'Watching the Watchdog'

Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: THE MALAYSIAN INSIDER BAHASA MALAYSIA
15/08/13 Dr Tessa J. Houghton School of Modern Languages and Cultures Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and Culture University of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at: tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.my 010 523 4575 or Masjaliza Hamzah Executive Officer Centre for Independent Journalism cijmalaysia@gmail.com 03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

Table of Contents
Executive Summary of Key Results for THE MALAYSIAN INSIDER BAHASA MALAYSIA.............................3 Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5 1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5 Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5 Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................6 1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7 Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7 Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage .................................................................... 8 Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9 Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10 Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 11 2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 11 Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11 Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12 2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources....................................................... 13 Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13 Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14 2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15 Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15 Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16 Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17 Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18 2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19 Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?............................................................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20 Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................21 3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21 Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21 Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues......................................................................................... 22 Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................ 23 Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24 Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables.......................................................................................................................... 25 Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

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Executive Summary of Key Results for THE MALAYSIAN INSIDER BAHASA MALAYSIA
Introduction Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through the media the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy. But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective information about national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment, and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for? The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, television news broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English, Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia, during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration between the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism. The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report. Key Results In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by The Malaysian Insider Bahasa Malaysia we found the following trends: (1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions The coverage of parties and coalitions was relatively equally split between BN and PR, with a very slight skew towards PR. The vast majority of the coverage of political parties and coalitions was neutral in tone (over 92%), but with regards to non-neutral material, BN received the most positive and negative coverage, while PR were attacked the most often.

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about? Najib Razak was the most mentioned politician, but the volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was remarkably equal. The vast majority of the coverage of political parties and coalitions was neutral in tone (over 84%), but with regards to non-neutral material, BN politicians were given the most positive coverage and were attacked the most, while PR politicians were given the most negative coverage. Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most? BN were used as sources much more often than both independent political figures and PR, whose politicians received less use as sources than either of the other two groups.

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 Mahathir Mohamad and Najib Razak were first equal with regards to being engaged in attack politics, followed by Muhyiddin Yassin, Anwar Ibrahim, then Lim Kit Siang. Overall, BN coalition politicians were engaged in attack politics significantly more often than either opposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures. (3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues Non-Policy Issues were given significantly more coverage than Policy Issues. The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall.

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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

SPDP PRS PBS UPKO SUPP PRM PBB SAPP Gerakan PSM MIC Other MCA UMNO PKR DAP PR PAS BN 0

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.15 0.36 0.66 1.17 2.11 4.88 8.85 8.96 11.40 14.75 14.86 31.72 5 10 15
Volume

20

25

30

35

BN received the most coverage (31.72%), followed by PAS, PR, DAP & PKR. Refer to Table 1 for figures.

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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Other

2.11

Independent

0.84

PR

49.96

BN

47.09

10

20
Volume

30

40

50

60

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, PR received slightly more coverage (49.96%) than BN (47.09%). Refer to Table 2 for figures.

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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

2% 4% 2% Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

92%

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutral category was used very much the most often (92.09%).

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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Attacked UPKO SUPP SPDP SAPP PRM PRS PBS PBB Gerakan Other PSM MIC MCA PKR UMNO PAS DAP PR BN 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Negative

Coverage Volume

BN was the most negatively covered (48.33%) party/coalition by a significant margin. The three constituent parties of the coalition (PAS, PKR & DAP) came in second, third and fourth most negatively covered, respectively. PR was the most the attacked party/coalition by a significant margin (35.97%), followed by PAS, then BN. Refer to Table 3 for figures.

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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Positive SPDP PRS PBS UPKO SUPP PRM PBB SAPP Gerakan PSM MIC Other MCA UMNO PKR DAP PR PAS BN 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Neutral

Coverage Volume

BN received the most positive (57.14%) and neutral (31.49%) coverage by a very significant and significant margin respectively. PR received the second most positive coverage, followed by UMNO, then PAS. Refer to Table 3 for figures.

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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Positive Independent & Other Neutral Negative Attacked Positive PR Neutral Negative Attacked Positive BN Neutral Negative Attacked 0

0.00 3.10 1.67 1.75 33.33 49.34 41.67 73.68 66.67 47.55 56.67 24.56 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Coverage Volume

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we can see that BN received the most positive and negative coverage, while PR were attacked the most often. It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category was overwhelmingly the largest category. Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios. Coverage Type Positive Neutral Negative Attacked Tonal Weighting 2% 92% 2% 4%

BN : PR 1 : 0.5 1:1 1 : 0.7 1:3

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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Khalid Samad Dzulkefly Ahmad Ng Yen Yen Hishamuddin Hussein Ambiga Sreenevasan Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Rafizi Ramli Muhyiddin Yassin Lim Guan Eng Nurul Izzah Nizar Jamaluddin Hadi Awang Chua Soi Lek Khalid Ibrahim Nik Aziz Lim Kit Siang Mahathir Mohamad Ibrahim Ali Anwar Ibrahim Najib Razak 0 0.31 0.31 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.93 1.23 1.39 1.70 2.47 2.62 2.93 3.40 3.70 4.48 10.49 11.42 11.42 11.57 26.24 5 10
Coverage Volume

15

20

25

30

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph. Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant margin (26.24%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim, Ibrahim Ali, Mahathir Mohamad, and Lim Kit Siang, in that order. Refer to Table 5 for full figures.

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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

12% BN PR 44% Independent/ Other

44%

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and merged into their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitions was remarkably equal. Refer to Table 6 for figures.

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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Khalid Ibrahim Hadi Awang Ambiga Sreenevasan Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Lim Kit Siang Election Commission Spokesperson Anwar Ibrahim Muhyiddin Yassin Najib Razak 0

2.49 3.14 4.23 4.44 6.61 7.04 7.80 8.45 8.88 22.64 5
Coverage Volume

10

15

20

25

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was the most commonly used as a source by a significant margin (22.64%), followed by Muhyiddin Yassin, Anwar Ibrahim, EC Spokespeople, then Lim Kit Siang. Muhyiddin is notable in that he was mentioned relatively rarely but used as a source relatively often. Refer to Table 7 for figures.

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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

32% 44% BN PR Independent/Other

24%

Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (43.55%) than both independent political figures and PR, whose politicians received less use as sources than either of the other two groups (24.38%). Refer to Table 7 for figures.

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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

2% 7%

5% Positive Neutral Negative Attacked

86%

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category is used very much the most often, followed by the negative category.

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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Attacked Hassan Ali Hadi Awang G. Palanivel Elizabeth Wong Dzulkefly Ahmad Chong Chieng Jen Bernard Dompok Baru Bian Azmin Ali Alfred Jabu Abdul Rahman Dahlan Muhyiddin Yassin Chua Soi Lek Ambiga Sreenevasan Nik Aziz Lim Kit Siang Nizar Jamaluddin Khalid Ibrahim Mahathir Mohamad Najib Razak Anwar Ibrahim Ibrahim Ali 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Negative

Coverage Volume

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Ibrahim Ali received the most negative coverage (39.02%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim, Najib Razak, then Mahathir Mohamad. Najib Razak received the most attacks (27.91%), followed by Lim Kit Siang (25.58%) then Mahathir Mohamad (23.26%). Refer to Table 8 for full figures.

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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Positive Tian Chua Rosmah Mansur Musa Aman Khalid Samad Dzulkefly Ahmad Ng Yen Yen Hishamuddin Hussein Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Rafizi Ramli Muhyiddin Yassin Lim Guan Eng Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Hadi Awang Chua Soi Lek Khalid Ibrahim Nik Aziz Mahathir Mohamad Lim Kit Siang Anwar Ibrahim Ibrahim Ali Najib Razak 0 10 20
Coverage Volume

Neutral

30

40

50

60

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received the most positive (30.77%) and neutral coverage (26.35%) by significant margins. Mahathir Mohamad received the second most positive coverage, followed by Anwar Ibrahim and then Ibrahim Ali and Lim Kit Siang in fourth equal place. Refer to Table 8 for figures.

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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Positive Independent/ Other Neutral Negative Attacked Positive PR Neutral Negative Attacked Positive BN Neutral Negative Attacked 0

7.69 12.27 25.00 4.65 30.77 45.13 40.63 37.21 61.54 42.60 34.38 58.14 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Coverage Volume

Overall, BN politicians were given the most positive coverage and were attacked the most, while PR politicians were given the most negative coverage. It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category. Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios. Coverage Type Positive Neutral Negative Attacked Tonal Weighting 2% 85% 5% 7%

BN : PR 1 : 0.5 1 : 1.1 1 : 1.2 1 : 0.6

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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.00 Hassan Ali 0.00 Baru Bian Ambiga Sreenevasan Taib Mahmud Hadi Awang Chua Soi Lek Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Nik Aziz Lim Kit Siang Anwar Ibrahim Muhyiddin Yassin Najib Razak Mahathir Mohamad 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.90 0.90 1.80 3.60 5.41 10.81 12.61 14.41 18.92 18.92 20

Attack Volume

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Mahathir Mohamad and Najib Razak were first equal with regards to being engaged in attack politics (18.92%), followed by Muhyiddin Yassin, Anwar Ibrahim, then Lim Kit Siang. Refer to Table 10 for figures.

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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

11% BN PR Independent/Other

54%

35%

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Overall, BN coalition politicians were quoted as engaged in attack politics more often than either opposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures. Refer to Table 10 for figures.

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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

32% Policy Issues Non-Policy Issues 68%

More coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

12% 2% 35% 17% Vision Policies/Programmes Environment Economy/Development Education Foreign Policy Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security Oppressive Legislation Health Religion

Policy Issues

7% 3% 4% 20%

Of all Policy issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most attention, followed by the Economy & Development, then Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

20%

Non-Policy Issues
36% 5% Ethnicity Religion Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic Status Mudslinging Gender Electioneering

8%

11% 9%

11%

Of all Non-Policy Issues, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed by Electioneering, then Religion and Socioeconomic Status in fourth equal place. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days) Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 8861 Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 407 Average number of articles/day: na/d = 13.1 Data Collection The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70 'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society, coded their assigned media on a daily basis. Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria: They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, or were the paper's editorial (if they run one). They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with 'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily. They were from within the TV news broadcasts. They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns, opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level (from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' are outlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study. Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching each reference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjective language/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source being quoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coders were instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support a positive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted. Data Analysis The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinary mathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well as much higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key datacodes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of coded data (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised to provide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables

TABLE 1 Party Percentage BN 31.719 DAP 11.398 Gerakan 0.36417 MCA 4.8798 MIC 1.1653 PAS 14.858 PBB 0.036417 PBS 0 PKR 8.9585 PR 14.749 PRS 0 PRM 0.036417 PSM 0.6555 SAPP 0.14567 SPDP 0 SUPP 0.036417 UMNO 8.8492 UPKO 0.036417 Other 2.1122 Party BN Gerakan MCA MIC PBB PBS PRS SPDP SUPP UMNO UPKO PR DAP PAS PKR PRM PSM SAPP Other TABLE 3 Parties & Coalitions BN DAP Gerakan MCA MIC PAS PBB PBS PKR PR PRS PRM PSM SAPP SPDP SUPP UMNO UPKO Other Attacked 20.175 13.158 0 0.87719 0 22.807 0 0 1.7544 35.965 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5088 0 1.7544 Negative 48.333 15 0 1.6667 1.6667 6.6667 0 0 1.6667 18.333 0 0 1.6667 0 0 0 5 0 0 Neutral 31.491 11.292 0.39761 5.169 1.2326 14.831 0.039761 0 9.6223 13.598 0 0.039761 0.67594 0.15905 0 0.039761 9.1451 0.039761 2.2266 Positive 57.143 0 0 0 0 7.1429 0 0 0 26.19 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.5238 0 0 TOTAL 157.142 39.45 0.39761 7.71289 2.8993 51.4476 0.039761 0 13.0434 94.086 0 0.039761 2.34264 0.15905 0 0.039761 27.1777 0.039761 3.981 TABLE 2 Percentage Coalition 31.719 0.36417 4.8798 1.1653 0.036417 0 BN 0 0 0.036417 8.8492 0.036417 14.749 11.398 PR 14.858 8.9585 0.036417 0.6555 Independent 0.14567 2.1122 Other Percentage

47.086721

49.9635

0.837587 2.1122

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BN

PR

Independent & Other

TABLE 4 Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

TABLE 5 24.56099 54.21019 47.554593 66.6668 73.6844 41.6664 49.3433 33.3329 1.7544 1.6667 3.101351 0 Politician/Political Figure Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Ibrahim Ali James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee Percentage (mention) 0 0 0.46296 11.574 0.15432 0 0 0 3.3951 0.30864 0.15432 0.15432 2.9321 0 0.46296 11.42 0 0 0.15432 3.7037 0.30864 1.6975 10.494 0.15432 11.42 0 0.92593 1.3889 0.30864 26.235 0.46296 4.4753 2.6235 2.4691 1.2346 0.30864 0 0 0 0.30864 0.30864 0 0 0 0

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Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Liow Tiong Lai Ng Yen Yen G. Palanivel Alfred Jabu Taib Mahmud Maximus Ongkili James Masing William Mawan Wong Soon Koh Abdul Rahman Dahlan Hishamuddin Hussein Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Karpal Singh Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Teresa Kok Tony Pua Wong Ho Leng Dzulkefly Ahmad Hadi Awang Khalid Samad Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Siti Mariah Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Elizabeth Wong Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Tian Chua Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Ibrahim Ali Rosmah Mansur Yong Teck Lee

TABLE 6 Party etc. Percentage MCA MIC PBB PBS PRS SPDP SUPP 4.01238 0.15432 0 0 0 0 0

Coalition

Percentage

BN

43.9822

UMNO

39.8155

UPKO

DAP

12.65446

PAS

11.57411 PR 43.82725

PKR

19.59868

Bersih Independent Perkasa '1st lady' SAPP

0.46296 0 11.42 0.30864 0

Independent/Ot her

12.1916

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Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Taib Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Baru Bian Hadi Awang Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson

TABLE 7 Percentage (source) 4.442 6.6089 8.8841 0.10834 22.644 0 0.86674 8.4507 0 3.1419 0 2.4919 0.86674 7.0423 2.3835 4.2254 0.10834 14.301 2.7086 2.9252 7.8007

Coalition

Percentage

BN

43.55408

PR

24.37704

Independent

32.06924

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Politician/Political Figure Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Ibrahim Ali James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee

TABLE 8 Attacked Negative 0 0 0 0 4.6512 0 4.6512 21.875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.6512 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.6512 6.25 0 0 0 0 25.581 3.125 0 0 23.256 15.625 0 0 0 0 2.3256 0 0 0 27.907 18.75 0 0 2.3256 3.125 0 6.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Neutral 0 0 0.18051 11.552 0.18051 0 0 0 3.4296 0.36101 0.18051 0.18051 3.4296 0 0.54152 11.733 0 0 0.18051 3.6101 0.36101 1.8051 9.9278 0.18051 9.5668 0 1.083 1.444 0.36101 26.354 0.54152 4.6931 2.7076 2.8881 1.444 0.36101 0 0 0 0.36101 0.36101 0 0 0 0

Positive 0 0 0 15.385 0 0 0 0 7.6923 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.6923 0 0 0 0 0 7.6923 7.6923 0 23.077 0 0 0 0 30.769 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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BN

PR

Independent/ Other

TABLE 9 Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

58.1398 34.375 42.59947 61.5383 37.209 40.625 45.12597 30.7696 4.6512 25 12.27452 7.6923

TABLE 10 Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Taib Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Baru Bian Hadi Awang Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson Percentage (source + attacking) 0.9009 18.919 14.414 0 18.919 0 0.9009 12.613 0 0.9009 0 1.8018 3.6036 10.811 5.4054 0 0 10.811 0 0 0 Coalition Percentage

BN

54.0538

PR

35.1357

Independent

10.811

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TABLE 11 Issues Vision Policies/Programmes Environment Economy/Development Education Foreign Policy Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security Oppressive Legislation Health Religion Ethnicity Religion Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic Status Mudslinging Gender Electioneering Coverage 6.6087 0.62609 3.6522 0.69565 1.3565 3.1652 0.34783 0 2.2261 14.157 4.3478 3.687 4.3478 3.2 2.0522 7.8609 PI/NPI Coverage

Policy Issues

18.67827

Non-Policy Issues

39.6527

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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 2. Abdul Rahman Dalan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 3. Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Nik Aziz Taib Mahmud Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson

Party or Coalition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. BN (Barisan Nasional) DAP (Democratic Action Party) Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement Party) MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association) MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress) PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party) PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu) PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah) PKR (People's Justice Party) PR (Pakatan Rakyat) PRS (Sarawak People's Party) PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia) PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia) SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party) SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party) SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party) UMNO (United Malays National Organisation) UPKO (United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation)

4.

Organisations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Bersih Community-based organisations. Democracy- or human rights-oriented organisations (excluding Bersih) Environmentally-oriented organisations Ethnicity-oriented organisations JATI Perkasa Professionals organisations Religious organisations. Trade Unions Womens' rights or issues focused organisations. Youth or student focused organisations Election Commission

Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih) Anwar Ibrahim (PKR) Baru Bian Chua Soi Lek Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Mahathir Mohamad

5.

Policy Issues 1. Vision Policies or Programmes 1. 1Malaysia 2. GTP (Government Transformation Programme) 3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme) 4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas) 5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'

32 THE MALAYSIAN INSIDER BAHASA MALAYSIA

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 2.

PAS's Welfare State PKR's Buku Jingga NEM (New Economic Model) 'Transformasi' BN Manifesto PR Manifesto Other

6. 7. 8.

SOSMA (Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012) Other

Health 1. 1Care 2. Other Religion 1. Apostasy 2. Islamic State 3. Hudud 4. Conversion (into Islam) 5. 'Allah' issue 6. Other

Environment 1. Deforestation/Land Rights 2. Recycling 3. Lynas 4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas) 5. Damming Projects 6. Other Economy/Development 1. Recession 2. Welfare 3. Unemployment 4. Poverty 5. Privatisation 6. Growth/FDI 7. FTA/Globalisation 8. Inflation/Price Rises 9. Infrastructure 10. Housing 11. Other Education 1. Vernacular Schools 2. Access 3. PPSMI 4. Academic Freedom 5. System 6. PTPTN 7. Other Foreign Policy 1. Western World 2. Singapore (Mentions of) 3. Singapore (Comparison with) 4. China 5. India 6. Islamic World 7. Israel/Palestine 8. Indonesia 9. Other Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security 1. Immigration 2. Illegals/Refugees 3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu) 4. Crime 5. Lahad Datu Incident 6. Other Oppressive Legislation 1. ISA (Internal Security Act) 2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University Colleges Act 1971) 3. Sedition Act 4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act) 5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012) 6.

9.

3.

Non-Policy Issues 1. Ethnicity 1. Malaysia 2. Chinese 3. Indian/South Asian 4. Orang Asli 5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak 6. Thai 7. Portuguese/Eurasian 8. Malay Rights 9. Other Religion 1. Islam 2. Buddhism/Taoism 3. Hinduism 4. Christianity 5. Sikhism 6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related) 7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity 8. Interfaith Friction 9. Other Democracy & Human Rights 1. General Corruption 2. Electoral Corruption 3. Media Freedom 4. Electoral Reform 5. Electoral Legislation 6. 2-Party System 7. Protest/Rallies 8. Other Socioeconomic Sectors 1. Middle Class/Professionals 2. Working Class 3. Aristocracy/Monarchy 4. Civil Service 5. Military and Police 6. FELDA 7. Plantation/Estate Workers 8. Chine New Villagers 9. Senior Citizens/Retirees 10. RELA/Wataniah 11. Urban 12. Rural 13. Cost of Living

4.

2.

5.

3.

6.

4.

7.

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14. Other 7. 5. Territory 1. Kuala Lumpur 2. Labuan 3. Putrajaya 4. Johor 5. Kedah 6. Kelantan 7. Malacca 8. Negeri Sembilan 9. Pahang 10. Perak 11. Perlis 12. Penang 13. Sabah 14. Sarawak 15. Selangor 16. Terengganu 17. Sarawak Independence 18. Sabah Independence Mudslinging 1. Anwar/Sodomy 2. Altantuya 3. Rosmah 4. Penang CM 5. Selangor CM 6. NFC 7. Arms Deals 8. Psy/CNY Concert 9. Project IC 10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose 11. Other Gender 1. Sexuality 2. Women in politics 3. Personal/Private life 4. Womens' Issues 5. LGBT/Q 6. Appearance 7. Sexism 8. Other Electioneering 1. Event-specific Gifts 2. Handouts 3. Timely Developments 4. Election Promises 5. Baby-kissing 6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War 7. Other

8.

6.

34 THE MALAYSIAN INSIDER BAHASA MALAYSIA