Basic Safety & Security Course - INA

Physical Hazards

Laser Radiation Hazards

Laser: Red (635nm), Green (532nm), Blue (445nm)

Air Force Research Laboratory multiple interacting laser rays.

Jean Michel Jarre laser harp

Laser Radiation Hazards

Physical Characteristics The name "LASER" is an acronym for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation". . Ordinary light that comes from a conventional light source radiates in all directions and in various wavelengths that reinforce or cancel each other. . Light from a laser beam Directional (travels in one direction) Monochromatic (a specific wavelength only) Coherent (in phase)

Two coherent waves

Laser Radiation Hazards

Physical Characteristics Laser radiation may be released as continuous wave laser beam pulsed laser beam Q-switched laser beam

Thinner pulses give higher peaks for same average Power.

Lasers can be more hazardous than ordinary light because they can focus a lot of energy onto a small area.

Laser Radiation Hazards

Physical Characteristics Laser beams are not limited to visible wavelengths only. Laser units can be designed over a wide range of frequencies, from infrared to ultraviolet regions. Optical portion of Electromagnetic Spectrum

Near-UV (UV-A) (315 nm 400 nm) Far-UV (UV-B, UV-C) (200 nm 315 nm)

Near-IR (IR-A) (780 nm 1400 nm) Far-IR (IR-B, IR-C) (1400 nm 1 mm)

Laser Radiation Hazards

Demage Mechanisms
Lasers can cause damage in biological tissues due to its great brightness of beam, both to the eye and to the skin, due to different mechanisms: - Thermal damage (burn): tissues are heated to the point where denaturation of proteins occurs. - Photochemical damage: light triggers chemical reactions in tissue. Mostly with blue and ultra-violet light and can be accumulated over the course of hours.
. The eye is, by far, the organ of the body most subject to damage, as it is capable of increasing the laser light intensity 100.000 times by its focusing power at the retina.
Parallel rays of a laser may be focused to a point image by the eye while rays from a conventional lamp can produce a sizeable and less dangerous image at the retina.

. The skin is usually much less sensitive to laser light than the eye but with ever increasing laser intensities encountered, skin damage is becoming a concern.

Laser Radiation Hazards

Exposure Limits Units The unit used to describe the radiation exposure from laser radiation are Watts ( W ) or milliwatts (mW ) for the power or W/m2 or mW/cm2 for the intensity.

The exposure limits (ELs) Exposure at levels below the ELs should not result in adverse health effects.
Should be used only as guidelines for controlling human exposure to laser radiation. They should not be regarded as thresholds of injury or as sharp demarcations between "safe" and "dangerous" exposure levels.

Laser Radiation Hazards

Classification

The hazard classification specified for laser are defined by the output parameters, i.e. emission wavelength, emission duration, power output, and accessible emission levels (AELs) of laser radiation.

Laser Radiation Hazards

Classification
Class 1 Safe under all conditions of normal use.
UNE EN 60825-1 /A2: 2002
CD-ROM players

Safe for all conditions of use except when passed through magnifying Class 1M optics such as microscopes and telescopes. Class 2 Safe because the blink reflex will limit the exposure to no more than 0.25 seconds. It only applies to visible-light lasers (400700 nm) Supermarket scanners

Class 2M Safe because of the blink reflex if not viewed through optical instruments. Class 3R Class 3B Considered safe if handled carefully, with restricted beam viewing.
L. pointers

Hazardous if the eye is exposed directly, but diffuse reflections such as those from paper or other matte surfaces are not harmful. Research Highest and most dangerous class of laser. Can burn the skin, or cause devastating and permanent eye damage. May ignite combustible materials (fire risk). These hazards may also apply to diffuse, indirect or nonspecular reflections of the beam, even from apparently matte surfaces, meaning that great care must be taken to control the beam path.
Research /industry

Class 4

Laser Radiation Hazards

Protective eyewear

Warning Signs and IPEs

must be selected for the specific type of laser, to block or attenuate in the appropriate wavelength range.

Eyewear is rated for maximum power rating or optical density (absorbance), in the specified wavelength range.

A = log10 (Io/I1)

Laser Radiation Hazards

Warning Signs and IPEs

8.1.02C

8.0.02

Laser Radiation Hazards

Location of Laser Beams at INA
Lab 8.0.02 8.1.01C Instrument PLD Pirlisis lser Lser AFM AFM DPN laser Fabricante y Modelo (nm) / P (W) Neocera - ThinFilmStar 248nm / 25W Rofin 9-12m / 500W 808m / 10W Nanotec Veeco NanoInk DPN500 635nm / 1 mW 690nm / 1mW 670nm / 5mW Clase Class 4 Class 4 Class 4 Class 2 Class 2M Class 3R Class 4 Class 3B Class 3B Class 3B Class 4

8.0.03 B

8.1.03

1047 - 1053 - 1064 nm / > 0.5 W

Witec

7.2.02

Micro-Raman Witec

Witec
Research Electro Optics

TOPICA Photoionics

488nm / -- mW 532nm / -- mW 633nm / 35mW 785nm/<600mW

References. Laser Radiation

1. UNE EN 60825-1 Seguridad de los productos lser. Parte 1: Clasificacin del equipo, requisitos y gua de seguridad 1996. Modificada por: UNE EN 60825-1/Al 1: 1997 y con el complemento UNE EN 60825-1/A2: 2002. 2. IEC Technical Report TR 60825-10: 2002, "Safety of laser products - Part 10: Application guidelines and explanatory notes to IEC 60825-1 ". 3. IEC Technical Report TR 60825-8 (1999-11) "Safety of laser products - Part 8: Guidelines for the safe use of medical laser equipment". 4. UNE EN 207: 1999 Filtros y protectores de los ojos contra la radiacin lser (gafas de proteccin lser). 5. UNE EN 207/A1: 2003, complementa a la anterior. 6. UNE EN 208: 1999 Gafas de proteccin para los trabajos de ajuste de lser y sistemas lser (gafas de ajuste lser). 7. UNE EN 208/A1: 2003, complementa a la anterior. 8. UNE EN 60601-2-22: 1997 Equipos electromdicos. Parte 2: Requisitos particulares de seguridad para equipos lser teraputicos y de diagnstico, eqv. CEI 601-2-22: 95. 9. UNE-EN 12626: 1998 "Seguridad de las mquinas. Mquinas lser. Requisitos de seguridad", eqv. ISO 11553: 1996 mod. Para riesgos elctricos remite a CEI 204-1: 1992, Equipamiento elctrico de mquinas industriales. Parte 1: Reglas generales. 10. RUPREZ M.J. Lseres: riesgos en su utilizacin Nota Tcnica de Prevencin NTP-261. INSHT 1991. 11. RUPREZ M.J., CABRERA J.A (coordinadores) Algunas cuestiones sobre seguridad lser Ed. INSHT, 1996, 398 pgs. ISBN.: 84-7425-434-5.

Ionizing Radiation Hazards

Hand mit Ringen

22th December 1895

Hand with Rings, a print of one of the first of Wilhelm Rntgen's X-ray photographs. It shows the left hand of his wife, Anna Bertha Ludwig

Ionizing Radiation Hazards

Definintions
Radiation: is a process in which energetic particles or energetic waves travel through vacuum, or through matter-containing media that are not required for their propagation
Ex.: electromagnetic waves (UV, X, IR, visible light) & corpuscular radiation (neutrons, )

electromagnetic spectrum

Radioactivity: spontaneous emission of radiation as a result of nuclear instability. Ionisation: is an electrical process in which an electron is knocked out of its orbit. Ionising radiation: is radiation that is energetic and capable of causing atoms and molecules in its path to split into positive and negative ions.

Ionizing Radiation Hazards

TYPES OF IONIZING RADIATION
1.- Directly Ionizing: Any charged massive particle can ionize atoms directly through Coulomb forces if it carries sufficient kinetic energy (moving at relativistic speeds). This includes atomic nuclei ( radiation: 4He nucleus) , electrons ( radiation), muons, charged pions, and protons (main component of natural cosmic rays).

2.- Indirectly Ionizing: - Photons: They can ionize atoms through the Photoelectric and Compton effects. Those interactions will eject an electron at relativistic speeds, turning it into a -particle that will ionize many more atoms. X-rays (100eV 100keV) & -rays (100keV) - Neutrons: fast neutrons will interact with the protons in hydrogen and this mechanism produces proton radiation (ionizing).

Ionizing Radiation Hazards

sheet of paper Outer layers of the skin

Penetration

+
Interaction

aluminum plate 1-2 cm of living tissues

lead shield

+
blocked using light elements, like hydrogen

Ionizing Radiation Hazards

Definitions &Units
Absorbed dose: energy that is absorbed by a unit of mass that is irradiated with some type of radiation of some magnitude. The SI unit is gray (Gy), J/kg.
Equal absorbed doses of different types of ionizing radiation cause different amounts of damage to living tissue. Therefore,
Weighting Factors WR (NTP614: Radiaciones Ionizantes. Normas de proteccin.)

Radiation Photons, Electrons muons Neutrons Protons (>2Mev) particles, nucl fision products, heavy nucleous

WR 1 1 5 - 20 2 20

Equivalent dose: was defined to give an approximate measure of the biological effect of radiation. It is calculated by multiplying the absorbed dose by a weighting factor WR, which is different for each type of radiation. The SI unit is sievert (Sv) , J/kg.
Different tissues and organs have varying sensitivity to radiation exposure. Therefore

Effective dose: refers to dose averaged over the entire body and takes accountf or the relative sensitivities of the different tissues exposed.

Ionizing Radiation Hazards

Source Natural Artificial
. Natural radioactive materials . Cosmic Rays . Artificialy produced radioisotopes . X-ray tubes & particle accelerators

The average person in Spain receives an effective dose of 3.5 mSv / year (2.4 mSv/year corresponding to natural sources).
Source: Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear (CSN)

10

Ionizing Radiation Hazards

Exposure Type
Radioactive contamination occurs when radioactive material is deposited on or in an object or a person. A contaminated person has radioactive materials on (external c.) or inside their body (internal contamination)
The person remains exposed to radiation until radionucleides are eliminated or radioactive activity decays. the

Contamination

Irradiation

A person exposed to radiation is not necessarily contaminated with radioactive material. A person who has been exposed to radiation has had radioactive waves or particles penetrate the body, like having an x-ray.

Ionizing Radiation Hazards

Hazards
- Ionizing radiation liberates e- in matter leading to the creation of free radicals (very reactive) responsible for demage of cells -

Deterministic effects: . They reliably occur above a threshold dose. . Their severity increases with dose.
If number of destroyed corresponding tissue or demaged. cells is high, the organ will result

Stochastic effects: . Their probability of occurrence increases with dose. . The severity is independent of dose. . There is no a threshold dose.
When the irradiation is not lethal for the cell, much of the radiation induced demage is repaired by cellular mechanisms. When repair is incomplete or misrepairoccurs, the genetic demage can lead to the induction of cancer

11

Ionizing Radiation Hazards

Safety Procedures
1. Reducing exposure (time/distance/shielding) One can never have "zero" radiation exposure because of the natural radiation (cosmic rays, natural isotopes etc.) Therefore, the best we can do is to add nothing to this background dose. The ALARA approach (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) is used. Instead of operating at or just below permissible exposure limits, one must stay as far below the exposure limits as possible.
RD 783/2001
Exposure Limits (RD 783/2001)

2. Training and information to workers. 3. Delimitation of areas and signalling. 4. Classification, monitoring and protection of ocupationally exposed workers.

Ionizing Radiation Hazards

Safety Procedures. Delimitation of areas and signalling
Controlled area: Controlled areas are designated if it is necessary for persons to enter or work in an area where special procedures to restrict the possibility of significant exposure are followed. Also if persons working in this area are likely to receive an effective dose of greater than 6mSv per year or an equivalent dose of greater than 3/10ths of any relevant dose limits in respect of employees aged 18 years or above. Simple Limited stay area: Risk to receive an effective dose greater than dose limits. Regulated stay area: Risk to receive in short period of time effective dose greater than annual dose limits. Forbiden area: Risk to receive in a single exposure effective dose greater than annual dose limits. Supervised area: Non controlled areas but persons working in this area are likely to receive an effective dose of greater than 1mSv per year or an equivalent dose of greater than 1/10ths of any relevant dose limits in respect of employees aged 18 years or above.

12

Ionizing Radiation Hazards

Safety Procedures. Delimitation of areas and signalling

Ionizing Radiation Hazards

Safety Procedures. Clasification of exposed workers

13

Ionizing Radiation Hazards

LAB. 7.0.05 7.0.05 EQUIPO XRD XPS DMA
Diff. Movility Analizer

Casa Bruker Kratos

Modelo D8 Advance AXIS UltraDLD

241Am

FUENTE Fuente rX Cu k 60kV, 80mA, 3kW Fuentes rX de Al k y Mg k 15kV, 15mA 2.25 kW fuente encapsulada
241Am

RIESGO RAD. Irradiacin rX Irradiacin rX Contaminacin(2) Irradiacin , , Irradiacin rX Irradiacin rX Irradiacin rX Irradiacin rX Irradiacin rX Irradiacin rX Irradiacin rX Irradiacin rX Irradiacin rX Irradiacin rX Irradiacin rX Irradiacin rX Irradiacin rX

7.2.01 8.0.01 8.0.01 8.0.01 7.0.04 7.0.03 7.0.04 7.0.04 7.0.06 7.0.07 7.0.08 8.0.03A 8.0.02 8.0.02 8.1.01

Crim BocEdwards FEI FEI FEI FEI FEI FEI FEI FEI FEI DCA Neocera AJA Int.

MEDIDAS PROTECCIN .Blindaje del equipo. .Sealizacin fuente encendida .Blindaje del equipo. .Sealizacin fuente encendida Zona Vigilada Control dosimtrico de rea contador Geiger Blindaje del equipo Blindaje del equipo Blindaje del equipo Blindaje del equipo Blindaje del equipo Blindaje del equipo Blindaje del equipo Blindaje del equipo Blindaje del equipo Blindaje del equipo

Observaciones Exento NHM-X160(1) Exencion(3) Instalacin radiactiva 3 Cat. (5) Exencion(3) Exencion Exencion Exencion
(4)

Evaporador Dual Beam Dual Beam Dual Beam TEM SEM NAP-SEM TEM TEM TEM MBE PLD / Sputtering Sputtering Reactivo

Auto500 Helio 600 Helios 650 Nova 200 Tecnai T20 Inspect F Quanta 250 Tecnai F30 TITAN 60-300 TITAN Cubo 60-300 M600

Acelera e- > 5kV (5.3keV) Acelera Acelera Acelera Acelera Acelera Acelera Acelera Acelera Acelera Acelera Acelera Acelera Acelera e- > 5kV (30keV) Ga3+ > 5kV (30keV) e- > 5kV (30keV) Ga3+ > 5kV (30keV) e- > 5kV (30keV) Ga3+ > 5kV (30keV) e- > 5kV (200keV) e- > 5kV (30keV) e- > 5kV (30keV) e- > 5kV (300keV) e- > 5kV (300keV) e- > 5kV (300keV) e- > 5kV (15keV)

(4)

(4)

Exencion (4) Exencion (4) Exencion (4) Exencion (4) Exencion (4) Exencion (4) Exencion(3) Exencion(3) Exencion(3) Guardado en armario de txicos

. Acelera e- > 5kV (20keV) ATC- Orion Acelera e- > 5kV (XXkeV) Actetato de Uranilo Fuente no encapsulada Emisor radiaciones Fuente no encapsulada Acetato de uranilo diluido al 1% Fuente no encapsulada Emisor radiaciones

Blindaje del equipo Blindaje del equipo

Contaminacin Trabajo en campana qumica (ingestin, inhalacin, Uso de doble guante heridas abiertas) Gestin de residuos Contaminacin Trabajo en campana qumica (ingestin, inhalacin, Uso de doble guante heridas abiertas) Gestin de residuos

7.1.01

Reactivo

Guardado en la nevera

1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

Real Decreto 1836/199 modificado por Real Decreto 35/2008 Anexo I 1e - Exento por resolucin del Ministerio de Econom a. Referencia NHM-X160. Indicado con cartel correspondiente en equipo. Necesarias Revisiones peridicas de verificacin de tasa de dosis y del correcto funcionamiento de sistemas de seguridad. Contrato de mantenimiento que incluye revisiones semestrales por personal de Bruker Algunos filamentos contiene Torio (radionucleido. Riesgo por contaminacin). Estos elementos slo se manipulan por tcnicos especializados de Kratos. Real Decreto 1836/199 modificado por Real Decreto 35/2008 Anexo I 1d - Exento por trabajar con voltajes V 30kV y no presentar tasas de dosis superiores 1S/h en ningn punto situado a 0.1m de la superficie accesible del aparato. Real Decreto 1836/199 modificado por Real Decreto 35/2008 Anexo I 1d - Exento ser un microscopio electrnico y no presentar tasas de dosis superiores 1 S/h en ningn punto situado a 0.1m de la superficie accesible del aparato. Medicin y revisiones peridicas realizadas por personal de FEI. Supervisor titulado de Instalacin Radiactiva asignado : Virginia Gmez (virgomez@unizar.es)

Ionizing Radiation Hazards

LAB.

EQUIPO

FUENTE

RIESGO EXPOSICIN

MEDIDAS PROTECCIN

OBSERV.

7.2.01

DMA Diff. Movility Analizer

fuente encapsulada
241Am

Zona Vigilada Irradiacin , ,

- Control dosimtrico de rea - contador Geiger

Instalacin radiactiva 3 Cat. (5)

(5) Supervisor titulado de Instalacin Radiactiva asignado Virginia Gmez (virgomez@unizar.es)

14

References. Ionizing Radiation

Ley 25/1964. Reguladora de la energa nuclear. Directiva 96/29/ EURATOM por las que se establecen las normas bsicas relativas a la proteccin sanitaria de los trabajadores y de la poblacin contra los riesgos que resultan de las radiaciones ionizantes. Real Decreto 1836/99. Reglamento de Instalaciones Nucleares y Radiactivas. Modificado por el Real Decreto 35/2008. Real Decreto 1891/1991. Instalacin y utilizacin de aparatos de rayos X con fines de diagnstico mdico. Derogado por el RD 1085/2009 Reglamento sobre instalacin y utilizacin de aparatos de rayos X con fines de diagnstico mdico. Real Decreto 413/1997. Proteccin operacional de los trabajadores externos con riesgos de exposicin a radiaciones ionizantes por intervencin en zona controlada. Real Decreto 783/2001. Reglamento sobre proteccin sanitaria contra radiaciones ionizantes. Real Decreto 1066/2001 Reglamento que establece condiciones de proteccin de dominio pblico radioelctrico, restricciones a las emisiones radioelctricas y medidas de proteccin sanitaria frente a emisiones radioelctricas. Instruccin de 31/5/2001 n IS-01. Define el formato y contenido del documento individual de seguimiento radiolgico (carn radiolgico) regulado por el RD 413/97. Instruccin de 6/11/2002. Cualificaciones para obtener el reconocimiento de experto en proteccin contra radiaciones ionizantes. Instruccin de 26/2/2003 n IS-05. Se definen los valores de exencin para nucleidos segn se establece en las tablas A y B del Anexo I del RD 1836/99. Real Decreto 1546/2004. Plan Bsico de Energa Nuclear. Modificado por el RD 1428/2009. Instruccin de 30/1/2008 n IS-17. Homologacin de cursos o programas de formacin para el personal que dirija el funcionamiento u opere los equipos en las instalaciones de Rayos X con fines de diagnstico mdico y acreditacin del personal de dichas instalaciones. Nota Tcnica de Prevencin 589: Instalaciones radioactivas: definicin y normas para su funcionamiento. Nota Tcnica de Prevencin 614: Radiaciones Ionizantes. Normas de proteccin.

Strong Static Magnetic Field Safety

magnetic field of a bar magnet revealed by iron filings on paper

15

Strong Static Magnetic Field Safety

Definintions
Magnetic fields are produced by moving electric charges and the intrinsic magnetic moments of elementary particles associated with a fundamental quantum property, their spin. Static Magnetic Field: when it is constant with time (Frequency equals to 0 Hz).

Strong Static Magnetic Field Safety

Units and magnitudes
. The magnetic field (H) describes the field generated by a free current only. H-field is measured in ampere per metre (A/m) in SI units. . The magnetic induction (B) describes the field generated by a current plus the effect of magnetization of a material. B is measured in Tesla (T) in SI units.

B Tesla (T) 1T 1G 1 A/m 1 Oe 1 10-4 1,257 x 10-6* Gauss (G) 104 1 0,01257* 1*

H Ampere/metre (A/m) 79,6 x 104* 79,6* 1 79,6 Oesterd (Oe) 104* 1* 0,01257 1
* In free air

10-4*

16

Strong Static Magnetic Field Safety

Units and magnitudes
Earth Magnetic Field at Earth surface 0,035 - 0,07 mT

Magnetic Resonance Imaging 0,2 - 3 T Ultra High Field MRI - Research 7 11 T >20 T Humans Animals

Strong Static Magnetic Field Safety

Hazards
There is a certain relationship between the variation with the time of the intensity of the electric and magnetic fields and the severity of the adverse effects, which can be derived from, for the health in persons exposed to them. Health risks are lower when exposed to constant magnetic field. . In the case of the static magnetic fields, it is only likely that acute effects occur when there is movement in the field, such as the movement of a person or body movement internal (as blood flow or the heartbeat).
- A person who travels in a field of more than 2 T may have feelings of dizziness and nausea, accompanied in some cases by a metallic taste in the mouth, and perceptions of flashes of light. But these are only temporary, these effects can have an impact on the safety of the people who perform sensitive operations (such as the surgeons that perform operations on MRI units).

. Static magnetic fields influence the electrical loads to move with the blood, as the ions, and generate electric currents and fields around the heart and major blood vessels, which can slightly alter the circulation of the blood. However, these acute effects tend to occur only in the event of exposure to fields of more than 8 T.
- Among the possible effects include slight alterations of the heart beat, and an increased risk of abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia), that can endanger the life of the patient (such as ventricular fibrillation).

17

Strong Static Magnetic Field Safety

Hazards Special consideration is needed for persons with . Cardiac pacemakers . Neurostimulators . Implantable cardioverter defibrillators . Active sickle cell anemia . Ferrous protheses . Other metallic, electronic, magnetic or mechanical implants or devices. Serious injury may result in presence of static magnetic fields and exposure limits for this persons are drastically lowered.
5 GAUSS
STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD PERSONS WITH PACEMAKERS MUST NOT ENTER THIS AREA

Strong Static Magnetic Field Safety

Exposure Limits Static Magnetic Field. Exposure Limits

IRPA- ICNIRP : lInternational Protection Association - Non-lonizing Radiation Committee ACGIH : American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

18

Strong Static Magnetic Field Safety

Indirect Hazards: Strong magnetic fields may attract (and accelerate) ferrous objects that are magnetic.
Safety procedures: Compressed gas cylinders shall be secured at all times. Tools shall be non-magnetic in nature if used within the 100 gauss lines. Caution shall be taken when working around magnets if wearing steel-toed safety shoes. Steel, iron and other magnetic objects shall be secured and fastened down or kept behind the 100 G line.

Strong Static Magnetic Field Safety

OTHER RISKS:
Potential for physical damage to expensive and sensitive research equipment. Strong magnetic fields may attract tools, dust and particles that are magnetic, and will affect magnetic items such as credit cards, magnetic tapes or sensitive electronics.

Bruker Biospin GmbH

19

Strong Static Magnetic Field Safety

Stray Field Plots

Strong Static Magnetic Field Safety

Warning Signs
1.- Security Zone: Corresponds to the entire laboratory that contains magnetic installation. The door of the laboratory should be properly marked with the corresponding warning signals of Strong Static Magnetic Field. - Tour groups and unescorted visitors SHALL NOT ENTER rooms or areas that contain energized magnets -

2.- Exclusion Zone: It corresponds to the area inside the line of 5 Gauss. This line is indicated in the laboratory by a yellow and black ribbon that delimits the exclusion zone. No admission for persons with pacemakers or other medical implants.

5 GAUSS

20

Strong Static Magnetic Field Safety

Location of Strong Static Magnetic Fields at INA
Laboratorio Equipo 3.1.06 RMN SQUID VSM 8.0.05 MFM/STM Fabricante y Modelo Bruker AMX 300 Quantum Design Lakeshore Attocube Campo mximo* 7.0 T 5.0 T 2.3 T (Z) 8.0 T (XY) 2.0 T 1.4 T 2.1 T 1.0 T

7.1.02B

Time Domain NMR BRUKER Minispec mq 60 VSM VSM-ADE Magnetotransporte -------------

* This value represent the maximum available magnetic field at sample holder. Due to instrument design and shielding, magnetic field is highly constrained to the interior of the instrument and hence exposure hazard is reduced.

References. Static magnetic fields

NTP 598: Exposicin a campos magnticos estticos (Nota Tcnica Preventiva del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, INSHT) REAL DECRETO 1066/2001, de 28 de septiembre, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento que establece condiciones de proteccin del dominio pblico radioelctrico, restricciones a las emisiones radiolctricas y medidas de proteccin sanitaria frente a emisiones radiolctricas. RECOMENDACIN DEL CONSEJO de 12 de julio de 1999 (1999/519/CE) relativa a la exposicin del pblico en general a campos electromagnticos (0 Hz a 300 GHz) AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS (ACGIH). Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents. ACGIH Cincinnati. 2002 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON NO-IONIZING RADIATION PROTECTION. Guidelines on limits of exposure to static magnetic fields ICNIRP Guidelines. 1994. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION-INTERNATIONAL RADIATION PROTECTION ASSOCIATION. Magnetic fields. Environmental Health Criteria n- 69. Geneva 1987 POLK, CH and ELLIOT P. Handbook of biological effects of electromagnetic fields. CRC Press, inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd. NW. Boca Ratn, Florida, 3341. (1986)

21

Cryogenic liquid hazards

Liquid Nitrogen

Cryogenic liquid hazards

Introduction

CRYOGENICS

KRYOS cold or freezing

GENES Born or generated

- Cryogenic liquids are liquefied gases that have a normal boiling point below 150C -

22

Cryogenic liquid hazards

Phyisical Properties
He Boiling point at 1atm (C) (K) Liquid Density (kg/l) Gas Density at 1atm and 15C (kg/m3) Gas Specific Density (air=1) Liquid to Gas expansion ratio Heat of vaporization (kJ/mol) Type of gas -269 4.2 0.125 0.167 0.136 749 0.085 Inert H2 -253 20.3 0.071 0.084 0.068 842 0.449 Flammable N2 -196 77.3 0.808 1.17 0.95 691 2.793 Inert Ar -186 87.3 1.40 1.67 1.36 836 6.447 Inert O2 -183 90.2 1.142 1.34 1.09 854 3.410 Support combustion

Cryogenic liquid hazards

Hazards
LOW TEMPERATURE Cold burns, frostbite &/or hypothermia caused by direct contact with the liquid, pipes, etc. or its low temperature vapors. Delicate tissue, such as eyes, can be damaged by a brief exposure to the cold gas. Lung lesions breathing very cold gas from the vaporization of the liquefied gas Low temperature embrittlement (affects most materials more or less pronunced) / thermal stress giving rise to the emergence of cracks in structures, with danger of collapse.

LARGE EXPANSION RATIO ON EVAPORATION Risk of asphyxiation as a result of an oxygen deficient atmosphere.
Absence of warning properties !!! colourless, odourless & tasteless A person can become unconscious without any warning symptoms

Pressure build up &/or explosion risk sealed containers / pipes.

23

Cryogenic liquid hazards

Hazards

Cryogens * can freeze you * can suffocate you * can cause explosions

Cryogenic liquid hazards

First Aid What to do in the event of
Frostbite to EYES (generally caused by rapidly evaporating liquid) Remove worker from the source Open eyes wide to allow the liquid evaporate. Flush affected area with copious quantities of cold/tepid water (unheated!) for 15 min. Contact emergency services and seek inmediate medical treatment.

24

Cryogenic liquid hazards

First Aid What to do in the event of
by contact with liquid or refrigerated metal. In the latter case, the

Frostbite to SKIN (generally caused

skin can stick to the metal and tear when pulled away)

Contact emergency services and seek inmediate medical attention if contact with the fluid has resulted in blistering or deep tissue freezing or a reduction in body temperature. Remove contaminated clothing. (This must be done carefully to prevent salvageable skin from being pulled off.) Remove clothing that may interfere with circulation of blood to afected area Flush affected area with copious quantities of lukewarm (unheated!) water for 15 min. - DO NOT USE HOT WATER - DO NOT USE DRY HEAT - DO NOT RUB (to prevent further damage to skin) - DO NOT APPLY ANY OINTMENTS Once area has thawed, cover with dry sterile bandages and a large bulky protective covering until paramedics arrive. (This will help prevent further demage to area and infection) If a large area has been exposed (such that the body temperature is reduced, hypothermia), wrap worker in blankets and wait for paramedical arrival.

Cryogenic liquid hazards

First Aid What to do in the event of: Suspected Asphyxiation
Asphyxiation (generally caused by rapid evaporation of liquid) Rescue: - If possible (oxygen monitors register >19.5% O2 content in room), remove worker to air with known oxigen content 20.9%. DO NOT ENTER ALONE! - If oxygen monitors register <19.5% O2 content contact emergency services to initiate rescue with self-contained breathing apparatus, SCBA) In case of: - indisposition: remove person from the danger area - unconsciousness: Contact emergency services for inmediate medical attention. If not breathing, give CPR (if qualified) A physician should see the patient promptly as supplemental oxygen may be required (specially if breathing is difficult).

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Cryogenic liquid hazards

Safety Procedures
Do not handle Cryogenic Liquids before receiving adequate instruction and training. If you are in doubt about what to do, or are untrained in cryogenic liquid procedures, ALWAYS seek the advice of a competent person.

Only use vessels designed for cryogenic materials, which must be properly vented. Never use plastic, glass or rubber with cryogenic materials Use the freight elevator, not the passenger elevator. Never accompany cryogenic liquid containers in lifts. Always label the containers.

Cryogenic liquid hazards

Safety Procedures
Always use tongs to remove items from liquid nitrogen. Do not expose bare skin to liquid or its vapours. Do not inhale the vapours. Always wear the proper protective equipment including: - a full face shield with goggles - loose fitting cryogloves. - proper footwear and clothing. Cryogenic liquids must be handled and stored in well ventilated areas. Where this is not possible, oxygen monitor must be installed. Always allow excess liquid to evaporate in a fume hood or in a well ventilated area. Dewar content [l] < laboratory content [m3] / 4

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Cryogenic liquid hazards

19.5 19.5 23%

Safe range

, nausea, vomiting and fainting after a short time, often without prior warning

Cryogenic liquid hazards

LN2 Explosion

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Cryogenic liquid hazards

QUENCH - VIDEOS

QUENCH - BRUKER

QUENCH Rancho Feb. 2009

Cryogenic liquid hazards

CRYOGENIC CONTAINERS Cryogenic tanks are designed to keep heat away from the liquid contained inside the vessel. They are constructed like a vacuum bottel Since heat leak is always present continuously. vaporisation takes place

Usually are equiped with safety relief valves and rupture disks

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Cryogenic liquid hazards

CRYOGENIC CONTAINERS Dewar flask LHe Cylinder

Cryostat

LN2 Cylinder

Cryogenic liquid hazards

CRYOGENIC CONTAINERS
Contens gauge Indicates aproximate level of liquid Pressure Gauge Displays internal pressure of the container Vent Valve Primarily used to vent the vapour space while filling. Can be used to vent unwanted pressure during storage/use Liquid Valve Liquid is withdrawn through this valve Pressure Relief Devices Protect vessel from over-pressure (1) Re-seating spring-loaded relief valve Low P. 22 psig (for dispensing liquid) High P. >230 psig (for dispensing liquid and gas) (2) Burst disk rated to protect the inner vessel.

Warning!! Never plug, restrict, cap, seal or remove any relief device

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Cryogenic liquid hazards

CRYOGENIC CONTAINERS Hearing a slight hiss from a liquid cylinder is usually the normal operation of its pressure relief device
- Liquid is converted to gas at about 2.3% per day even under ideal container conditions-

Ice or frost buildup on a pressure relief valve can be removed with a damp cloth (use appropiate PPE) Rupture of the backup disk may release a large quantity og liquid and gas. Evacuation of the area is required to prevent asphyxiation. If there is a large spill or rupture of the container -. Evacuate!

Warning signs of a damaged dewar Continuous venting from vent valve could mean there is dirt in the vent valve or it is demaged Sweat or frost at the bottom or sides of the dewar is an indication of a demaged vacuum jacket

Cryogenic liquid hazards

Location of LHe & LN at INA
Lab 3.1.06 8.0.05 7.1.02B 7.0.01 7.0.02 3.2.02 7.0.03 7.0.04 7.0.06 7.0.07 7.0.08 7.1.01 8.0.01 8.1.05 P 7.0 Equipo RMN SQUID VSM MFM/STM Magnetotransport SPM SPM Xtales liq. y polim TEM 200 SEM DB-Cryo TEM 300 Titan Low Base Titan Cube Prep. Muestras DB (x2) Cultivos celulares Fabricante Bruker AMX 300 Quantum Design Lakeshore Attocube ------------Specs Omicron varios FEI FEI FEI FEI FEI FEI varios FEI --LHe / LN2 LHe / LN2 LHe LHe & LN2 LHe LHe / LN2 LHe & LN2 LHe & LN2 LN2 LN2 LN2 LN2 LN2 LN2 LN2 LN2 LN2 LN2
* Quench risk

Observaciones Superconducting coil* Superconducting coil* Continuous flux Superconducting coil* Continuous flux Cryostat Cryostat varios EDX / Continuous flux EDX EDX / Continuous flux EDX EDX EDX EDX dewar Carga/descarga dewards

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References. Cryogenic Liquids

1.- www.carburos.com 2.- www.es.airliquide.com 3.- www.praxair.es 4.- NTP 383: Riesgo en la utilizacin de gases licuados a baja Temperatura

5.- Safe Handling & Use of liquid Nitrogen and Other Cryogenic Gases. Laboratory safey training. Office of Engineering safety. Dwight Look College of Engineering. Texas Engineering Experimental Station. 6.- Introductionto CryogenicEngineering 5. -9.12.2005 G. Perini, G. Vandoni, T. Niinikoski, CERN 7.- Cryogen safety. C.L. Dennis, Metallurgy Division, MSEL, July 2009. Adapted for use at the NCNR by Scherschlig

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