HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

GEOSYNTHETICS IN ROADS AND PAVEMENTS

PRESENTED BY,

S.RANJITH P.NAGAMANI

e-mail:Ranjith.jerry20@gmail.com mobile:8526930169

DEFINITION AND PURPOSE Geosynthetic is defined as a planar product manufactured from a polymeric material that is used with soil, rock, or other geotechnical-related material as an integral part of a civil engineering project, structure, or system. Most geosynthetics are made from synthetic polymers of polypropylene, polyester, or polyethylene. Geosynthetic products available today include, but are not limited to, geowebs, geogrids, geonets, geomeshes,

shows the layer arrangement in paved roads with a paving fabric interlayer. When properly installed, a geotextile layer beneath the asphalt overlay mainly

function as (Holtz et al., 1997): Fluid barrier (if impregnated with bitumen, that is, asphalt cement),protecting the

underlying layers from degradation due to infiltration of road-surface moisture; and Cushion, that is, stress-relieving layer for the overlays, retarding and controlling some common types of cracking, including reflective cracking . Typical cross-section of a paved road with a paving fabric interlayer (after Barazone, 2000) 316 A paving fabric, in general, is not used to

geocomposites, and geotextiles. Geotextile is a permeable geosynthetic made of textile materials. FUNCTIONS GEOSYNTHETICS A geosynthetic layer, especially a OF PAVING

replace any structural deficiencies in the existing pavement. However, the above functions combine to extend the service life of overlays and the roadways with reduced maintenance cost and increased pavement serviceability. The pavements typically allow 30 60 % of precipitation to infiltrate and weaken the road structure. The fluid barrier function of the bitumen impregnated considerable geotextile benefit if may the be of

geotextile layer, is used beneath asphalt overlays, ranging in thickness from 25 to 100 mm, of asphalt concrete (AC) and Portland cement concrete (PCC) paved roads. The geotextile layer is generally combined with asphalt sealant, or tack coat to form a membrane interlayer system known as a paving fabric interlayer. Fig. 1

subgrade

strength is highly moisture sensitive. In fact, excess moisture in the subgrade is the primary cause of premature road failures. Heavy vehicles mainly function as (Holtz et al., 1997): Fluid barrier (if impregnated with FIG: 1 bitumen, that is, asphalt

cement),protecting the underlying layers

from degradation due to infiltration of road-surface moisture; and Cushion, that is, stress-relieving layer for the overlays, retarding and controlling some common types of cracking, including reflective cracking . Typical cross-section of a paved road with a paving fabric interlayer (after Barazone, 2000) 316 A paving fabric, in general, is not used to replace any structural deficiencies in the existing pavement. However, the above functions combine to extend the service life of overlays and the roadways with reduced maintenance cost and increased pavement serviceability. The pavements typically allow 30 60 % of precipitation to infiltrate and weaken the road structure. The fluid barrier function of the bitumen impregnated considerable geotextile benefit if may the be of

stresses induced by underlying cracking in the old pavement. The stress is absorbed by allowing slight movements within the paving fabric interlayer inside the

pavement without distressing the asphalt concrete overlay significantly. In fact, the addition of a stressrelieving interlayer reduces the shear stiffness between the old pavement and the new overlay, creating a buffer zone (or break layer) that gives the overlay a degree of independence from movements in the old pavement.

Pavements with paving fabric interlayers also experience much less internal crack developing stress than those without. This is why fatigue life of a pavement with a paving fabric interlayer is many times that of a pavement without, . A stress-relieving interlayer also waterproofs the pavement, so when cracking does occur in the overlay, water cannot worsen the situation. . Fatigue response of asphalt overlay (after IFAI, 1992) Geogrids composites available and are for geogridalso overlay

subgrade

strength is can cause extensive damage to roads, especially when the soil subgrade is wet and weakened. The pore water pressure can also force the soil fines into the voids in the sub base/base, weakening them if a geotextile is not used as a separator/filter. Therefore, efforts should be made to keep the soil subgrade at fairly constant and low moisture content by stopping moisture infiltration into the pavement and providing proper pavement drainage. A stress-relieving interlayer retards the development of reflective cracks in the overlay by absorbing the

geotextile commercially

applications to function as reinforcement interlayer for holding the crack, if any, together, and dissipating the crack

propagation stress along its length. It has been reported that the reinforcement geogrid, as shown in , if used beneath the overlay, can reduce the crack propagation by a factor of up to 10 when traffic induced fatigue is the failure mechanism

(Terram Ltd., UK). The study conducted by Ling and Liu (2001) shows that the geogrid reinforcement increases the

is why fatigue life of a pavement with a paving fabric interlayer is many times that of a pavement without, . A stress-relieving interlayer also waterproofs the pavement, so when cracking does occur in the overlay, water cannot worsen the situation. . Fatigue response of asphalt overlay (after IFAI, 1992) Geogrids composites available and are for geogridalso overlay

stiffness and bearing capacity of the asphalt concrete pavement. Under dynamic loading, the life of the asphalt concrete layer is prolonged in the presence of geosynthetic reinforcement. The stiffness of the geogrid and its interlocking with the asphalt concrete contribute to the

geotextile commercially

restraining effect. filaments or tapes into the planar structure. TYPES OF GEOSYNTHETICS Geo textiles moisture infiltration into the pavement and providing proper pavement drainage. A stress-relieving interlayer retards the development of reflective cracks in the overlay by absorbing the stresses induced by underlying cracking in the old pavement. The stress is absorbed by allowing slight movements within the paving fabric interlayer inside the

applications to function as reinforcement interlayer for holding the crack, if any, together, and dissipating the crack

propagation stress along its length. It has been reported that the reinforcement geogrid, as shown in , if used beneath the overlay, can reduce the crack propagation by a factor of up to 10 when traffic induced fatigue is the failure mechanism (Terram Ltd., UK). The study conducted by Ling and Liu (2001) shows that the geogrid reinforcement increases the stiffness and bearing capacity of the asphalt concrete pavement. Under dynamic loading, the life of the asphalt concrete layer is prolonged in the presence of geosynthetic reinforcement. The stiffness of the geogrid and its interlocking with the asphalt concrete contribute to the

pavement without distressing the asphalt concrete overlay significantly. In fact, the addition of a stressrelieving interlayer reduces the shear stiffness between the old pavement and the new overlay, creating a buffer zone (or break layer) that gives the overlay a degree of independence from movements in the old pavement.

restraining effect. filaments or tapes into the planar structure.

Pavements with paving fabric interlayers also experience much less internal crack developing stress than those without. This

Low undrained s-hear strengthCBR < 3 ,MR= 30MPa High water table High sensitivity ROADWAYS GEOTEXTILES The maximum stress experienced by the TYPES OF GEOSYNTHETICS Geogrids Geonets Geomembranes Geosynthetic clay liners Geofoam Geocells Geocomposites geotextile used in paved roads with an asphalt or concrete surfaceincluding DESIGN USING

light-use roads, heavy-use roads and interstate highwaysis experienced at the time of installation. This stress is

influenced by the subgrade and the thickness of the first lift. Once aggregate has been placed, the geotextile is insulated by the depth of aggregate and can be relied on to remain in position and perform the separation and stabilization function

throughout the life of the road. The AASHTO M288 specification is

applicable for the use of geotextiles to SUBGRADE CONDITIONS IN prevent mixing of a subgrade soil and an aggregate cover material. The AASHTO geotextile class and Types are geotextile style is dependent on the harshness of the subgrade surface, the type of equipment used for installation, the strength of the subgrade soil and whether the soil is in a saturated or unsaturated state during installation.

GEOSYNTHETICS The following subgrade conditions are considered to be the most appropriate for geosynthetic use in roadway construction Poor soils-

(USCS:SC,CL,CH,ML,MH,OL,OH,PT)(A ASHTO: A-5,A-6,A-7-5,A-7-6

Due

to

different

performance

STEP 12- Specify construction requirements GEOTEXTILE OVERLAPS Overlaps provide continuity between

rewuirements, design methodologies for temporary roads should not be used to design permanent roads

DESIGN ROADWAYS

GUIDELINES

FOR

adjacent geotextile rolls. Sufficient overlap is required to prevent fabric separation during base placement amount of and overlap

STEP 1- Determine soil subgrade strength. STEP 2Determine subgrade

compaction.The

required is dependent on the sheer strength (California Bearing Ratio or CBR) of the subgrade soilPins or piles of stone may be used to maintain geotextile overlaps during installation. Geotextile roll widths should be selected so overlaps between rolls do STEP 4-Estimation amount of traffic. STEP 5-Establish tolerable rutting Step 6- Obtain bearing capacity factor STEP 7Determine required not occur along anticipated primary wheel path locations. Overlaps at the end of rolls should be in the direction of the aggregate placement. BENEFITS Reducing the intensity of stress on the subgrade aggregate and from preventing penetrating the into base the strength at several location and at different times of the year. STEP3- Determine wheel loading.

aggregate thickness STEP 8- Select design thickness STEP 9- Check geotextile drainage and filtration characteristics STEP 10- Determine geotextile survivability requirements STEP 11Specify geotextile

subgrade.Preventing subgrade fines from pumping or otherwise migrating up into the base.Reducing the depth of excavation required for the removal of unsuitable subgrade materials Reducing the thickness of aggregate required to stabilize the subgrade.Allowing an increase in subgrade strength over time

property requirements

APPLICATIONS In Roads and Pavements: Subgrade separation and Stabilization, Base Reinforcement, Overlay Stress Absorption and Reinforcement. In Subsurface Drainage: Subgrade dewatering, Road base drainage, Structure drainage. In Erosion and Sediment Control Hard Armor Systems, Silt Fence.

Prefabricated Systems and On-site Fabrication

CONCLUSION Geosynthetics have great potential to be used as cost effective solutions for several engineering problems. This paper

presented recent advances in geosynthetic products, on the utilization of these materials in reinforced soil structures and in environmental applications.

Manufacturing of geosynthetics products allows incorporating recent advances in material sciences. Therefore, the

expectation is that innovations in products, types and properties will continue to take place, adding to the already vast range of applications of these materials. REFERENCES

In Reinforced Soil Systems: Geosynthetics Embankments foundations, Reinforced slopes, Reinforced soil walls. Steepened over soft in pavements, Zornberg.J.G & Gupta R the university of texas at Austin,USA

In Seepage control systems Structure water proofing, Environmental Protection.

In Support Systems: