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Unit II Bench Marking By Mohd.Quadir Mohiuddin Faculty, Dept of Business Management MESCO Institute of Management and Comp.Sciences 1 QUADIR MOHIUDDIN

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Benchmarking Benchmarking is the process of continually searching for the best methods, practices and processes, and either adopting or adapting their good features and implementing them to become the best of the best. How is benchmarking used? Compare performance of an existing process against other companies best-in-class practices Determine how those companies achieve their performance levels Improve internal performance levels 2 QUADIR MOHIUDDIN

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Bench Marking is a systematic method by which organisation can measure themselves against the best industry practice The essence of Bench Marking is the process of borrowing ideas and adopting them to gain competitive advantage. It is a tool for continuous improvement. Bench Marking is the systematic search for best practices, innovative ideas and highly effective operating procedures. 3 QUADIR MOHIUDDIN

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Reasons to Benchmark? Bench Marking is a powerful tool to achieve business and competitive objectives Bench Marking is a SWOT tools to help organizations develop those strengths and reduce weakness Bench Marking can notify the organisation if it has fallen behind the competition Bench Marking enhances innovation by requiring organisation to constantly scan the external environment, 4 QUADIR MOHIUDDIN

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Importance of Benchmarking Objective Without Benchmarking With Benchmarking To become more adaptive Evolutionary Change Understanding of competition ideas from proven practices Implement Industry best practices Few solutions, Frantic catch up activity Many options, Superior performance Defining customer requirements Based on history, Gut feeling or Perception Market reality, objective evaluation Establishing effective goals & objectives Lacking external focus, Reactive Credible unarguable, Proactive Developing true measures of productivity Pursuing projects, strength/weaknesses not understood, Route of least resistance Solving real problems, Understanding output based on industry best practices 5 QUADIR MOHIUDDIN

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Benefits of Benchmarking Improves organizational quality Leads to lower cost Creates buy-in for change Exposes employees to new ideas Broadens organizations perspective A catalyst for learning Increase employee satisfaction Test the internal operating target Raise the level of potential performance Sharing of best practices Understanding world-class performance in-depth Encourage and stimulate innovation 6 QUADIR MOHIUDDIN

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Bench Marking core techniques The number of steps in the process may vary from organisation to organisation the following 6 steps contain the core techniques 1. Decide what to bench mark 2. Understand current performance 3. Plan 4.Study others 5.Learn from data 6. Use the findings 7 QUADIR MOHIUDDIN

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Pits falls / Cons of Bench Marking Bench marking is not a panacea Bench marking is not a strategy Bench marking must be used properly Bench marking forces an organisation to set goals and objectives based on external reality Bench marking process may have to be repeated sometimes 8 QUADIR MOHIUDDIN

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Quality Function Deployment QFD is a planning tool used to fulfill customer expectations. Quality Function Deployment - systematic approach to design of a product or service around the expressed requirements of the customers. It involves members from across the organisation in converting customer requirements to a technical product or service specification. The QFD process is intended to ensure that the product or service meets the customer requirements first time and every time QFD is a team-based management tool in which customer expectations are used to drive the product development process. 9 QUADIR MOHIUDDIN

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Quality Function Deployment QFD Focuses on customer expectations or requirements, often referred to as the Voice of the Customer (VOC). QFD activities: 1. Market Research 2. Basic research 3. Invention 4 Concept design 5 Prototype testing 6 Final product or service testing 7 After-sales service and trouble-shooting 10 QUADIR MOHIUDDIN

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Quality by Design Quality by Design is a team of specialists who simultaneously design and develop a product to ensure ease of producibility and customer satisfaction. Quality by Design is the practice of using a multidisciplinary team to conduct conceptual thinking, product design, and production planning all at one time Quality by Design is also known as concurrent Engineering Simultaneous Engineering Parallel Engineering Quality by design helps control design changes by shifting all the design to the beginning of the project rather than through out its whole life cycle. 11 QUADIR MOHIUDDIN

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Quality by Design provides manufacturers with the tools and communication and mangement techniques required t o develop products in a timely and cost efficient manner form the beginning and through out a product life. BENEFITS OF QUALITY BY DESIGN Faster product development Better quality Less work in progress Fewer engineering change order Increased productivity Significant decrease in time to market 12 QUADIR MOHIUDDIN

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Tools of Quality by Design C A D Computer Aided Drafting C A M - Computer aided Manufacturing C N C Computer numerically contorlled TQM Philosophies Computer Network ISO 9000 ISO 14000 Total Productive Maintenance QFD Information Technology Electronic Meeting Software (EMS) Enterprise Resource Planning software (ERP) 13 QUADIR MOHIUDDIN

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Misconception and Pitfalls of Quality by Design Quality by Design is not simultaneous design and production. Quality by Design is not a quick fix or magical formula for success Quality by Design does not require multiple test of the product to be conducted until the optimum design is achieved Quality by Design is highly dependent upon a TQM environment 14 QUADIR MOHIUDDIN

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Pitfalls of Quality by Design The following are the common pitfalls to avoid if an organisation is considering implement Quality by Design. Avoid promising to meet an unobtainable schedule. Avoid using tight tolerances and stringent requirement s to obtain a one-pass design. Avoid business usual" parts vendoring by using the low bidder Avoid automating the product development phase before it is simplified. 15 QUADIR MOHIUDDIN

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BENCH MARKING Mastering life is the processing of moving from where you are to be to where you want to be - Warner Erhand What is Bench marking? This is the essence of Bench marking Moving from where you are to where you want to be To be measures - How many? How much time? How much money? How reliable? How well made is it? Set new goals by comparing and studying other organizations.

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Levels of Benchmarking: Common approaches to Bench marking are: Internal Competitive Non competitive World class

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Internal: Within the organization Another Branch Office Competitive : Study the competitor Collect the data Use third parties services By collecting information through Industry association publications.

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Non-competitive: Relate process with indirect competitor A related process in a different industry Un-related process in a different industry World class: Looking towards the recognized leader for process being benchmarked An organization that does it better than any other.

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Myths & Relatives about Benchmarking Myth Reality . Is copying or imitating - Observing, learning from others not copying Simply raising the targets - Beyond the numbers 3. Only streamlining - Tool to improve process and manufacturing process procedures 4. You are ready for long - It is not one time event. It is a time journey

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1. Identity to Bench mark 2. Determine what to measure 4. Collect data 5. Analyze data and determine the gap 6. Set goals and develop action plan 7. Monitor the process SEVEN STEPS IN BENCH MARKING 3. Identify who to benchmark

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Trade magazines Industry publications Professional journals Market research Government studies Computer databases Telephone or main surveys Bench marking experts & consultants Organizations specializing in Bench marking data SOURCES OF BENCHMARKING INFORMATION

GROWTH CHART:
By Sneha , Varsha , Sorabh , Vivek GROWTH CHART

GROWTH CHART:
GROWTH CHART Definition: It is a visible display of a childs physical growth and development. First designed by David Morley . Growth chart offers a simple and inexpensive way of monitoring weight & height changes in respective charts . Any deviation from normal detected by comparison with reference curves.

Out with the old? In with the new? :

Implications of the new WHO 2006 Child Growth Standards Out with the old? In with the new?

NCHS 1978 Child Growth References :

NCHS 1978 Child Growth References

NCHS 1978 Child Growth References:

NCHS 1978 Child Growth References Adopted in 1978 by WHO as the international reference for: Weight-for-age Weight-for-length/height Length/height-for-age

NCHS 1978 Child Growth References:

NCHS 1978 Child Growth References

old & new:

o ld & new THE WHO GROWTH CHARTS

The OLD WHO growth chart:

The OLD WHO growth chart It has two reference curves. Upper reference curve -the median (50 th percentile) for boys. Lower reference curve 3 rd percentile for girls Space between two growth curves called weight channel or road to health zone of normality for most population.

Interpretation:
Interpretation Normal - growth line above 3 rd percentile and will run parallel to reference curves Abnormal- flattening or falling of childs weight curves signals growth failure Earliest sign of PEM Precede clinical signs by weeks or even months such a child needs special care objective; keep child above 3 rd percentile

Growth Chart Used In India:

Growth Chart Used In India It has four reference curves. Purpose of reference curve indicates degree of malnutrition. The top most curve indicates normal i.e 50 th percentile.

INTERPRETATION:
INTERPRETATION NORMAL (M-1 SD) > 80 % of MED Grade 1 or mild malnutritionchilds weight 71% to 80% (-1SD -2SD) . Grade 2 or moderate malnutrition childs weight 61% to 70% (-2SD - 3SD ) . Grade 3 or severe malnutrition - weight 51% to 60% (-3SD -4SD ) . Grade 4 or very severe malnutrition-weight below 50% (< -4SD) .

Growth Curves:
Growth Curves Differences Between the NCHS 1978 and the WHO 2006 Weight-for-Age (WFA)

( weight for age z score ) if sara is our subject for a case study to compare both growth charts , growth monitoring & promotional programes :
( weight for age z score ) if sara is our subject for a case study to compare both growth charts , growth monitoring & promotional programes Comparison of WAZ at the Individual Level

Case Study: Sara:

Case Study: Sara Saras age Saras weight (kg) NCHS 1978 WAZ score WHO 2006 WAZ score 0 m 2.4 1 m 3.5 3 m 4.5 6 m 5.4 9 m 6.0 11 m 6.4

At what age does Sara cross -2 SD using the NCHS 1978 WFA growth curve?:
At what age does Sara cross -2 SD using the NCHS 1978 WFA growth curve? NCHS -2.08 6 m median -1 SD -2 SD -3 SD

At what age does Sara cross -2 SD using the WHO 2006 WFA growth curve?:
At what age does Sara cross -2 SD using the WHO 2006 WFA growth curve? -2.05 3 m WHO median -2 SD -1 SD -3 SD

Case Study: Sara:

Case Study: Sara Saras age Saras weight (kg) NCHS 1978 WAZ score WHO 2006 WAZ score 0 m 2.4 -1.68 -1.99 1 m 3.5 -0.81 -1.26 3 m 4.5 -1.21 -2.05 6 m 5.4 -2.08 -2.50 9 m 6.0 -2.65 2.65 11 m 6.4 -2.78 -2.60

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Saras age Saras weight (kg) NCHS 1978 WAZ score WHO 2006 WAZ score 0 m 2.4 -1.68 1.99 1 m 3.5 -0.81 -1.26 3 m 4.5 -1.21 -2.05 NCHS WHO median -1 SD -2 SD -3 SD

WHO NEW GROWTH CHART:

WHO NEW GROWTH CHART

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WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study For developing new growth chart.

MILESTONES IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW CHILD GROWTH STANDARD:

MILESTONES IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW CHILD GROWTH STANDARD Comprehensive reviews shows growth pattern of healthy breastfed infants differ from the current NCHS/WHO international reference A new growth reference is needed to improve infants health management The reference population should reflect health recommendations in view of the frequent use of references as STANDARDS

WHO:
WHO MULTICENTRIC GROWTH REFERENCE STUDY {MGRS} 1997-2003 {8500 CHILDREN} 0-25 months - longitudinal 18 71 months - cross sectional survey Brazil , Ghana , India , Norway , Oman , & U.S.A Breast feeding and no smoking

SAMPLE SIZE GROWTH STANDARD:

SAMPLE SIZE GROWTH STANDARD LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE ( birth 2y ) 1743 total enrolled 882 (428 boys /454 girls ) compiled with feeding & non smoking criteria & completed 24 months follow- up Target for stable outer centiles : 400 both sexes CROSS SECTIONAL SAMPLE (2-5 y ) : 6669 ( 3450 boys/3219 girls )

WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study:

WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study

GROWTH REFERENCE STUDY:

GROWTH REFERENCE STUDY Prescriptive approach Optimal nutrition breastfed infants appropriate complementary feeding Optimal environment no microbiological contamination no smoking Optimal health care immunization & pediatric routines

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA:
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA No health , environmental or economic constraints on growth : mothers and / or fathers education > 17yrs Mother willing to follow feeding recommendations Term birth Single birth Lack of significant perinatal morbidity : defined with pediatricians Non smoking mothers before and after delivery

WHO CHILD GROWTH STANDARD:

WHO CHILD GROWTH STANDARD Attained growth Weight - for - age Length/height- forage Weight for- length / height Body mass index - for age Mid upper arm circumference

for- age Triceps skin fold - for - age Subscapular skinfold for age Head circumference for age Growth velocity Weight , length , head circumference , arm circumference ,BMI

NEED FOR NEW STANDARDS:

NEED FOR NEW STANDARDS Exclusive breastfeeding for six months is normative for growth and development. Earlier standards are based on infants receiving bottle and mixed feeding. We should know how children should grow but not how they are growing. Children below six years have same potential to grow and develop as long as their basic needs of nutrition, environment & health are met. the boy & girl grow differently .

NEW STANDARDS V/S OLD STANDARDS:

NEW STANDARDS V/S OLD STANDARDS New standards are based on breast fed infants while old standards are based on mixed feeding. Old standards are from one community while new standards are from six different nations. New standards are sex specific while old are unisex . New standard are based on S.D internationally accepted classification .

Q: WHICH CRITERIA TO BE USED:

Q: WHICH CRITERIA TO BE USED A : undoubtedly WFA Why ?? Underweight children is a still a major public health problem which affects 40% of our children. Weight for age is a good tool for assesment of under nutrition. AWWs are already weighing the children and plotting them . To detect under weight early to prevent stunting and wasting.

the no. of underweight in under five children would reduce. The no. of underweight children below six month would increase. The no, of severely under weight children would increase substantially varying from 7 to 25 in each anganwadi centre. the requiriement for funds for snp : centre and state contributition would be almost double. :
the no. of underweight in under five children would reduce. The no. of underweight children below six month would increase. The no, of severely under weight children would increase substantially varying from 7 to 25 in each anganwadi centre. the requiriement for funds for snp : centre and state contributition would be almost double. What would happen in my state if I start using new WHO growth standards

Uses of growth chart:

Uses of growth chart G rowth monitoring D iagnostic tool P lanning and policy making E ducational tool T ool for action E valuation T ool for teaching

Conclusion:
Conclusion We adopted NEW WHO WFA standard due to limitations of the existing child growth standards used in the ICDS for nutritional assessment of children Clear evidences of the accuracy of the NEW WHO Child growth standards and the availability of gender disaggregated data. Guiding principal that the new standards are the golden standards for the child in the best circumstances and environment the right of the child in India . Implementing the new standards is feasible and an opportunity to revamp the ICDS system for improvement in quality and convergence with NRHM . This is a powerful entry point for accelerating reduction in under nutrition and promoting early child develpmnt

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