Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bahan Ajar VII Mathematics
Bahan Ajar VII Mathematics
Bahan Ajar VII Mathematics
Pd
Mathematics for
Junior High School
[Grade 7]
SMP 21 Semarang
CHAPTER 1
INTEGERS
Standard Competence
1. Understanding the properties of mathematical operation of numbers and their application in problem solving
Basic Competence
1. 1 Doing mathematical operation of integers and apply their properties in problem solving
Indicators
1. Students are able to mention the member of integers
2. Students are able to mention quantities in daily activities used a negative number
3. Students are able to locate an integer in a number line
4. Students are able to do mathematical operation of integers (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
powering, root and its combination)
5. Students are able to find the properties of mathematical operation of integers (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, powering, root and its combination)
6. Students are able to apply the properties of mathematical operation of integers in problem solving
7. Students are able to find the prediction value of the product of multiplication and division
8. Students are able to find the prediction value of the product of multiplication and division
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Negative direction = left ← → right = positive direction
Examples:
– 5 < 4 because – 5 is located to the left of 4
– 7 > – 10 because – 7 is located to the ………. of ……………
EXERCISE 1A
1. Compare these two integers by giving sign “ < ”, “ > “ between them. Give your
reasons!
a. – 3 …. 4 c. – 2 …. – 5 e. – 451 …. – 541
b. 4 …. 6 d. 6 …. – 6 f. 0 …. – 3
2. Compare these three integers by giving sign “ < ”, “ > “ between them. Give your
reasons!
a. 3 …. 4 ..…. 5 c. – 21 …. – 25 …. – 30
b. – 3 …. 6 …. 7 d. – 17 …. 0 …. 8
3. Determine the possible value of x. x is the element of integers!
a. − 4 ≤ x ≤ 1 c. 4 < x ≤ 9 e. − 2 > x ≥ −7
b. − 1 < x < 5 d. − 21 > x > −25
Example:
1. – 3 + 4 = …. (Start from 0, move 3 steps to the left until – 3, move 4 steps to the
right, the end point is 1. So, the result is 1.
–3 4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–3 + 4 = 1
2. 4 + (- 5) = ….. (Start from 0, move …. steps to the ….....….. until ….., move
……. steps to the ………, the end point is ………. So, the result is ………...
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
4 + (-5) = ……
EXERCISE 1B
1) By using a number line, find the sum of:
a. -3 + 7 d. 2 + (-6)
b. -5 + (-3) e. 0 + (-3)
c. 3 + 8 f. (-5) + 5
2) Find the sum of:
a. 12 + (-21) d. 123 + 501
b. -25 + (-34) e. (-48) + 67
c. 0 + (-23) f. 223 + (-249)
3) Given a = 2, b = -7 and c = -5. Find the value of:
a. a + b c. a + c
b. b + c d. a + b + c
For examples:
1. 3 – 5 = 3 + (-5) = -2 (the addition inverse of 5 is -5)
2. 4 – (-6) = 4 + ….= ….. (the addition inverse of -6 is ….)
3. -7 – 2 = -7 + ….= ….. (the addition inverse of 2 is ….)
4. -3 – (-9) = -3 + ….= ….. (the addition inverse of -9 is ….)
WORK IN A GROUP!
Make a group consists of 4 students! You have to discuss about the properties of
subtraction. Answer these questions! Ask your teacher if you get trouble!
1. Does subtraction of integer have enclosed property? Explain!
2. Does subtraction of integer have commutative property? Explain!
3. Does subtraction of integer have associative property? Explain!
4. Does subtraction of integer have identity element? Explain!
EXERCISE 1C
1. Find the result of subtraction:
a. 9 – 4 e. -123 – (127)
b. 24 – 35 f. -205 – 205
c. -21 – (-45) g. 400 – (-645)
d. -20 – 43 h. (-27) – (-27)
2. Given a = 4, b = -2 and c = -5. Find the value of:
a. a – b e. a + b – c
b. b – c f. b – c – a
c. a – b – c g. b – a + c
d. c – b – a h. c – b + a
3. Find the difference of 9 and -4
4. Determine the difference of -6 and -23
5. Find the difference of -12 and 5
Conclusion:
Positive number x Positive number = Positive number
Negative number x Negative number = Positive number
Negative number x Positive number = Negative number
Positive number x Negative number = Negative number
EXERCISE 1D
1. Find the product of:
a. 2 x (-5) d. -36 x 11
b. (-30) x -21 e. 5 x (-56)
c. (-23) x (-5) f. 0 x (-53)
2. Given a = -5, b = 4 and c = -3. Determine the value of:
a. a x b f. 4 x b x c
b. a x c g. -5 x c x a
c. b x c h. – 24 x b x a
d. -2 x a i. a x b x c
e. -6 x a x b j. – 4 x c x b x a
3. Find the product of these operations! (Use associative properties to make it easier)
a. 2 x 9 x 5 d. 16 x 25 x 26
b. 4 x 11 x 5 e. 80 x 13 x 125
c. 15 x 12 x 4 f. 32 x 34 x 25
4. Find the product of these operations! (Use distributive properties to make it easier)
a. 13 x 9 d. 8 x 126
b. 25 x 101 e. 6 x 599
c. 14 x 99 f. 24 x 999
Division is the inverse operation of multiplication. These below properties are also
satisfied in division.
Positive number : Positive number = Positive number
Negative number : Negative number = Positive number
Negative number : Positive number = Negative number
Positive number : Negative number = Negative number
WORK IN A GROUP!
Make a group consists of 4 students! You have to discuss about the properties of
division. Answer these questions! Ask your teacher if you get trouble!
1. Does division of integer have enclosed property? Explain!
2. Does division of integer have commutative property? Explain!
3. Does division of integer have associative property? Explain!
4. Does division of integer have identity element? Explain!
EXERCISE 1E
1. Find the result of:
a. 120 : (-5) d. -316 : 4
b. (-36) : -2 e. -438 : (-6)
c. (-225) : (-15) f. 0 : (-3)
2. Given a = -120, b = 4 and c = -3. Determine the value of:
a. a : b d. 24 : b
b. a : c e. -295 : c
c. a : b : c f. – 204 : c
2× 2× 2
2. 23 : 22 =
2× 2
......
=
......
= 2..... = 2.....−......
..... × ..... × ...... × ...... × .....
35 x 33 =
...... × ...... × ......
= ….x…..
= 3....... = 3.....−......
Generally, for any a, m, n are integers then am : an = a…. –……
4. (2 x 3)3= (2 x 3) x (2 x 3) x (2 x 3)
=2x3x2x3x2x3
= 2 x 2 x 2 x …x….x….
= 2….. x 3…….
4
(2 x 5) = (2 x 5) x (2 x 5) x (2 x 5) x (2 x 5)
=2x5x2x5x2x5x2x5
= 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x …x….x….x….x…..
= 2….. x 5…….
Generally, for any a, b, n are integers then (a x b)n = a…..x b……
5. 23 : 22 = 2....−..... = 2…… = ……
34 : 33 = 3....−..... = 3…… = ……
Generally, for any a is the element of integer then a1 = ….
EXERCISE 1F
1. Find the value of:
a. 112 c. (-36)2
b. (-14)2 d. -352
2. Find the value of:
a. 63 c. -54
b. 26 d. (-3)5
3. Find the value of:
a. (16 – 28)2 c. (-18 – (-14))2
b. (-7 + 14)2 d. (-17 + 16)5
6. Root of Integers
a. Square root
2
a = b ⇔ b 2 = a , a is positive integer.
2
a is usually symbolized a
Examples:
1. 169 = 13 because 132 = 169 6. 2704 = ...... because ….2 = 2704
2. 729 = .... because ….2 = 729 7. 10000 = ...... because ….2 = 10000
3. 1849 = ...... because ….2 = 1849 8. 576 = ...... because ….2 = 576
4. 961 = ...... because ….2 = 961 9. 676 = ...... because ….2 = 676
5. 625 = ...... because ….2 = 625 10. 1369 = ...... because ….2 = 1369
b. Cube root
3
a = b ⇔ b3 = a
Generally, n a = b ⇔ b n = a
Examples:
1. 3 64 = 4 because 43 = 64 6. 3
− 125 = ...... because ….3 = (-125)
2. 3
− 8 = .... because ….3 = (-8) 7. 6 1000000 = ... because ….6 = 1000000
3. 5
32 = 5 because 25 = 32 8. 3 0.125 = ...... because ….3 = 0.125
4. 3
27 = ...... because ….3 = 27 9. 3 − 512 = ...... because ….3 = (-512)
5. 4
81 = ...... because ….4 = 81 10. 5 − 243 = ...... because ….5 = (-243)
EXERCISE 1G
1. Find the root of:
a. 324 c. 3
− 729
b . 3 − 6859 d. 6
64
2. Find the prediction value of 125
3. Find the prediction value of 35
4. Find the prediction value of 222
5. Find the prediction value of 876
6. Find the prediction value of 1005
EXERCISE 1H
1. 67 – 3 x (-5) + 39 : 13 6. 3 – 5 x (-4) + 27 : (-9)
2. 45 + 27 : 9 x 5 – 40 7. 125 : 25 – 10 x 2 + (-15)
3. 105 – 25 + 15 x 5 : 25 8. (-4) x 6 + 45 : (-3) – 12
4. 5 x (45 – 21) : (4 + 8) 9. 21 – 4 x 6 : 12 + 3
5. 240 : 12 x (8 + 6) 10. -5 – 7 x (-2) – 12 : (-4)
Keyword:
Decrease = drop = left direction = negative = minus
increase = up = right direction = positive
EXERCISE 1I
Some numbers are as the example then you continue to finish it by your self.
1. During the afternoon the temperature in a desert is 180C. During the night the
temperature decreases by 220C. What is the temperature of the desert at the night?
Known : temperature in afternoon = 180C
Decreases 220C in the night
Question : temperature in the night
Answer :
Decrease → minus, then
Temperature in the night = temperature in afternoon – decreased temperature
= 180C – 220C
= – 40C
So temperature in the desert in the night is – 40C.
2. A diver is 10 m under sea water level. He dives 5 m further and swims up 12 m. Find
his present position!
3. An airplane is flying at altitude 2 500 m over sea water level, then moves to altitude
825 m. How many meters lower is it?
4. A bus is running with 45 passengers. At a bus stop, 20 of them gets off and 23 more
gets on. How many passengers are there in the bus now?
5. Dita is charged Rp. 75 000 for telephone bill and Rp. 60 000 for electricity bill. She
provides notes of Rp. 100 000 and Rp. 50 000. How much change will she get?
6. A bird is at 12 m above sea water level while a fish is directly below it at 9 m below
sea water level. Determine the distance between the bird and the fish!
7. Tina buys 4 books. The price is Rp. 1500 for a book. She provides a note of Rp. 10
000. Determine the total price and the change that she will get!
8. The length of a ribbon is 124 cm. It is cut into 4 pieces. How long is each piece of
ribbon?
9. A printer prints 6 copies per minute. How many copies are printed in an hour?
10. The temperature on top Mount Jaya Wijaya is -20C. When the weather changes, It rises
30C. What is the new temperature then?
11. The temperature in a desert increases 40C for every hour in the day. The temperature at
8.00 am was 300C. What was the temperature at 11.00 am?
12. The temperature of ice is 00C. When some salt is added, the temperature drops by 80C.
Then the ice is heated and the temperature rises by 170C. What is the temperature now?
13. Sita is 13 years old. Her father is 4 times older than her. How old will her father be in
five years later?
14. Only 605 people were present during a competition, although 753 people had
registered. How many people were absent?
15. Rio’s money is Rp. 12 000. Then, his mother gives him Rp. 8.000 and his father gives
him Rp. 10.000. He buys a pencil box at price Rp. 15.000. Then he gives the rest to his
3 brothers. Everyone gets equal part. How many Rp does each of his brothers get?
For examples:
a. Round off until 2 decimal places!
1. 2.334 ≈ 2. 33 ( 4 < 5 , then delete 4 and the number in the left of 4, i.e. 3 is not
changed)
2. 123.056 ≈ 123.06 ( 6 ≥ 5 , then delete 6 and add 1 to the number in the left of 6,
i.e. 5, so 5 is changed into 5 + 1, it is 6)
b. Round off until the nearest tens.
1. 235 175 ≈ 23518 ( 5 ≥ 5 , then delete 5 and add 1 to the number in the left of 5, i.e.
7, so 7 is changed into 7 + 1, it is 8)
2. 2 501 152 ≈ ….. ......................................................................................................
……………………………………………)
c. Round off the result into the nearest tens.
1. 235 x 1247 ≈ 240 x 1250 ≈ 3000
2. 44 x 1324 ≈ 40 x ……. ≈ …………
EXERCISE 1J
A. CONCEPTS UNDERSTANDING
1. By using a number line, find the result of these addition:
(a) – 6 + 9 (b) 4 + (– 7)
2. Arrange these numbers in ascending order:
(a) – 7, 0, – 12, 13, 5 (b) 1, – 1, 4, – 4, – 6
3. Find the result of:
(a) 25 + (– 37) (b) – 201 – 81 (c) 30 – 42 + 13
4. Find the result of :
(a) – 5 x (– 14) x 4 (b) 1240 : 8 : (– 4)
C. PROBLEM SOLVING
1. The temperature in a desert increases 30C for every hour at the day light.
The temperature at 10 a. m was 350C.
a. Determine the temperature at 12 a. m
b. Determine the temperature at 9 a. m
2. Rio has 36 marbles. He lost 6 marbles. Then he gives the remains to his 5 friends. If
every one gets same parts, how many marbles are received by each of them?
3. A fish is at 15 m underwater. It swims up 7 m and finally dives 2 m. Find the new
position of the fish!
4. There are 20 questions in a test. The score for true answer is 2; score for false answer
is -1 and 0 for unanswered. Ina can answer 14 questions correctly and 2 questions are
unanswered. Determine her total score!
Standard Competence
1. Understanding the properties of mathematical operation of numbers and their application in problem solving
Basic Competence
1. 2 Doing Mathematical operation of fractions and apply their properties in problem solving
Indicators
1. Students are able to understand the meaning of fraction
2. Students are able to mention the forms of fractions
3. Students are able to convert a fraction to the other forms
4. Students are able to arrange fractions and locate them in a number line
5. Students are able to do mathematical operation of fractions (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
and powering) and apply them in problem solving
6. Students are able to round off a decimal
7. Students are able to write a scientific notation of a fraction or a decimal
8. Students are able to predict the product of mathematical operation of fraction
1
For example , it means 1 part of all (8 parts).
8
a
Fraction is a number to show a part of all. It is usually written , b ≠ 0 . a is called
b
numerator and b is called denominator.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 12 1 2 3 4 5
1
2 is located in the middle of 0 and 1. You divide the distance of 0 and 1 into 2 equal parts
-2 − 1 23 − 1 13 -1 − 1
2
0 1 1 13 1 23 2
The Least Common Multiple (LCM) and The Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
You have studied these matters in elementary school.
a) Find the LCM and GCF of 18 and 120
First, you have to find its prime factors:
18 = 2 x 32
24 = 23 x 3 x 5
LCM = you write all the factors, choose the highest power
= 23 x 32 x 5
= 8 x 9 x 5 = 360
GCF = you write the same factors, choose the lowest power
=2x3
=6
1 1
4) Put two fractions between and !
3 2
The denominators are not equal, so we make them equal by finding the LCM. The
LCM of 2 and 3 is 6.
1 1 2 3
....... ⇒ ...... , there’s no natural number located between 2 and 3. Then,
3 2 6 6
1 1 4 6
....... ⇒ ...... , there’s only 1 natural number located between 4 and 6. Then,
3 2 12 12
1 1 6 9
....... ⇒ ...... . Numbers located between 6 and 9 are 7 and 8. So, those 2
3 2 18 18
7 8 4
fractions are and = .
18 18 9
EXERCISE 2A
1) Our basket of fruit contains 4 bananas, 3 apples, and 3 oranges. What fraction of the
fruit in the basket is bananas?
2) What fraction of the days in a week is Friday?
3) Dani has 30 pieces of marbles. He lost 6. What is the fraction remains?
4) Out of 60 students in the class, 12 are boys. What fraction are girls?
5) What fraction is it to show the number of months having 31 days as part of the year?
6) Write down the equivalents of the following fractions with denominators less than 20.
2 3 2 5
a) b) c) d)
3 4 5 6
7) Fill in the blanks to form the equivalent of the following fractions!
1 3 ...... 12 2 ...... 16 ......
a) = = = c) = = =
4 ..... 20 ....... 7 35 ...... 147
3 6 27 ...... 3 ...... 27 33
b) = = = d) = = =
5 ..... ..... 50 8 32 ...... ......
8) Simplify the following fractions!
16 45 18 81
a) b) c) d)
36 135 234 729
9) Put two fractions located between the following pairs:
2 6 1 3 1 3 3 3
a) and b) and c) and d) and
11 11 3 4 4 4 5 4
10) Insert sign >, = or < between these two fractions!
1 2 3 2 3 4 3 7
a) …… b) ........ c) ....... d) .......
3 5 8 7 4 5 4 10
5. Percent (%)
It is a fraction that the denominator is 100.
Examples: 2%, 3.5%, 100%, 3 13 % etc
6. Per mil
It is a fraction that the denominator is 1000
Examples: 3‰, 2.5‰ etc
Example
a) Convert 0.7 into a fraction!
7
0.7 = (One decimal place, so the denominator is 10)
10
b) Convert 0.25 into a fraction!
25
0.25 = (Two decimal places, so the denominator is 100)
100
1
= (Both of numerator and denominator are divided by 25)
4
EXERCISE 2B
1) Convert these improper fractions into mixed numbers!
8 19 17 21 126
a) b) c) − d) − e)
3 4 15 6 12
2) Convert these mixed numbers into improper fractions!
3 1 1 5 7
a) 7 b) 12 c) − 9 d) − 11 e) 14
8 5 3 6 12
3) Convert these fractions into decimals, round off to 2 decimal places!
4 7 1 2 35
a) b) c) 2 d) e)
5 8 4 9 56
4) Convert these decimals into fractions!
a) 0.12 b) 0.05 c) – 0.625 d) 0.0125 e) 2.02
5) Convert these fractions into percents!
3 7 1 1
a) b) c) 2 d) e) 0.025
15 8 4 6
6) Convert these percents into fractions!
a) 20% b) 16 23 % c) 3 14 % d) 37.5% e) 2.2%
EXERCISE 2C
Simplify these fractions
2 7 3 7 3
1) + 7) 7 + 3 +
15 15 4 8 8
3 7 2 1 5
2) + 8) 5 + 6 + 4
8 24 9 4 12
5 8
3) + 9) 5.52 + 286.6
12 21
2 5
4) 5 + 1 10) 45.3 + 28.75 + 1.274
6 6
3 7 2 1
5) + + 11) 0.25 +
4 10 5 5
1 5 3 1
6) + + 12) 1.5 + 20% + 2
4 6 8 4
2. Subtraction
The rule: you have to make the denominator equal by finding the LCM.
Examples:
2 1 4 3 1
a − = − = (The LCM of 2 and 3 is 6)
3 2 6 6 6
1 3 1 3 4 9 13 1 12 1 11
b 11 − 2 = (11 − 2) + − = 13 + − = 13 − = 13 − 1 = 12 − 1 = 11
3 4 3 4 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
(The LCM of 3 and 4 is 12)
c. 231.04 -125.9 = 105.14
231.04
125.90 –
105.14
EXERCISE 2D
Simplify these fractions!
7 3 1 2 1
1) − 8) 7 − 5 − 1
8 8 6 3 4
5 1
2) 1 − 9) 30% - 2.5%
8 8
5 5 5 1 7
3) − 10) 9 − 2 + 3
8 12 6 2 9
3. Multiplication
The rule:
a c a×c
× =
b d b×d
You multiply numerator by numerator, and multiply denominator by denominator.
Examples:
3 1 3 ×1 3 1
a) × = = =
4 12 4 × 12 48 16
2 2 5 2×5 .......
b) − × 5 = − × = − =− = .......
5 5 1 5 ×1 .......
c) 1.5 x 1.1 = 1.65
20 5000 ............. ................
d) 20% x 5000 = × = = = ..............
100 1 .......... ................
EXERCISE 2E
Determine the product of these mathematical operations!
4 ⎛ 3⎞
1) ×⎜− ⎟ 6) 250‰ x 600
5 ⎝ 8⎠
3 1 2
2) ×2 7) 16 % × 24000
5 6 3
2 1 4
3) ×1 × 8) 2. 35 x 0.6
3 4 9
1 3 1 5 2
4) × + × 9) 1 × 12.5
2 8 4 8 5
2 6 1 3 2 1
5) × − × 10) × 20% −
3 7 3 14 7 4
4. Division
The rule:
a c a d a×d
÷ = × =
b d b c b×c
Division means multiplication with the inverse of multiplication of the second number
Examples:
3 1 3 2 ....... × ....... ...... ......
a) : = × = = =
8 2 8 1 ...... × ..... ....... ......
EXERCISE 2F
Simplify these fractions!
4 2
1) : 8) 24, 12 : 3
7 7
5 9
2) : 10) 120 : 0.4
18 14
1 1
3) 4 : 11) 2 : 0.5
8 2
2 3
4) 24 : 3 12) 2 : 120%
3 4
1 1 3 1 1
5) 3 : 2 13) 12 : 1 : 2
3 3 4 4 2
1 1 1 5 7
6) 5 : 1 13) : +
5 3 3 6 8
1 1 5 2
7) :4 14) 2 + 1 :
2 5 6 3
5. Powering
The Rule:
n
⎛a⎞ an
⎜ ⎟ = n
⎝b⎠ b
( a × b) n = a n × b n
Examples:
3
⎛2⎞ 23 8
a) ⎜ ⎟ = 3 =
⎝3⎠ 3 27
4
⎛2⎞ 24 16
b) 0.24 = ⎜ ⎟ = 4 = = 0.0016
⎝ 10 ⎠ 10 10000
EXERCISE 2G
3
⎛6⎞
1) ⎜ ⎟ 6) (2.3)2
⎝5⎠
4
⎛1⎞
7) (− 1.5)
3
2) ⎜ ⎟
⎝3⎠
5
⎛ 1⎞
3) ⎜ − ⎟ 8) (0.3) 4
⎝ 2⎠
2
⎛ 2⎞
4) ⎜ 3 ⎟ 9) (−0.2) 4
⎝ 5⎠
6. Root
The Rule:
n
a×b = n a ×n b
a na
n =
b nb
Examples:
4 4 2
a) = =
9 9 3
1 3 −1 3
−1 −1 1
b) 3 − = = = =−
8 8 3
8 8 8
4
16 16 2
c) 4
0.0016 = 4 =4 = = 0.2
10000 10000 10
EXERCISE 2H
1
1) 3 6) 1.21
27
8
2) 3 − 7) 3
0.008
125
1
3) 5 − 8) 0.0196
32
121
4) 9) 3
− 0.000125
729
9 4
5) 1 10) 0.00000081
16
EXERCISE 2I
Solve these questions carefully!
1
1) The weight of Maria is 49 kg while her sister Tania is 35.4 kg. Determine the
4
sum of their weight!
11
2) Mrs. Mirna buys a cloth measuring 20 m in length. She uses 15 m of it to make
12
1
curtain and another 2 m to make pillowcases. How much cloth is left?
3
3) The weight of Albert is 52.5 kg and Amy is 49.25 kg. Determine the difference of
their weight!
EXERCISE 2J
Solve these questions carefully!
1) Ria’s weight is 40. 5 kg. Her father is 2.2 times heavier than her. What is her father
weight?
3 3
2) Anton takes hours to walk to his school. But he takes only of that time if he
4 5
goes to school by a bicycle. How many minutes does Anton take to go to school
by a bicycle?
3) Given the price for 1 kg of rice is equal to a half of the price of 1 kg of sugar. How
ever, the price for 1 kg of sugar is 0.75 of the price of 1 kg of eggs. If the price for
1 kg of eggs is Rp. 8 000, then determine the price of 1 kg of rice!
2 1
4) of actors are musician. of musician are not smoking. How many musician
5 4
are smoking?
EXERCISE 2K
Solve these questions carefully!
2 1
1) Devi has 18 kg of salt. She packs every 1 kg of salt into a packet. How many
3 6
packets of salt does Devi have?
2) 44.81 kg of nuts A is mixed with 56.39 kg of nuts B. Then it packed into 8
packets. What is the weight of each packets nuts?
1 5
3) The length of a rope is 59 m. It cuts into some pieces each measuring 2 m.
2 6
How many pieces of rope are there?
1
4) Mr. George has $ 3750. of his money is divided equally between his sons. If
6
1
each of them receives $ 78 , how many sons does Mr. George have?
8
5) Mr. Smith wants to plant some palms in the edge of a street measuring 28 m long.
If the distance between 2 trees is 3.5 m, then determine the number of palms does
Mr. Smith need?
EXERCISE 2L
Solve these questions carefully!
1 3
1) There are 2500 students in a university. of them are Australians, of them are
5 4
Indonesians, and the rest is Japanese.
a. What is the fraction for Japanese students?
b. How many Japanese students are there?
1 3
2) There are 300 boys in a field. of them wear blue shoes, of them wear black
3 5
shoes and the rest wear white shoes.
a. What is the fraction for boys wearing white shoes?
b. How many students wear white shoes?
1 5
3) Rp. 36000 is divided for 3 boys. 2 boys get and of the money.
6 9
a. Determine the part of third boy!
b. How much does the third boy get?
E. Scientific Notation
Hello, Math Lover?
Have you ever imagined what the total number of Indonesian citizen is?
May be the number of Indonesian Citizen is more than 200 000 000 people.
Have you ever imagined how small a virus is? Perhaps it is 0. 000 000 000 000 001. We
need too much zero to represent that number.
In Mathematics there’s a simple way to state a very large number or a very small number.
It is called scientific notation.
The general form of scientific notation is
a × 10 n ,1 ≤ a < 10 , n is the element of integer.
Remember:
103 = 1 000 10-1 = 0.1
102 = …. 10-2 = 0.01
101 = …. 10-3 = ………..
100 = …. 10-4 = ………..
Examples
Write the scientific notation, round off till one decimal place.
1. 200 000 000 = 2 x 100 000 000 = 2 x 108
2. 450 000 000 000 = 4.5 x 100 000 000 000 = 4.5 x 10…….
3. 123 000 000 = 1.23 x ……………… = 1.23 x 10……… = 1.2 x ……..
4. 0. 000 000 3 = 3 x 0. 000 000 1 = 3 x 10-7
5. 0. 012 = 1.2 x 0.01 = 1.2 x 10…..
6. 0. 000567 = 5.67 x ………. = 5.67 x 10…….= 5.7 x ……….
A. Concepts Understanding
Answer these questions carefully!
3 7 19
1. Arrange these fractions , , in ascending order!
4 12 24
2 3
2. Put two fractions located between and !
3 4
48
3. Simplify into the simplest form!
120
1
4. Convert 83 % into the simplest fraction!
3
5. Convert 35‰ into decimals!
4
6. Convert into decimal, round off to 2 places decimals!
7
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Write your name, your class and your test number in the given column on the answer
sheet!
2. Read the instructions carefully before you start the test!
3. Answer all questions on the answer sheet!
4. Do not use pencil to write the answers
5. Do not activate your HP and calculators
6. Do not see your friend’s answer and don’t open your note books
7. Check your answers before you submit your answer sheet!
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
A. Concepts Understanding
a. 23 b. 24 c. 25 d. 26
6. Which one of these statements is true?
5 5 5 5
a. 25% < 0.75 < b. < 25% < 0.75 c. 25% < < 0.75 d. < 0.75 <
8 8 8 8
25%
1
7. The result of 3 ÷ 2 is ….
4
5 1 1 1
a. 1 b. 6 c. 3 d. 1
8 2 8 2
C. Problem Solving
Standard Competence
2. Understanding algebra form, linear equation in one variable and linear in equation in one variable
Basic Competence
2. 1 Recognizing algebra form and its parts
2. 2 Doing mathematical operation in algebra form
Indicators
1. Students are able know the definition of algebra form and its parts (term, coefficient, variables, constant,
like term and unlike term)Students are able to mention the forms of fractions
2. Students are able to do mathematical operation of like terms and unlike terms (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and powering)
3. Students are able to apply the properties of algebra form multiplication for solving a question
4. Students are able to do mathematical operation of algebra form in fraction that the denominator is one term
(addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and powering)
5. Students are able to simplify the result of mathematical operation of fraction of algebra form
3a means 3 x a = 3 . a
4n means 4 x n = 4 . n
y means 1 x y = 1 . y = 1y = y
- y means -1 x y = -1 . y = -1y = - y
The parts of algebra form are terms, variable, coefficient and constant.
Examples:
1) 3a + 2b + c
There are 3 terms. They are 3a, 2b and c
There are 3 variables. They are a, b and c
2) 2x – 5y + 6
There are 3 terms. They are 2x, – 5y, and 6
There are 2 variables. They are x and y
The coefficient of x is 2.
The coefficient of y is – 5.
The constant is 6.
1
3) 4p – q + r + s
2
There are 4 terms. They are ……., ………., …….. and ……..
There are …… variables. They are ………………………..
The coefficient of p is …….
The coefficient of q is …….
The coefficient of r is …….
The coefficient of s is …….
There’s no constant.
4) x 2 − x − 1
There are ……. terms. They are ……………..
There are 1 variable. It is x.
The coefficient of x2 is …...
The coefficient of x is ………...
The constant is ……..
EXERCISE 3A
1) Identify the parts (terms, variables, coefficients and constant) of these algebra forms!
1 1
a. 3x – y d. p − q +1
2 5
b. a – 2b – 3 e. 6a + 3ab – b2 +5
2
c. 4p – 5q +2 f. xy − x 2
2) Identify whether it is like term or unlike term)
a. 4xy and -4xy c. 2a and 2a2
2 3
b. 5x y and 5xy d. -3a3 and -3a
Examples:
a) 3 x a x b = 3ab
b) 4 x 5 x a = 20a
c) 3a x 5a3 = 3 x 5 x a x a2 = 15a1+3 = 15a3
d) – 4x3y x 15x2y6 = - 4 x 15 x x3 x x2 x y x y6 = - 60x3+2y1+6 = - 60x5y7
e) (2a)4 = 24 x a4 = 16a4
f) – (3a)2 = − (32 × a 2 ) = −9a 2
EXERCISE 3B
Simplify these algebra forms!
1) 4 x (-2) x a x b2 6) (12k)2
2) 3m × (−2mn) 7) (−ab) 4
3) 2 p 2 × (−5qr ) x(−8 pr ) 8) − (5 y 2 )3
4) − 6ab 2 × 4a 2b3 × (−2abc) 9) (2 p 2 q × pq )3
5) 4a 3b 2c × (−12a 2b 4c 2 ) 10) 3ab × (2a 2b)3
2. Addition
Remember about distributive toward addition:
a x (b + c) = a x b + a x c
⇔ a (b + c) = ab + ac
⇔ ab + ac = a (b + c)
xa + xb = x(a + b) By, commutative property we obtain,
⇔ ax + bx = x(a + b)
Rule of Addition: two terms or more can be added when they are like terms.
Examples:
a) 2a + 7a = a(2 + 7) = a ⋅ 9 = 9a
b) − a 2 + 5a 2 = a 2 (−1 + 5) = a 2 .4 = 4a 2
c) 4 x + 5 x 2 = 4 x + 5 x 2 (We cannot make it simple, because they are unlike terms)
d) 2(4x + 3) = 2. 4x + 2 x 3 = 8x + 6
e) -3 (-2a + 5) = -3. (-2a) + (-3) . 5 = 6a + (-15) = 6a – 15
EXERCISE 3C
Simplify the form of these algebra forms!
1) 8a + 4a 7) 12 x 2 + x + x 2 + 5 x
2) 12a + 3b + 7 a + (−2b) 8) Find the sum of 2a + 1 and -2a + 5
3) 5(3 x + 5) 9) Find the sum of -3a + 6 and 12a - 3
4) 2(−2 x + 7) 10) 2 (x + 2y) + 4x + 6y
5) − 4(7 x + 5) 11) (2x)2 + 3 (x2 – 2)
3. Subtraction
Remember about distributive toward subtraction:
a x (b - c) = a x b - a x c
⇔ a (b − c) = ab − ac
⇔ ab − ac = a (b − c)
xa − xb = x(a − b) By, commutative property we obtain,
⇔ ax − bx = x(a − b)
Rule of Addition: two terms or more can be subtracted when they are like terms.
Examples:
a) 12a − 5a = a(12 − 5) = a ⋅ 7 = 7a
b) − ab 2 − 3ab 2 = ab 2 (−1 − 3) = ab 2 .(−4) = −4ab 2
c) 2 x − 8 x 2 = 2 x − 8 x 2 (We cannot make it simple, because they are unlike terms)
d) 2 (x – 4) = 2 . x – 2 . 4 = 2x – 8
e) – 3 (3a – 2) = - 3 . 3a – (-3) . 2 = - 9a – (-6) = -9a + 6
EXERCISE 3D
Simplify these algebra forms!
1) 7a + 5b – 2a
2) 5x + 7y – 3x – 2y
3) 7x2 – 4x2 + 3y – 6y
4) 15 + 3 (x – 2)
5) 4 (3p + 2) – 6p
6) – 3 (x – 4y) + 4 (5x – 3y)
7) 5 (x – 2y) – 3 (2x – y)
8) 4 (3x2 + 2x) – (4x)2 – 6x
9) Subtract
a) 2a – 5 from 8a + 4 c. 4x2 + 2x – 7 from x2 + 3x + 2
2 2
b) – 3a – 9a from a + 5a d. 5x2 – xy – 2y2 from 8x2 + 4xy + y2
10) Given A = 2x – 5 and B = 3x + 2. Determine:
a) A – B c) 2A – B e) 3A – 2B
b) B – A d) – A – B f) A – 3B
4. Division
Remember:
am
= am ÷ an = am−n
an
a1 = a
a0 = 1
Examples:
12a 5 12 a 5
a) 3
= ⋅ 3 = 6 ⋅ a 5 − 3 = 6a 2
2a 2 a
16a b 16 a 2 b
2
b) = ⋅ ⋅ = 4a 2 −1b1−1 = 4a1b 0 = 4a ⋅ 1 = 4a
4ab 4 a b
c) 4ab : 2b = (4 : 2) . (ab : b) = 2 . a = 2a
EXERCISE 3F
1) Determine the value of these algebra form for k = 4
a) 3k c) 2k – 9 e) k3 + 2k2
2
b) – 5k d) - 3k – k f) 3k2 + 5k – 8
2) If p = 3 and q = 2, then determine the value of these algebra forms
a) p2 d) p3 – q3 g) 2p3 + pq
b) p2 + q2 e) (p – q)3 h) 3p2q – 2pq2
2 2
c) (p + q) f) 5p – q
6. The Least Common Multiple and The Greatest Common Factor of Algebra Form
Remember the rule of LCM and GCF
LCM: write all factors, choose the highest power
GCF: …………………………………………………
Examples:
Find the LCM and GCF of 12a3bc2 and 20ab5
12a3bc2 = 22 x 3 x a3 x b x c2
20ab5 = 22 x 5 x a x b5
LCM = write all factors, choose the highest power
= 22 x 3 x 5 x a3 x b5 x c2
= 4 x 3 x 5 x a3 x b5 x c2
= 60a3b5c2
GCF = write the same factors, choose the lowest power
= 22 x a x b
=4xaxb
= 4ab
EXERCISE 3H
Simplify these algebra forms!
a 4a x
1) + 6) x−
7 7 y
3q q 2q a −1 a + 3
2) + − 7) +
4 4 4 4 8
k 2k x +1 x − 2
3) + 8) −
4 3 6x 3x
5 4 b + 3 b −1 b + 4
4) + 2 9) − +
m m 4 6 3
3p 5p 3 xy x + 3
5) − 10) −
4 6 y2 y
Examples:
a 8 a×8 8a 2
a) × = = =
4 ab 4 × ab 4ab b
12 3 12 2 p 24 p 8
b) : = × = =
pq 2 p pq 3 3 pq q
EXERCISE 3I
Simplify these algebra forms!
3
2 b p 2 24 ⎛ 3a ⎞
a) × f) × k) ⎜ ⎟
a 3 8q 5 pq ⎝ bc ⎠
4
7 2a 9mn 6kn 2 ⎛ x2 y ⎞
b) × g) × l) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
2b 15 4k 3m 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
3
4p 9 x 2 xy ⎛ 5 ⎞
c) × h) ÷ m) ⎜− 3 2 ⎟
15 2 p 6 y 14 ⎝ ab ⎠
5
2q 4q xy 8 xy ⎛ a 3b ⎞
d) ÷ i) ÷ n) ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
5 15 6 z 15 z 2 ⎝ c ⎠
2
14 4q x2 y xz ⎛ 3 ⎞ 2
e) ÷ j) ÷ o) ⎜ ⎟ ÷ 2
5q 21 12 z 15 y 2 ⎝ ab ⎠ ab
A B
4. Rio wants to make a garden in his land.
The length and the width of the land is 30 m and
x 20 m. Determine:
GARDEN a. the length and width of the garden.
x x b. the perimeter and area of the garden
c. the perimeter and area of the garden if x = 2
x
C. Problem Solving
Answer these questions completely!
1. There’s a square PQRS. PQ = (4a – 3 ) cm. Determine:
a. the perimeter of the square stated in a
b. the area of the square stated in a
c. the perimeter and the area of the square if a = 9
Standard Competence
2. Understanding algebra form, linear equation in one variable and linear in equation in one variable
Basic Competence
2. 3 Solving linear equation in one variable
2. 4 Solving linear in equation in one variable
Indicators
1. Students are able to recognize linear equation in one variable in some forms and variables
2. Students are able to find the equivalent form of LEOV by doing addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division for both of 2 sides
3. Students are able to find the root of LEOV
An open sentence is a statement that contains variables so that the value is unknown.
The examples of open sentences are:
1. x is one of the factor of 6.
2. a + 3 = 7
3. x < 17
Linear Equation in One Variable (LEOV) is an open sentence that use equal sign (“=”),
it has one variable and the power of its variable is one (1).
Examples:
2 x + 4 = 12
2 x + 4 12
⇔ = (Both of two sides are divided by 2)
2 2
⇔ x+2=6
2 x + 4 = 12
⇔ 2 x + 4 − 1 = 12 − 1 (Both of two sides are subtracted by 1)
⇔ 2 x + 3 = 11
2 x + 4 = 12
⇔ 2 x + 4 + 1 = 12 + 1 (Both of two sides are added by 1)
⇔ 2 x + 5 = 13
2 x + 4 = 12
⇔ 3(2 x + 4) = 3 × 12 (Both of two sides are multiplied by 3)
⇔ 6 x + 12 = 36
Example
Find the root of 3x – 1 = 8, x is the member of natural numbers.
Answer:
Natural numbers = 1, 2, 3, 4, …
For x = 1, then 3 . 1 – 1 = 8 ⇔ 3 – 1 = 8 ⇔ 2 = 8 (False statement)
For x = 2, then 3 . 2 – 1 = 8 ⇔ 6 – 1 = 8 ⇔ 5 = 8 (False statement)
For x = 3, then 3 . 3 – 1 = 8 ⇔ 9 – 1 = 8 ⇔ 8 = 8 (True statement)
For x = 4, then 3 . 4 – 1 = 8 ⇔ 12 – 1 = 8 ⇔ 11 = 8 (False statement)
So, the root of the equation is x = 3.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
EXERCISE 4A
Determine the root of these equations and make the graphic!
1) 2x – 3= 3, x is the member of whole numbers.
2) – 2a + 4 = 8, a is the member of Negative numbers less than – 5.
1
3) x + 2 = 3 , x is the member of whole numbers.
2
1 1 1
4) − x + = − , x is the member of natural numbers.
3 2 2
5) – a – 7= – 11 , a is the member of natural numbers.
Examples:
a. x − 4 = −6
⇔ x − 4 + 4 = −6 + 4
⇔ x + 0 = −2 (Both of two sides are added by 4)
⇔ x = −2
The root is x = -2.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
b. 2a + 2 = a + 7
⇔ 2a + 2 − 2 = a + 7 − 2 (Both of two sides are subtracted by 2)
⇔ 2a = a + 5
⇔ 2a − a = a − a + 5 (Both of two sides are subtracted by a)
⇔a=5
So, the root is a = 5.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
c. 2x + 3 = 7
⇔ 2 x + 3 − 3 = 7 − 3 (Both of two sides are subtracted by 3)
⇔ 2x = 4
⇔ 2 x : 2 = 4 : 2 (Both of two sides are divided by 2)
⇔x=2
So, the root is x = 2.
x
e. x+ = 12
5
x
⇔ 5 ⋅ ( x + ) = 5 ⋅ 12 (Both of 2 sides are multiplied by 5)
5
⇔ 5 x + x = 60
⇔ 6 x = 60
⇔ x = .... (Both of 2 sides are divided by 6)
So, the root is x = …..
x − 1 2x + 5
f. =
3 7
x −1 2x + 5
⇔ 21 ⋅ = 21 ⋅ (Both of two sides are multiplied by the LCM of 3 and
3 7
7 i. e 21)
⇔ 7( x − 1) = 3(2 x + 5)
⇔ 7x – 7 = 6x + 15
⇔ 7x = 6x + 15 + 7 (Both of two sides are added by 7, the left side – 7 + 7 = 0)
⇔ 7 x − .... = 22
⇔ ......... = ........
So, the root is x = …..
EXERCISE 4B
Find the root of these equations!
3 3 5
1. 3a – 4 = a 11. x− =
5 7 7
1 1 1 3
2. a− a = 2 12. a−2 = a+4
2 3 2 5
3 1 2
3. a−3 = a 13. x + 14 = 0
4 2 3
2 1
4. 2x + 15 = 27 – 4x 14. x+4= x−
3 3
2x + 3 x − 5
5. 3(2a + 3) = 4a + 3 15. − =0
4 6
2 5 1
6. a + 4 = 7 – a 16. +1 = + 2
x x 2
4 3 1 1
7. 2(q + 3) + (3q – 4) = 9 17. 1 x − = 1 x + 10
5 5 5 5
42 AL. Kristiyanto,S.Pd | Mathematics for Junior High School – Year 7
8. 4x + 3(x – 2) – (5 – 4x) = 0 18. 5(2y + 4) – (10y – 16) = 6 – 4y
x
9. x + = 12 19. (2x + 5) (x – 6) = x(2x + 3)
5
5x 4
10. = + 2x 20. (4y – 3) (y + 6) = (2y + 3)2
2 3
Standard Competence
2. Understanding algebra form, linear equation in one variable and linear in equation in one variable
Basic Competence
2. 4 Solving linear in equation in one variable
Indicators
1. Students are able to use notations <, >, ≤, ≥
2. Students are able to recognize linear in equation in one variable in some forms and variables
3. Students are able to find the equivalent form of LIEOV by doing addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division for both of 2 sides
4. Students are able to find the root of LIEOV
Inequality is a true statement that use one of the sign <, >, ≤, or ≥ .
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 3 1
e) − x + > , x is the member of real numbers
3 2 3
1 3 1
⇔ 6(− x + ) > ⋅ 6 (Both of two sides are multiplied by the LCM of 2 and 3, i. e 6)
3 2 3
⇔ 2 ⋅ (−1x) + 3 ⋅ 3 > 2
⇔ −2 x + 9 > 2
⇔ −2 x > 2 − 9
A. Concepts Understanding
Choose the correct answer!
1. The solution of 3x – 4 = 17 is ….
a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8
2. The solution of 3 (2 – x) = - 12 is ….
a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8
3. Study these equations:
i. 2p +4 = 10 iii. p + 2 = 5
ii. p + 5 = 8 iv. 3p + 5 = 11
The equivalent equations are ….
a. i, ii, iii b. i, ii, iv c. ii, iii, iv d. i, ii, iii, iv
4. The solution of 2x – 4 = x – 16 is ….
a. – 4 b. – 12 c. – 16 d. – 18
2
5. The solution set of p − 15 = 3 is ….
3
a. {-27} b. {-18} c. {18} d. {27}
6. The solution set of 14 – 2x > 6, for x is natural numbers is ….
a. {4, 3, 2, 1} b. {3, 2, 1} c. {3, 2, 1, 0} d. {3, 2, 1, 0, … }
7. The solution of 4x + 7 > 3x – 14 is ….
a. x > - 21 b. x > 7 c. – 3 < x d. –1<x
8. Study these inequations:
i. 2 < 5 < - 10 iii. 30 gr > 5 ons > 1 kg
ii. 25 cm < 5 dm < 10 m iv. – 2 > - 3 > - 7
The true inequations are ….
a. i and ii b. i and iii c. ii and iii d. ii and iv
9. The solution set of 45 – 3x ≤ 6 x − 27 , for x is whole numbers is ….
a. {8, 9, 10, 11, … } b. {9, 10, 11, … } c. {0, 1, 2, … , 8} d. {0, 1, 2, … , 7}
10. The solution set of 8 – (3x – 7) < 2x is ….
a. x < - 3 b. x < 3 c. x > 3 d. x>-3
Standard Competence
3. Applying algebra form, linear equation and linear in equation in one variable, and comparison in problem
solving
Basic Competence
3. 1 Making and solving mathematical models of problems related to equation in one variable
3. 2 Making and solving mathematical models of problems related to in equation in one variable
3. 3 Applying the concepts of algebra in a simple social arithmetic
Indicators
1. Students are able to make mathematical models of daily problems related to equation in one variable
2. Students are able to solve mathematical models of daily problems related to equation in one variable
3. Students are able to make mathematical models of daily problems related to linear in equation in one
variable
4. Students are able to solve mathematical models of daily problems related to linear in equation in one
variable
5. Students are able to do simulation of social arithmetic in economical activities in daily life
6. Students are able to calculate total value, a half and the value for each unit
7. Students are able to calculate the value and the percentages of profits, losses, selling price, purchase price,
discount, net, bank interest in economical activities
EXAMPLE
A farmer buys 10 chicken for Rp. 138 000. He sells the chicks for Rp 13 500 each. Does
he make loss or profit? How much is it?
Known: Purchase price for 10 chicken = Rp. 138 000
Selling price = Rp 13 500/ chick
Question: loss/ profit? How much is it?
Answer:
Selling price for 10 chicken = 10 x 13 500 = 135 000
EXERCISE 5A
1. Evaluate the loss or profit if the purchase price is Rp. 6 700 000 and the selling price is
Rp. 4 500 000.
2. Evaluate the loss or profit if the purchase price is Rp. 4 000 and the selling price is Rp.
4 800 000.
3. Evaluate the loss or profit if the purchase price is Rp. 7 650 000 and the selling price is
Rp. 7 650 000.
4. A dozen forks costs Rp. 30 000. It is sold for Rp. 3 000 each. What is the profit it the
forks are sold out?
5. A milkman buys 200 bottles of milk at dairy farm. Totally, he pays the farm Rp. 1 000
000. The transportation from the dairy farm to his place cost Rp. 7 000. He sells the
milk for Rp. 6 000 per bottle. Evaluate the profit the milkman makes!
6. A baker needs Rp. 1 500 000 as capital to make 100 chocolate cakes. He sells the
cakes for Rp. 25 000 each. Evaluate the profit he makes
7. A school cooperative shop purchases 4 dozen books for Rp. 425 per book. It sells the
book for Rp. 450 each. Evaluate the possible loss or profit
8. A toy seller purchases 75 plastic toy cars valued Rp. 300 000. Each toy car is sold for
Rp. 4 250. Five toys are damaged and unsold. Does he make a loss or profit?
9. A grocer buys 200 kg of eggs for Rp. 6 500 per kg and has to spend Rp. 25 000 for
transportation fee. He sells the eggs for Rp. 6 800 per kg. If 5 kg are rotten and unsold,
calculate the loss or profit!
10. Arif has bought 5 cartons of instant noodles valued Rp. 48 000. Each carton contains
24 packages. He plans to sell the noodle for Rp. 500 per package. Calculate the profit
he will make if he can sell all packages!
EXAMPLE
The purchase price of a product is Rp. 15 000. When it is sold, the seller makes a profit
valued Rp. 3 000. Find out the selling price!
Known: purchase price = Rp. 15 000
Profit = Rp. 3 000
Question Selling price?
EXERCISE 5B
1. Complete the table below!
No Purchase Price Selling Price Profit Loss
1 Rp. 7 000 ……………….. Rp. 250 -
2 Rp. 16 750 Rp. 18 300
3 …………………… Rp. 5 700 - Rp. 450
4 Rp. 97 600 ………………….. Rp. 6 500 -
2. To make 60 cookies, Dina needs the following:
b. 8 eggs valued Rp. 3 000
c. 1 kg of flour valued Rp. 5 500
d. 0.5 kg 0f sugar valued Rp. 1 200
After the cookies are sold out, she finds out that she makes a loss Rp. 700
Evaluate:
a. the selling price for 60 cookies
b. the selling price for each cookie
Example
Nancy buys a television at price Rp. 800 000. Then she sells it at price Rp. 900 000.
Evaluate the percentage of loss or profit!
Known: purchase price = Rp. 800 000
Selling price = Rp. 900 000
Question: percentage of profit or loss
Answer:
She gets profits because selling price > purchase price.
Profit = selling price – purchase price
= 900 000 – 800 000
= 100 000
Pr ofit ( Rp)
Percentage of profit = × 100%
purchase price
100000
= × 100% = 12.5%
800000
So, the percentage of her profit is 12.5%
Determining the purchase price and selling price when percentage is given
EXAMPLES
1. Nanny sold her shoes for Rp. 120 000. She suffered loss 20%. How much is the
purchase price?
Known: selling price = Rp. 120 000
Loss = 20 %
Question purchase price … ?
Answer:
100
Purchase price = × selling price (Rp)
100 − l
100
= × 120 000
100 − 20
100
= × 120000 = 150000
80
So, the purchase price for her shoes is Rp. 150 000
EXERCISE 5D
1. The purchase is Rp. 4 000. The profit is 5%. What is the selling price?
2. A farmer sells 35 chicken for Rp 1 610 000. He makes 15% profit. Find out the
purchase price for a chick!
3. A dozen pens are bought for Rp. 18 000. The profit is 20%. How much should each
pen sold?
4. The purchase price of a China mug is Rp. 5 000. If there’s 2.5% loss, how much is it
sold?
5. Dani buys 20 bicycles for Rp. 120 000 each. His profit is 18%. How much does he sell
each bicycle?
6. The selling price of a product is Rp. 108 000. The seller gets profit 20%. Determine
the purchase price of that product!
7. A seller gets loss 12.5%, if she sold a bag for Rp. 12 250. Determine the purchase
price of that bag!
8. A greengrocer buys 100 kg of tomatoes for Rp. 112 000. Determine the selling price
for 1 kg of tomatoes when he makes 35% profit!
9. The purchase price of a T Shirt is Rp 300 000. It is found that the loss is 5%. What is
the selling price?
10. The school cooperative purchases 50 packages of books containing 20 books for every
package. Each book cost Rp. 600. If the transportation fee is Rp. 15 000 and the
cooperative makes 25% profit, how much is each book sold?
EXERCISE 5E
1. Complete the following table
No The original price discount Nett price
1 Rp. 80 000 15% ………………..
2 Rp. 750 000 …………….. Rp. 700 000
3 …………… 12.5% Rp. 31 500
4 Rp. 15 000 ……………... Rp. 14 625
5 ………………. 25% Rp. 33 000
2. The original price of a hand phone is Rp. 900,000.00. It is given 10% discount. What is
the new price of that hand phone?
3. The original price of a tape recorder is Rp. 500,000.00. Rio pays only Rp. 450,000.00
because he gets discount. What is the percentage of the discount?
4. Tia pays Rp. 80,000.00 for a new bag because she gets discount 20%. What is the original
price of that bag?
EXAMPLE
In a sack of rice, it is written GROSS = 200 kg and tare = 2 %. Determine the nett!
Known: Gross = 200 kg
Tare = 2%
Question: Nett……….?
EXERCISE 5F
1. Complete the following table!
No Gross Tare Nett
1 300 kg 5% ………………..
2 80 kg …………….. 76 kg
3 …………… 12.5% 175 kg
4 71.5 kg ……………... 70 kg
5 1.5 ton ……………… 1400 kg
2. A grocer purchases a sack of flour with the gross weight 92.2 kg. The sack weighs 0.7
kg. How much will he pay if 1 kg of flour costs Rp. 3 800?
3. A grocer purchases 5 sacks of rice with the gross and nett weight of every sack are 72
kg and 1% respectively. How much will he have to pay if every kg of rice costs Rp. 2
000?
4. Mr. Darto buys a box of oranges which the weight is 25 kg and tare is 8%. The cost
for a kilogram of oranges is Rp. 4,000.00. How much does Mr. Darto pay for those
oranges?
5. Mrs. Arum buys a sack of sugar for Rp. 200,000.00. The gross is 20 kg and tare is 5%.
Then she sells that sugar for Rp. 10,000.00 per kg. Evaluate she gets profit or loss?
How much is it?
D. Bank Interest
¾ Extra money from a bank after a customer save some money for certain time.
¾ Extra money given to the bank after a customer borrow some money from the bank
Bank interest is stated in percentage and usually the time is per year.
Bank interest (Rp) = percentage of interest x capital x time
New capital = capital + interest (Rp)
int erest ( Rp)
Bank interest (%) = × 100%
capital
EXAMPLE
Farida has a saving account at a national bank amounting to Rp. 100 000. The bank gives
interest of 18% annually. How much is Farida’s saving after 1 year?
Known: capital = Rp. 100 000
Interest per year = 18%
Question: Farida’s saving after 1 year
EXERCISE 5G
1. Fany saves her money in a bank amounting to Rp. 1 500 000 with interest 15% per
year. What is the amount of her saving after a full year?
2. Dika deposits Rp. 500 000 into a bank at a simple interest 2% per year. Determine:
a. Dika’s money after 1 year
b. Dika’s money after 2 years
c. Dika’s money after 9 months
3. Tyas saves her money in a bank with interest of 15% per year. After 3 months, her
money increases Rp. 9 000. Determine her first deposit!
4. Mr. Tarjo borrows Rp. 20 000 000 from a bank with interest 11% per year. He will
pay it step by step for 12 months. How much does he pay to the bank for each month?
5. On April 21, Budi opens an account at Vira Bank with interest 15 % paid daily. His
first saving is Rp. 150 000. What is his saving on August 21 in the same year?
E. Tax
¾ Money that is paid to government
¾ Tax is usually stated in percentage
EXAMPLE
Tariff for an SMS is Rp. 2 000 and PPn 10%. How much does Ina pay for an SMS?
Known: original price = Rp 2 000
PPn = 10%
Question: payment for an SMS
Answer:
PPn = percentage of tax x original price
= 10% x 2 000
10
= × 2000 = 200
100
EXERCISE 5H
1. Mr. Budi’s original salary is Rp. 900 000 per month. He gets PPh 10%. How much is
the salary that he receives every month?
2. The cost for a meal is Rp. 24 000 and PPn 10%. How much does a customer pay for 2
packets of meal?
3. Mr. Andy buys a new TV for Rp. 1 300 000 and the sales tax is 10%. But he gets
discount 5% because he pays it cash. How much does he pay for that TV?
A. Concepts Understanding
Choose the correct answer!
1. A bag costing Rp. 28 000 is sold for Rp. 35 000. The percentage profit is ….
a. 10% b. 15% c. 20% d. 25%
2. A vase costing Rp. 60 000 is sold for Rp. 50 000. The percentage loss is ….
2 2
a. 12 % b. 12% c. 16 % d. 16%
3 3
3. A book seller gains 30% by selling a book for Rp. 65 000. Find the cost of the book!
a. Rp. 50 000 b. Rp. 40 000 c. Rp. 30 000 d. Rp. 20 000
4. A watch priced at Rp. 160 000 is sold for Rp. 140 000. The percentage discount is ….
a. 12.5% b. 2.5% c. 12% d. 5%
5. A man borrows Rp. 1 000 000 for 3 years at a rate of 6% per annum. What is the
simple interest he has to pay?
a. Rp. 150 000 b. Rp. 180 000 c. Rp. 200 000 d. Rp. 210 000
6. In a sack of flour, it’s written gross = 200 kg, tare = 2.5%. The weight of flour is …kg
a. 195 b. 5 c. 190 d. 10
7. John bought an AC priced at Rp. 800 000 but was given a discount of 12.5%.
Calculate the price he paid!
a. Rp. 500 000 b. Rp. 600 000 c. Rp. 700 000 d. Rp. 800 000
8. Andy buys a bicycle at price Rp. 810 000 and transportation fee Rp. 15 000. He sold it
again at price Rp. 820 000. The true statement is ….
a. profit, Rp. 10 000 c. loss, Rp. 5 000
b. profit, Rp. 25 000 d. loss, Rp. 10 000
9. A seller sells 10 goats at price Rp. 200 000/ each. He gets profit Rp. 300 000. The
buying price is …
a. Rp. 1 700 000 b. Rp. 2 300 000 c. Rp. 2 800 000 d. Rp. 3 200 000
10. Mrs. Louise sold her sewing machine at price Rp. 1 500 000 and got loss 25%. The
buying price is ….
a. Rp. 1 100 000 b. Rp. 1 125 000 c. Rp. 1 875 000 d. Rp. 2 000 000
C. Problem Solving
Answer these questions completely!
1
1. To make a profit of 33 % , a bicycle must be sold for Rp. 240 000. What is the
3
purchase price for the bicycle?
2. By selling a book for Rp. 16 500, a book seller suffers loss 12%. What is the purchase
price of the book?
3. A florist bought 360 roses at Rp 10 000 per dozen. If he sold them at Rp. 1 100 each,
what is his percentage profit?
4. During a sale a shopkeeper reduced the price of all goods by 15%. Calculate the
original selling price of a calculator which was sold for Rp. 238 000 during the sale!
5. A shopkeeper buys some eggs at Rp. 150 each. Six of them are broken while the rest
are sold at Rp. 200 each. If he makes a profit of Rp. 48 000, find how many eggs he
bought!
Standard Competence
3. Applying algebra form, linear equation and linear in equation in one variable, and comparison in problem
solving
Basic Competence
3. 4 Applying comparison in problem solving
Indicators
1. Students are able to know the meaning of scale and how to calculate it
2. Students are able to solve some problems related to equivalent ratio and reverse ratio (comparison)
A. Scale
Scale is usually found in a map or an atlas, for example:
1 : 200 000 means 1 cm on the map represents 200 000 cm in the fact (real distance)
dis tan ce on the map
Scale =
real dis tan ce
Distance on the map = scale x real distance
Real distance = distance on the map : scale
EXAMPLE
The distance from Bogor to Cirebon on the map is 4 cm.
The scale of the map is 1 : 5 600 000. Determine the real distance between them!
Exercise 6A
1. The distance from Semarang to Jepara on the map is 15 cm. If the scale is 1 : 800 000
then determine the real distance of Semarang and Jepara!
2. The distance of 2 towns in a map is 4 cm. The real distance is 224 km. What is the
scale of that map?
B. Ratio
a
The ratio of a and b, b ≠ 0 is written a : b or . The result of that comparison is the
b
simplest form of that ratio. It means simplifying the fraction form.
EXAMPLES
1. Simplify the comparison 45 : 75
Answer:
45 75
45 : 75 = : = 3:5
15 15
2. The ratio of Anton’s height and Ian’s height is 8 : 9. Determine Anton’s height if Ian’s
height is 180 cm!
Known: Anton’s height : Ian’s height = 8 : 9 (It means that Anton’s part is 8 and
Ian’s part is 9)
Ian’s height = 180 cm
Answer:
8
Anton’s height = × 180 = 160
9
So, Anton’s height is 160 cm.
Exercise 6B
1. Simplify these ratios!
a. 48 : 144 b. 4 cm : 1.6 m
2. There are 40 students in a class. 18 students are boys. Determine the ratio of:
a. the number of girl students and the number of boys students
b. the number of girl students and all students in that class
3. There are 30 balloons. 8 balloons are yellow, 12 balloons are red and the rest is green.
Determine the ratio of yellow balloons, red balloons and green balloons!
4. The ratio of Andy’s money and Shinta’s money is 3 : 5. If Andy has Rp. 18 000 then
determine Shinta’s money!
5. The ratio of Rio’s marbles, Roy’s marbles and Ronnie’s marbles is 5: 4 : 3. The sum
of their marbles is 60. Determine the marbles of each boy!
6. Mira is 8 years older than Tika. The ratio of their ages is 5 : 3. How old are Tika and
Mira?
1. Direct Proportion
EXAMPLE
The price for 3 books is Rp. 36 000. How much will Ronnie pay for 8 books?
Known: 3 books → Rp. 36 000
8 books → x
Question: x = price for 8 books
Answer:
3 : 8 = 36000 : x
3x = 8 × 36000
8 × 36000
x=
3
= 96 000
So, Ronnie will pay Rp. 96 000 for 8 books.
Exercise 6C
1. A secretary can type 380 words for 20 minutes. How many words can be typed for
1
2 hours?
2
2. The prize of 2 dozen books is Rp. 28 800. Determine the price for 5 books!
3. The cost to stay in a hotel is Rp. 875 000 for a week. Determine the cost to stay there
for 4 days!
5 2
4. of a piece of metal weighs 7 kg. What is the weight of of the metal?
9 7
5. A worker receives Rp. 17 000 after working for 4 hours. Determine his wage for 7
hours!
6. A car takes 2 hours to reach 120 km. How many hours does it take to reach 50 km?
Study this table! This table show the time for students to finish eating 1 kg of popcorn.
No. of
1 2 4 8 a b
students
Time
4 2 1 0.5 c d
(hour)
When the number of students increases, the time decreases or when the number of
students decreases, the time increases. It is called Inverse proportion.
1 1
In inverse proportion a : b = : , then:
c d
1 1 1 1 a b
(i) a : b = : ⇔ a × = b × ⇔ = ⇔ a × c = b × d
c d d c d c
(ii) the product of multiplication of each column is equal.
1 x 4 = 2 x 2 = 4 x 1= 8 x 0.5 = a x c = b x d
EXAMPLE
10 men can finish a piece of job in 8 hours. How long will it take when 16 men work
together?
Known: 10 men → 8 hours
16 men → x hours
Question: time taken by 16 men.
Answer:
1 1
10 : 16 = :
8 x
1 1
10 × = 16 ×
x 8
10 16
=
x 8
16 x = 10 × 8
x=5
So, 16 men will take 5 hours to finish the job.
Exercise 6D
1. Ten men can dig a trench in 4 hours. How long will 5 man take to dig the same
trench?
2. Four pipes can fill a tank in 70 minutes. How long will it take to fill the tank if 7 pipes
are used?
3. A plane flies at an average speed of 770 km/h takes 15 hours to complete a journey.
Find the time taken for the plane to complete the same journey if its average speed is
660 km/h.
4. A contractor estimates that he would need 56 workers to complete a job in 21 days. If
he asked to complete the job in 14 days, find the additional number of workers he has
to employ.
5. A farmer has enough feed to last his 40 cattle 35 days. If he buys 10 more cattle, how
long can the same feed last?
7. The prize of 1 dozen t-shirt is Rp. 300 000. The price of 3 t-shirts is ….
a. Rp. 100 000 b. Rp. 75 000 c. Rp. 50 000 d. Rp. 25 000
8. The ratio of Intan’s money and Dita’s money is 3 : 5. If Dita’s money is Rp. 12 500,
then Intan’s money is …
a. Rp. 5 000 b. Rp. 7 500 c. Rp. 10 000 d. Rp. 12 500
9. The difference of Dita’s money and Intan’s money is Rp. 4 000. How much is Intan’s
money?
a. Rp. 12 000 b. Rp. 10 000 c. Rp. 8 000 d. Rp. 6 000
10. Rini wants to enlarge her picture measure 5 cm and 8 cm with ratio 2 : 1. The new
area of her picture is …. cm2
a. 40 b. 60 c. 80 d. 160
Subject : Mathematics
Grade : VII (Immersion Program)
Date :
Time Allocation :
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Write your name, your class and your test number in the given column on the answer
sheet!
2. Read the instructions carefully before you start the test!
3. Answer all questions on the answer sheet!
4. Do not use pencil to write the answers
5. Do not activate your HP and calculators
6. Do not see your friend’s answer and don’t open your note books
7. Check your answers before you submit your answer sheet!
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
A. Concepts Understanding
Choose the correct answer by giving (X) on your answer sheet!
1. Study these properties!
i. Enclosed property iv. The identity element is 0
ii. Commutative property v. The identity element is 1
iii. Associative property vi. Distributive toward subtraction
The properties of multiplication of integer are ….
4. i, ii, iii, iv, vi b. i, ii, iii, v, vi c. i, ii, iii, v d. i, ii, iv, v
2. (300 + 11) (300 – 11) = ….
a. 89979 b. 89879 c. 89889 d. 88989
2 5 1
3. 1 − + = ....
3 7 2
19 19 23 23
a. 1 b. − 1 c. 1 d. − 1
42 42 42 42
4. The result of subtraction (2x + 5) from (5x – 2) is ….
a. 3x – 7 b. 7x + 3 c. 3x + 3 d. 7x – 7
5. Which one of these equation is not equivalent to – 2x + 4 = 3
3
a. − 2 x = −1 b. − x + 2 = 3 c. 2 x − 4 = −3 d. x − 2 =
2
C. Problem Solving
Solve these questions carefully!
21. In a test, there are 30 questions. The score for true answer is +4, score for false answer
is (– 1) and score for unanswered is 0. Michael answers 18 questions correctly and 5
questions are unanswered. Determine Michael’s total score!
2
22. There are 400 students in a school. 60% of them is girl. of the girl like apple and
5
the rest like oranges. How many girls do like oranges?
23. Mrs. Hani buys a sack of rice for Rp. 450 000. The gross is 100 kg and the tare is 1 %.
Then she sells it Rp. 5 000 per kg.
a. evaluate loss or profit
b. how much is the loss or profit?
c. What is the percentage of the loss or profit?
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Jones. Kamus Saku Matematika Collins Gem. Penerbit Erlangga. Jakarta. 1995
Seng, The Keng. New Syllabus Mathematics 1. Shinglee Publisher PTE ITD. Singapore.2001
Kassim, Mukmien. New Syllabus Mathematics Form 1. Preston Times Sdn Bhd. Selangor.
2003