

Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 2. Abdul Rahman Dalan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 3. Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Nik Aziz Taib Mahmud Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson

Party or Coalition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. BN (Barisan Nasional) DAP (Democratic Action Party) Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement Party) MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association) MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress) PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party) PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu) PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah) PKR (People's Justice Party) PR (Pakatan Rakyat) PRS (Sarawak People's Party) PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia) PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia) SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party) SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party) SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party) UMNO (United Malays National Organisation) UPKO (United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation)

4.

Organisations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Bersih Community-based organisations. Democracy- or human rights-oriented organisations (excluding Bersih) Environmentally-oriented organisations Ethnicity-oriented organisations JATI Perkasa Professionals organisations Religious organisations. Trade Unions Womens' rights or issues focused organisations. Youth or student focused organisations Election Commission

Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih) Anwar Ibrahim (PKR) Baru Bian Chua Soi Lek Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Mahathir Mohamad

5.

Policy Issues 1. Vision Policies or Programmes 1. 1Malaysia 2. GTP (Government Transformation Programme) 3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme) 4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas) 5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'

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6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 2.

PAS's Welfare State PKR's Buku Jingga NEM (New Economic Model) 'Transformasi' BN Manifesto PR Manifesto Other

6. 7. 8.

SOSMA (Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012) Other

Health 1. 1Care 2. Other Religion 1. Apostasy 2. Islamic State 3. Hudud 4. Conversion (into Islam) 5. 'Allah' issue 6. Other

Environment 1. Deforestation/Land Rights 2. Recycling 3. Lynas 4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas) 5. Damming Projects 6. Other Economy/Development 1. Recession 2. Welfare 3. Unemployment 4. Poverty 5. Privatisation 6. Growth/FDI 7. FTA/Globalisation 8. Inflation/Price Rises 9. Infrastructure 10. Housing 11. Other Education 1. Vernacular Schools 2. Access 3. PPSMI 4. Academic Freedom 5. System 6. PTPTN 7. Other Foreign Policy 1. Western World 2. Singapore (Mentions of) 3. Singapore (Comparison with) 4. China 5. India 6. Islamic World 7. Israel/Palestine 8. Indonesia 9. Other Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security 1. Immigration 2. Illegals/Refugees 3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu) 4. Crime 5. Lahad Datu Incident 6. Other Oppressive Legislation 1. ISA (Internal Security Act) 2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University Colleges Act 1971) 3. Sedition Act 4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act) 5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012) 6.

9.

3.

Non-Policy Issues 1. Ethnicity 1. Malaysia 2. Chinese 3. Indian/South Asian 4. Orang Asli 5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak 6. Thai 7. Portuguese/Eurasian 8. Malay Rights 9. Other Religion 1. Islam 2. Buddhism/Taoism 3. Hinduism 4. Christianity 5. Sikhism 6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related) 7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity 8. Interfaith Friction 9. Other Democracy & Human Rights 1. General Corruption 2. Electoral Corruption 3. Media Freedom 4. Electoral Reform 5. Electoral Legislation 6. 2-Party System 7. Protest/Rallies 8. Other Socioeconomic Sectors 1. Middle Class/Professionals 2. Working Class 3. Aristocracy/Monarchy 4. Civil Service 5. Military and Police 6. FELDA 7. Plantation/Estate Workers 8. Chine New Villagers 9. Senior Citizens/Retirees 10. RELA/Wataniah 11. Urban 12. Rural 13. Cost of Living

4.

2.

5.

3.

6.

4.

7.

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14. Other 7. 5. Territory 1. Kuala Lumpur 2. Labuan 3. Putrajaya 4. Johor 5. Kedah 6. Kelantan 7. Malacca 8. Negeri Sembilan 9. Pahang 10. Perak 11. Perlis 12. Penang 13. Sabah 14. Sarawak 15. Selangor 16. Terengganu 17. Sarawak Independence 18. Sabah Independence Mudslinging 1. Anwar/Sodomy 2. Altantuya 3. Rosmah 4. Penang CM 5. Selangor CM 6. NFC 7. Arms Deals 8. Psy/CNY Concert 9. Project IC 10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose 11. Other Gender 1. Sexuality 2. Women in politics 3. Personal/Private life 4. Womens' Issues 5. LGBT/Q 6. Appearance 7. Sexism 8. Other Electioneering 1. Event-specific Gifts 2. Handouts 3. Timely Developments 4. Election Promises 5. Baby-kissing 6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War 7. Other

8.

6.

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