UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY CSJM UNIVERSITY, KANPUR-208024

SYNOPSIS OF PROJECT

Design and Synthesis of QPSK Modulator

Project Group: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Kripa Shankar Singh(1390083); Sunil Kumar Singh(1390104); Tariq Hussain(1390106); Khurshid Ansari(1390081); Hemant Rao(1390080).

Project Guide: Er. Neeraj Kumar

ABSTRACT
In this project we are planning to implement BPSK modulation technique, a subsystem module of digital communication using reversible logic. Later on we will implement a QPSK modulation technique using reversible logic and The QPSK modulator unit will be modelled using HDL code and simulation will be done using appropriate simulator to verify their functionality in the system. The digital system of QPSK is designed using a reversible logic gates which yields in low power, less required area and less amount of delay. Reversible logic is mainly used to construct low power circuits and also used in quantum computing, optical computing and DNA computing to produce zero power dissipation. QPSK is widely used modulation technique in satellite radio applications. Keywords :Reversible Logic, Reversible Gate, Garbage output, VHDL Code.

QPSK MODULATIONThe generation of the QPSK signal is usually done by modulating two carriers in Quadrature independently (cos t and sin t), as shown in figure as:

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying is generated by two independent BPSK systems (I and Q), and exhibits the same performance but bandwidth efficiency will be double. The Serial to Parallel Converter groups as di-bits from the binary data input. Two bits have been clocked at a time serially into its buffer, the Serial to Parallel Converter outputs one di-bit in parallel at its two outputs. From the di-bit, One bit is sent to the I channel of the modulator and the other bit is sent to the Q channel of the modulator and the modulators will be working independently for each channel to processes the stream of bits it receives. In order to convert the data into a bipolar pulse stream we use Level converter the converted data is applied to one input of the mixer. A Low-Pass Filter (LPF) is usually used before the mixer in each channel of the modulator to restrict the bandwidth of the QPSK signal, in order to provide the desired spectral shaping.

The sinusoidal carriers of I-channel and Q-channel are cost and sint respectively, and they are in Quadrature. The modulation is performed by each mixer by multiplying the carrier with the bipolar data signal in order to produce a BPSK signal. Finally two BPSK signals are summed to produce the QPSK signal. Because these two BPSK signals are generated by considering two carriers in phase Quadrature, the BPSK signals are orthogonal, and the QPSK demodulator will be able to demodulate them separately. Figure 3 shows generation of QPSK signal by two BPSK signals.

The Quadrature form of Modulator using in-phase(I) and Quadrature phase(Q) channel method acts as the predominant method used in digital modulation.Basically information bits are given to band-pass signal processing which splits the given bits into two streams as I and Q. This is a conventional method of doing modulation in which channel I and Q are not transmitted but only the real signal is transmitted.The channel I nad Q are independent to each other and is used to create the symbol . Hence QPSK is said tobe a two dimensional signal. QPSK is one of the most popular digital modulations. The term Qyadrature implies ,the carrier can have one of the four possible pkases,at a given time slot. The phase shift of 90 in each time period , gives four possible states in the complete cycle of 360. In this type of digital modulation , each phase shift represents 2-bits of information called symbol. Hence it has four symbol in total and each stands for two bits. The means of conveying information through phase variations i.e. the cosine carrier is varied in phase by keeping the amplitude and frequency as constant is called QPSK. Although , this process may seem to be insignificant at intial stage,but this modulation scheme enables the carrier to transmit the 2-bits of information instead of 1-bit. This doubling makes the B.W of the carrier more effective.

Application: QPSK modulator are used in following as: 1. 2. 3. 4. Communication world; Wireless LAN; CDMA system; Satellite communication for sending data over cable network.

Advantages: 1. Improved spectral efficiency; 2. Robust against Noise; 3. Bandwidth efficiecncy of the carrier gets doubled due to QPSK modulation. References:
[1] F.Xiong, Digital Modulation Techniques, Artech House, UK, 2000.

[2] Spartan-3E FPGA Family Data Sheet. Xilinx. 2008. [3] M.Kovac, J.kolouch BPSK, QPSK modulator simulation module 2004 .

[4] Landauer.R, Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing Process, IBM J. Research and Development: pp.183-191, 1961.

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