'Watching the Watchdog'

Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: UTUSAN BORNEO SARAWAK
15/08/13 Dr Tessa J. Houghton School of Modern Languages and Cultures Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and Culture University of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at: tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.my 010 523 4575 or Masjaliza Hamzah Executive Officer Centre for Independent Journalism cijmalaysia@gmail.com 03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

Table of Contents
Executive Summary of Key Results for UTUSAN BORNEO SARAWAK.......................................................... 3 Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5 1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5 Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5 Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................6 1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7 Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7 Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage .................................................................... 8 Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9 Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10 Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 11 2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 11 Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11 Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12 2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources....................................................... 13 Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13 Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14 2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15 Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15 Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16 Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17 Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18 2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19 Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?............................................................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20 Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................21 3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21 Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21 Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues......................................................................................... 22 Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................ 23 Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24 Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables.......................................................................................................................... 25 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 25 Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

2 UTUSAN BORNEO SARAWAK

Executive Summary of Key Results for UTUSAN BORNEO SARAWAK

Introduction Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through the media the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy. But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective information about national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment, and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for? The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, television news broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English, Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia, during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration between the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism. The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report. Key Results In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Utusan Borneo Sarawak, we found the following trends: (1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was skewed heavily towards BN. PR were attacked (69.66%) and covered negatively (59.38%) more then BN, with BN receiving more positive coverage (87.36%). Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutral category was used the most often (54%), followed by the positive category (32%).

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about? The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewed towards BN (61%). Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category was used the most often (54%), followed by the positive category (34%). However, of the non-neutral material, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the most positive coverage. Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most? Taib Mahmud and Najib Razak were used as sources most often. 3 UTUSAN BORNEO SARAWAK

 Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (54%) than both PR politicians (13%) and independent/other political figures (33%). Taib Mahmud and Najib Razak) were first and second most commonly engaged in attack politics. Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often (76%) than either opposition politicians or independents/others. (3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues. The Non-Policy Issue of Economy & Development was the most covered issue overall.

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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

UPKO SAPP PSM PBS PRM Gerakan MIC MCA PRS UMNO SPDP PBB PAS Other SUPP PR PKR DAP BN 0

0.00 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.17 0.78 1.26 2.50 2.88 5.36 5.65 6.35 6.35 7.08 9.50 51.69 10 20 30
Volume

40

50

60

BN received the most coverage (51.69%), followed by DAP, PKR, PR, then SUPP.. Refer to Table 1 for figures.

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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Other

5.65

Independent

0.17

PR

28.29

BN

65.89

10

20

30
Volume

40

50

60

70

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was skewed heavily towards BN. Refer to Table 2 for figures.

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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

9%

6% 32% Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

54%

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutral category was used the most often (54%), followed by the positive category (32%).

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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Attacked UPKO SAPP PSM PRM PBS MIC Gerakan PBB MCA PRS SPDP UMNO Other SUPP PKR PR PAS DAP BN 0 10 20 30
Coverage Volume

Negative

40

50

60

BN were the most negatively covered (24.15%), followed by DAP (17.61%) then PAS (15.34%). PR were the most attacked (37.61%), followed by Others (17.52%), DAP (17.09%), PAS (9.83%), then BN (7.69%). Refer to Table 3 for figures.

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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Positive UPKO SAPP PSM PBS Gerakan PRM MIC MCA UMNO PRS SPDP PR PBB PAS Other PKR SUPP DAP BN 0 20 40 60
Coverage Volume

Neutral

80

100

120

140

BN received the most positive (80.05%) coverage by a very significant margin. Refer to Table 3 for figures.

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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Positive Independent & Other Neutral Negative Attacked Positive PR Neutral Negative Attacked Positive BN Neutral Negative Attacked 0

2.39 7.01 4.26 17.52 10.25 29.19 59.38 69.66 87.36 63.79 36.36 12.82 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Coverage Volume

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see that overall, PR were attacked (69.66%) and covered negatively (59.38%) more then BN, with BN receiving more positive coverage (87.36%). Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios. Coverage Type Positive Neutral Negative Attacked Tonal Weighting 32% 54% 9% 6%

BN : PR 1 : 0.12 1 : 0.46 1 : 1.63 1 : 5.43

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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Mahathir Mohamad Musa Aman Muhyiddin Yassin Khalid Ibrahim Ambiga Sreenevasan Rosmah Mansur Wong Ho Leng Karpal Singh Wong Soon Koh Baru Bian Lim Kit Siang William Mawan Nik Aziz Lim Guan Eng Chong Chieng Jen Yong Teck Lee Alfred Jabu Anwar Ibrahim Taib Mahmud Najib Razak 0

0.85 1.00 1.00 1.14 1.14 1.42 1.57 1.57 1.99 2.28 2.42 2.71 2.71 3.42 3.42 4.27 5.98 10.40 10.54 35.76 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Coverage Volume

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph. Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion (35.76%), followed by Taib Mahmud (10.54%) then Anwar Ibrahim (10.4%). Refer to Table 5 for full figures.

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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

7% BN 32% 61% PR Independent/ Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and merged into their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitions was skewed towards BN (61%). Refer to Table 6 for figures.

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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Hadi Awang Mahathir Mohamad Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Baru Bian Anwar Ibrahim Election Commission Spokesperson Muhyiddin Yassin Najib Razak Taib Mahmud 0

0.26 0.53 1.45 2.10 3.42 5.52 6.04 7.75 21.95 23.39 5
Coverage Volume

10

15

20

25

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Taib Mahmud was used as a source most often (23.39%), followed by Najib Razak (21.95%), then Muhyiddin Yassin (7.75%). Refer to Table 7 for figures.

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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

33% 54% BN PR Independent/Other 13%

Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (54%) than both PR politicians (13%) and independent/other political figures (33%). Refer to Table 7 for figures.

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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

5% 34%

8% Positive Neutral Negative Attacked 54%

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category was used the most often (54%), followed by the positive category (34%).

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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Attacked Bernard Dompok Azmin Ali Ambiga Sreenevasan Abdul Rahman Dahlan Lim Guan Eng Tian Chua Taib Mahmud Rosmah Mansur Khalid Ibrahim Hassan Ali Hadi Awang Dzulkefly Ahmad Nurul Izzah Lim Kit Siang Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Mahathir Mohamad Nik Aziz Najib Razak Baru Bian Alfred Jabu Chong Chieng Jen Anwar Ibrahim 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Negative

Coverage Volume

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim received the most negative coverage (41.51%) and attacks (45.46%). Nik Aziz was second most attacked (27.27%). Refer to Table 8 for full figures.

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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Positive Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Ambiga Sreenevasan Hadi Awang James Masing Nik Aziz Musa Aman Khalid Ibrahim Karpal Singh Wong Ho Leng Baru Bian Lim Kit Siang Rosmah Mansur Wong Soon Koh Lim Guan Eng Chong Chieng Jen William Mawan Alfred Jabu Yong Teck Lee Anwar Ibrahim Taib Mahmud Najib Razak 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Neutral

Coverage Volume

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received the most positive (59.57%) and neutral coverage (29.19%). Refer to Table 8 for figures.

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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Positive Independent/ Other Neutral Negative

4.35 10.54 3.77

Attacked 0.00 Positive PR Neutral Negative Attacked Positive BN Neutral Negative Attacked 0 6.06 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 18.87 60.27 79.57 16.09 29.19 77.36 93.94

Coverage Volume

Overall, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the most positive coverage. It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category. Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios. Coverage Type Positive Neutral Negative Attacked Tonal Weighting 33% 53% 8% 6%

BN : PR 1 : 0.2 1 : 0.48 1 : 4.1 1 : 15.5

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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?

Musa Aman Lim Kit Siang Khalid Ibrahim

0.00 0.00 0.00

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.00 Hassan Ali 0.00 Hadi Awang 0.00 Chua Soi Lek 0.00 Ambiga Sreenevasan Mahathir Mohamad Lim Guan Eng Baru Bian Anwar Ibrahim Muhyiddin Yassin Najib Razak Taib Mahmud 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.00 2.38 2.38 2.38 16.67 19.05 23.81 30.95 35

Attack Volume

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Taib Mahmud (30.95%) then Najib Razak (23.81%) were first and second most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by Muhyiddin Yassin (19.05%) then Anwar Ibrahim (16.67%). Refer to Table 10 for figures.

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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

2% 21% BN PR Independent/Other 76%

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often (76%) than either opposition politicians or independents/others. Refer to Table 10 for figures.

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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

43% 57%

Policy Issues Non-Policy Issues

More coverage overall is given to Policy Issues than Non-Policy Issues. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

2% 2% 1% 1% 0% 6%

Policy Issues
34% Vision Policies/Programmes Environment Economy/Development Education Foreign Policy Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security Oppressive Legislation Health Religion

4% 49%

Of all Policy Issues covered, the Economy and Development were given the most coverage, followed by Vision Policies and Programmes then Education. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

18% 31%

Non-Policy Issues
5% 0%

5%

20%

Ethnicity Religion Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic Status Mudslinging Gender Electioneering

22%

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed by Democracy & Human Rights, Socioeconomic Status, then Electioneering. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days) Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 13607 Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 842 Average number of articles/day: na/d = 27 Data Collection The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70 'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society, coded their assigned media on a daily basis. Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria: They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, or were the paper's editorial (if they run one). They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with 'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily. They were from within the TV news broadcasts. They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns, opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level (from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' are outlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study. Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching each reference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjective language/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source being quoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coders were instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support a positive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted. Data Analysis The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinary mathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well as much higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key datacodes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of coded data (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised to provide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables

TABLE 1 Party Percentage BN 51.685 DAP 9.503 Gerakan 0.09697 MCA 0.1697 MIC 0.12121 PAS 5.3576 PBB 2.8848 PBS 0.048485 PKR 7.0788 PR 6.3515 PRS 0.77576 PRM 0.072727 PSM 0.048485 SAPP 0.048485 SPDP 2.497 SUPP 6.3515 UMNO 1.2606 UPKO 0 Other 5.6485 Party BN Gerakan MCA MIC PBB PBS PRS SPDP SUPP UMNO UPKO PR DAP PAS PKR PRM PSM SAPP Other TABLE 2 Percentage Coalition 51.685 0.09697 0.1697 0.12121 2.8848 0.048485 BN 0.77576 2.497 6.3515 1.2606 0 6.3515 9.503 PR 5.3576 7.0788 0.072727 0.048485 Independent 0.048485 5.6485 Other Percentage

65.891025

28.2909

0.169697 5.6485

TABLE 3 Parties & Coalitions BN DAP Gerakan MCA MIC PAS PBB PBS PKR PR PRS PRM PSM SAPP SPDP SUPP UMNO UPKO Other Attacked 7.6923 17.094 0 0.42735 0 9.8291 0.42735 0 5.1282 37.607 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.2735 0 17.521 Negative 24.148 17.614 0 0 0 15.341 0 0 12.216 14.205 0.28409 0 0 0 2.5568 5.1136 4.2614 0 4.2614 Neutral 43.996 10.632 0.091659 0.22915 0.22915 5.637 4.1247 0.091659 8.9368 3.9872 1.2374 0.13749 0.091659 0.091659 3.6664 9.3034 0.82493 0 6.6911 Positive 80.046 3.698 0.15408 0.077042 0 1.3097 2.0031 0 2.9276 2.3112 0.30817 0 0 0 1.0786 3.0046 0.69337 0 2.3883 TOTAL 155.8823 49.038 0.245739 0.733542 0.22915 32.1168 6.55515 0.091659 29.2086 58.1104 1.82966 0.13749 0.091659 0.091659 7.3018 17.4216 10.0532 0 30.8618

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BN

PR

Independent & Other

TABLE 4 Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

TABLE 5 12.8205 36.36389 63.794448 87.364962 69.6583 59.376 29.193 10.2465 17.521 4.2614 7.011908 2.3883 Politician/Political Figure Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Ibrahim Ali James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee Percentage (mention) 0.2849 5.9829 1.1396 10.399 0.14245 2.2792 0 3.4188 0 0.14245 0.14245 0 0.5698 0.14245 0.14245 0.2849 0.5698 0 1.567 1.1396 0 3.4188 2.4217 0.14245 0.8547 0 0.42735 0.99715 0.99715 35.755 0.14245 2.7066 0 0.71225 0 1.4245 0 10.541 0.14245 0.42735 0 2.7066 1.567 1.9943 4.2735

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Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Liow Tiong Lai Ng Yen Yen G. Palanivel Alfred Jabu Taib Mahmud Maximus Ongkili James Masing William Mawan Wong Soon Koh Abdul Rahman Dahlan Hishamuddin Hussein Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Karpal Singh Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Teresa Kok Tony Pua Wong Ho Leng Dzulkefly Ahmad Hadi Awang Khalid Samad Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Siti Mariah Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Elizabeth Wong Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Tian Chua Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Ibrahim Ali Rosmah Mansur Yong Teck Lee

TABLE 6 Party etc. Percentage MCA MIC PBB PBS PRS SPDP SUPP 0.2849 0 16.5239 0 0.5698 2.7066 1.9943

Coalition

Percentage

BN

61.11085

UMNO

39.03135

UPKO

DAP

12.53575

PAS

3.8462 PR 31.62425

PKR

15.2423

Bersih Independent Perkasa '1st lady' SAPP

1.1396 0.14245 0.2849 1.4245 4.2735

Independent/ Other

7.26495

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Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Taib Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Baru Bian Hadi Awang Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson

TABLE 7 Percentage (source) 0 0.52562 7.753 0.13141 21.945 0 23.39 5.5191 3.4166 0.26281 0.13141 0 2.1025 1.4455 0.13141 0.13141 0.13141 10.118 4.9934 11.827 6.0447

Coalition

Percentage

BN

53.74503

PR

13.00933

Independent

33.24592

28 UTUSAN BORNEO SARAWAK

Politician/Political Figure Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Ibrahim Ali James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee

TABLE 8 Attacked Negative 0 0 0 45.455 0 3.0303 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.0909 6.0606 0 3.0303 0 0 0 0 3.0303 0 27.273 0 3.0303 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.5472 0 41.509 0 5.6604 0 11.321 0 1.8868 0 0 1.8868 1.8868 0 0 0 0 0 1.8868 0 0 1.8868 0 3.7736 0 3.7736 0 0 5.6604 0 3.7736 0 1.8868 0 1.8868 0 1.8868 0 1.8868 0 0 0 0 0

Neutral 0.27027 5.6757 0.54054 8.1081 0.27027 2.1622 0 3.7838 0 0 0 0 0.81081 0 0.27027 0.54054 0.81081 0 1.8919 1.8919 0 2.973 2.1622 0 0.54054 0 0.27027 0.54054 1.3514 29.189 0.27027 1.3514 0 0.54054 0 2.4324 0 14.324 0.27027 0.54054 0 4.5946 2.1622 2.4324 7.027

Positive 0.43478 5.6522 2.6087 2.1739 0 1.7391 0 1.7391 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.43478 0 1.7391 0 0 4.3478 2.1739 0.43478 0.43478 0 0 0.86957 0.86957 59.565 0 0.43478 0 0.43478 0 0 0 7.8261 0 0 0 0.86957 1.3043 2.1739 1.7391

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TABLE 9 BN Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive 6.0606 18.868 60.2698 79.56503 93.9401 77.3584 29.1894 16.08676 0 3.7736 10.54048 4.3478

PR

Independent/ Other

TABLE 10 Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Taib Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Baru Bian Hadi Awang Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson Percentage (source + attacking) 0 2.381 19.048 0 23.81 0 30.952 16.667 2.381 0 0 0 2.381 0 0 0 0 0 2.381 0 0 Coalition Percentage

BN

76.191

PR

21.429

Independent

2.381

30 UTUSAN BORNEO SARAWAK

TABLE 11 Issues Vision Policies/Programmes Environment Economy/Development Education Foreign Policy Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security Oppressive Legislation Health Religion Ethnicity Religion Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic Status Mudslinging Gender Electioneering Coverage 12.427 1.3234 17.85 2.3241 0.12912 0.54874 0.51646 0.77469 0.87153 8.5216 1.2912 6.0362 5.4551 0.12912 1.3557 5.0032 PI/NPI Coverage

Policy Issues

36.76504

Non-Policy Issues

27.79212

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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 2. Abdul Rahman Dalan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 3. Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Nik Aziz Taib Mahmud Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson

Party or Coalition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. BN (Barisan Nasional) DAP (Democratic Action Party) Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement Party) MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association) MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress) PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party) PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu) PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah) PKR (People's Justice Party) PR (Pakatan Rakyat) PRS (Sarawak People's Party) PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia) PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia) SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party) SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party) SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party) UMNO (United Malays National Organisation) UPKO (United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation)

4.

Organisations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Bersih Community-based organisations. Democracy- or human rights-oriented organisations (excluding Bersih) Environmentally-oriented organisations Ethnicity-oriented organisations JATI Perkasa Professionals organisations Religious organisations. Trade Unions Womens' rights or issues focused organisations. Youth or student focused organisations Election Commission

Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih) Anwar Ibrahim (PKR) Baru Bian Chua Soi Lek Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Mahathir Mohamad

5.

Policy Issues 1. Vision Policies or Programmes 1. 1Malaysia 2. GTP (Government Transformation Programme) 3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme) 4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas) 5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'

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6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 2.

PAS's Welfare State PKR's Buku Jingga NEM (New Economic Model) 'Transformasi' BN Manifesto PR Manifesto Other

6. 7. 8.

SOSMA (Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012) Other

Health 1. 1Care 2. Other Religion 1. Apostasy 2. Islamic State 3. Hudud 4. Conversion (into Islam) 5. 'Allah' issue 6. Other

Environment 1. Deforestation/Land Rights 2. Recycling 3. Lynas 4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas) 5. Damming Projects 6. Other Economy/Development 1. Recession 2. Welfare 3. Unemployment 4. Poverty 5. Privatisation 6. Growth/FDI 7. FTA/Globalisation 8. Inflation/Price Rises 9. Infrastructure 10. Housing 11. Other Education 1. Vernacular Schools 2. Access 3. PPSMI 4. Academic Freedom 5. System 6. PTPTN 7. Other Foreign Policy 1. Western World 2. Singapore (Mentions of) 3. Singapore (Comparison with) 4. China 5. India 6. Islamic World 7. Israel/Palestine 8. Indonesia 9. Other Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security 1. Immigration 2. Illegals/Refugees 3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu) 4. Crime 5. Lahad Datu Incident 6. Other Oppressive Legislation 1. ISA (Internal Security Act) 2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University Colleges Act 1971) 3. Sedition Act 4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act) 5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012) 6.

9.

3.

Non-Policy Issues 1. Ethnicity 1. Malaysia 2. Chinese 3. Indian/South Asian 4. Orang Asli 5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak 6. Thai 7. Portuguese/Eurasian 8. Malay Rights 9. Other Religion 1. Islam 2. Buddhism/Taoism 3. Hinduism 4. Christianity 5. Sikhism 6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related) 7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity 8. Interfaith Friction 9. Other Democracy & Human Rights 1. General Corruption 2. Electoral Corruption 3. Media Freedom 4. Electoral Reform 5. Electoral Legislation 6. 2-Party System 7. Protest/Rallies 8. Other Socioeconomic Sectors 1. Middle Class/Professionals 2. Working Class 3. Aristocracy/Monarchy 4. Civil Service 5. Military and Police 6. FELDA 7. Plantation/Estate Workers 8. Chine New Villagers 9. Senior Citizens/Retirees 10. RELA/Wataniah 11. Urban 12. Rural 13. Cost of Living

4.

2.

5.

3.

6.

4.

7.

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14. Other 7. 5. Territory 1. Kuala Lumpur 2. Labuan 3. Putrajaya 4. Johor 5. Kedah 6. Kelantan 7. Malacca 8. Negeri Sembilan 9. Pahang 10. Perak 11. Perlis 12. Penang 13. Sabah 14. Sarawak 15. Selangor 16. Terengganu 17. Sarawak Independence 18. Sabah Independence Mudslinging 1. Anwar/Sodomy 2. Altantuya 3. Rosmah 4. Penang CM 5. Selangor CM 6. NFC 7. Arms Deals 8. Psy/CNY Concert 9. Project IC 10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose 11. Other Gender 1. Sexuality 2. Women in politics 3. Personal/Private life 4. Womens' Issues 5. LGBT/Q 6. Appearance 7. Sexism 8. Other Electioneering 1. Event-specific Gifts 2. Handouts 3. Timely Developments 4. Election Promises 5. Baby-kissing 6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War 7. Other

8.

6.

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