G r o u n d W o r k aneb prvodce zklady anglick gramatiky pro inteligentnho studenta

KAPITOLA TET: BUCKLING DOWN

v n se lme chleba; do cesty se vm postav oba pedptomn asy, svou oklivou hlavu na vs vystr ing tvary i trpn rod, minipremiru zaije sloveso get, topit se budete v pedlokch a dorazit se vs pokus zhadn be supposed to

PEDPTOMN ASY (1) VOD

as pedptomn (pp) je postrachem kadho studenta anglitiny, ale pro paniku nen dvod. Pokusm se vysvtlit jeho smysl tak, abyste se zbavili strachu a zaali tento as vnmat jako nedlnou soust systmu anglickch as. Prvn informac mus bt, e z hlediska etiny se pp pouv dvmi rznmi zpsoby v jednom uit mu odpovd esk as ptomn (u jsme tu hodinu), v druhm zase minul (u jsme jim to ekli). Student, kter touto informac nen vybaven, mus mt v danm problmu straliv zmatek. Co se tvorby te, jde o pouh spojen pomocnho have a tetho tvaru slovesa (have known). Problm prvn muste znt tet tvary sloves, kter se ne vdy shoduj s druhmi (i.e. minulmi) tvary (pkladem budi written, seen, come, known nebo taken). Problm druh pomocnm slovesem je sice znm have (ve tet osob has), nicmn pracuje se s nm zcela jinak ne s vznamovm have (mt): Do you have a pen? -- I don't. [vznamov HAVE, u nho se otzky a zpory tvo pomoc DO] Have you seen my pen? -- No, I haven't. [pomocn HAVE, s nm se pracuje napmo, stejn jako napklad s modlnmi slovesy typu SHOULD] Otzky se tvo prostm pehozenm slovosledu (stejn jako napklad u modlnch sloves) a zpory pak pomoc haven't (hasn't) Have you worked on a project this size before? Pracoval jsi u nkdy na takhle velkm projektu? It hasn't happened in years. U nkolik let to nenastalo. You have had the same phone since 2002. Od roku 2002 m pod stejn telefon. A te k tomu nejpodstatnjmu: kdy se pp vlastn pouv. Jak jsem ji pedeslal, pouit je dvoj. V tom prvnm popisujeme dje v minulosti a sname se sdlit, e k nemu u dolo, ppadn jet nedolo. V etin mu zde odpovd as minul I have told my daughter about you many times. Dcei jsem o tob vyprvla u mockrt. Don't vote for anyone who has never worked in the private sector. Nehlasujte pro nikoho, kdo nikdy nepracoval v soukromm sektoru. Basically, I haven't been sick in years so I don't have a doctor. V podstat je to tak, e jsem nebyl u nkolik let nemocn, a tud nemm doktora.

G r o u n d W o r k aneb prvodce zklady anglick gramatiky pro inteligentnho studenta

Doprovod mu v tchto vtch dlvaj asov uren typu zatm / u / jet / nikdy, tedy yet, so far, before, since etc. pomoc nich se pp lze dostat na stopu a s trochou tst i na kobylku I've never grown marijuana before so I'm not sure about what lights to use. Marihuanu jsem jet nikdy nepstoval, take si nejsem jist tm, jak osvtlen mm pout. So far there have been at least twelve arrests. Zatm bylo zateno minimln dvanct lid. I don't think there's ever been a fox-colored wolf. Podle m nikdy dn vlk v barv liky neexistoval. The price hasn't been set yet, but it will definitely be under $20. Cena jet nebyla stanovena, ale urit to bude mn ne 20 dolar. Zchvv optimismu je teba zchladit informac, e ptomnost tchto slov ve vt sama o sob jet neznamen nutnost pout pp. Napklad v nsledujcch vtch jsou (zcela logicky) pouity jin asy He was already dead when we got there. Kdy jsme tam pijeli, byl u mrtv. Is it done yet? No? You never finish anything on time. U je to hotovo? Nen? Ty nikdy nic nedodl vas. We'll still be here when you stop by. My tady jet budeme, kdy se tu zastav. Pro tyto minul dje se pp pouv astji v zpornch vtch (a otzkch) a pln nejastji s urenm doby, po kterou dan situace nenastala (nco se nestalo u njakou dobu). V kladnch oznamovacch vtch jej v americk anglitin vytlauje bn as minul: she already told them = she has already told them I haven't talked to my sister in seven years. ("u jsme se nebavily 7 let" oproti "I didn't talk to her for 7 years" - v minulosti jsme se spolu sedm let nebavily, ale pot jsme opt zaaly komunikovat) The team did something that they haven't done since 2008. Tomu tmu se podailo nco, co se jim nepodailo od roku 2008. My new job hasn't started yet, so I'm taking it easy now. (do nov prce jsem jet nenastoupil; AmE tak: didn't start yet) Have you ever been to a 3D movie theater? (spojen 'have been to' je ustlenm pekladem eskho 'u jsi nkdy byl v...') V podobnch vtch mme samozejm tendenci pouvat as minul. Rozdl tkv v tom, e as minul popisuje dje jasn zasazen v minulosti, ukonen a velmi asto jej doprovz pesn uren asu (her car broke down last week). S pesnm asovm urenm naopak vbec nelad as pedptomn (two years ago I have bought an iPod), kter sebou rd nese (asto nevyen) u / zatm Have you seen Alien? [vidls u? vbec nkdy?] Did you watch the game last night? [zpas vyslali vera veer a je s touto dobou pevn svzn] U ped-as je teba pamatovat na to, e na rozdl od minulch as bvaj

G r o u n d W o r k aneb prvodce zklady anglick gramatiky pro inteligentnho studenta

neuzaven; dan dj bud stle pokrauje nebo je monost, e si d repete. Srovnejte si nsledujc situace snad vyctte rozdl, kter etina nee, anglitina ale ano How many boyfriends did you have? [mnno: when you were young; bavme se teba s babikou] How many boyfriends have you had? [mnno: zatm/u, aktuln boyfriend dotyn sleny bude zejm tak jen jednm v ad] Hemingway wrote 25 books in total. [Mr. H zemel, dal knihy nepibudou, odtud minul as] My son has written over a dozen books. [syn bude v psan pokraovat, proto pedptomn, vyjadujc esk 'zatm'] Jin pouit pp (na kter ovem upraj uebnice a moc velkou pozornost) se tk dj, kter se prv staly to jsou vechny ty ei o dopadech na ptomnost I have been diagnosed with a mental illness. [nejsp nedvno; km tm, e jde o aktuln problm, jsem v souasnosti psychicky naruen lovk] I was diagnosed with a mental illness. [nkdy v minulosti; je dost dobe mon, e jsem se mezitm uzdravil] Zajmavjm vyuitm pp jsou doplkov vty typu nejlep ensk, jakou jsi kdy ml / nejhor zpas, jak jsem kdy vidl, v nich hrv prominentn roli slvko ever (the best girlfriend you've ever had / the worst game I have ever seen) Grandma is the sweetest person I have ever known. Babika je nejhodnj lovk, jakho jsem kdy poznal. You can find everything anyone has ever said about you here. Tady me najt vechno, co o tob kdy kdo ekl. What is the worst beer you have ever had? Jak je nejhor pivo, co jsi kdy pil?

G r o u n d W o r k aneb prvodce zklady anglick gramatiky pro inteligentnho studenta

ASOV OBRATY (1)

Piel as na hlubok ponor do svta asovch pedloek, spojek a jin havti. A radm se pipoutat, bude to jzda. Nejprve pln zklady at five (hodiny) on Wednesday (dny) in July / in 2015 (msce, roky) next week, last year, this month (bez pedloky) Je evidentn, e slovo zklady neznamen nutn snadn peklady. Zaprv je zde pedloka at kter v etin nem protjek zadruh leny (tent problm), a zatet spousta dalch nesoulad (v pondl / in Monday) at night (bez lenu: at the night; opak: during the day / in the daytime) at noon/midnight (opt bez lenu) around noon / midnight / 4 pm (kolem) in the morning (tak pro cel dopoledne) in the afternoon (zhruba do 6pm) in the evening (zhruba 6-8pm) this morning (dnes rno, today morning) last night (vera veer, yesterday evening) tonight (dnes veer) Vtina, ne-li vechny, z ne uvedench slov a spojen jsou zdnliv zapamatovateln - tm kad ale zrove pichz s njakou bag: situace, v nich se nesm pouvat; konkurennho obratu pro urit gramatick konstrukce apod. after midnight (po), before the game (ped), until today (a do) during the debate (bhem; obvykle s podstatnmi jmny; during our talking) while we were talking (zatmco/pi, pouv se s celou vtou) we often forget how lucky we are (asto) sometimes she actually shows it to us (nkdy, obas) I once saw her cry (jednou; v minulosti) one day you'll understand (jednou; v budoucnosti)

G r o u n d W o r k aneb prvodce zklady anglick gramatiky pro inteligentnho studenta

PEDPTOMN ASY (2) ZVR

Mme za sebou kapitolku o pouit pp pro dje v minulosti. Jet ne se posunemu k druhmu uit pp, pipomenu znovu zkladn pouku: pouit asu pedptomnho mus bt vyprovokovno typem i obsahem vty, nesm jt o pouhou frajeinu typu "u jsem dlouho as pedptomn nepouil, tak ho schvln lupnu do dal vty, a jdou vichni do kolen" Megan and I have met yesterday. We have gone out for a drink even though she has been very tired. We have had a great time. We have never been bored. It is a big pity Megan hasn't been here yet. She's left earlier today. we met / we went out / she was tired / we had a great time / we were never bored / she isn't here anymore as pedptomn se vedle jednoznan minulch dj pouv i v situacch, v nich etina nasazuje as ptomn. Jedn se o vty typu nco se dje u njakou dobu. I'm 29 years old. I have been married to my husband for 6 years, we have been together for 12 and have known each other since grade school. jsem vdan / jsme spolu u / znme se od zkladky Zde se pp vznamov pekrv s dosud nezmnnm asem pedptomnm prbhovm You have been here since noon. Are you telling me you've been drinking the whole time? jsi / pije Prbhov pp se tvo (nedste se, nic se nej tak hork jak se to uva) spojenm have been + ing tvar (we have been living here for years) a popisuje dje, kter se odehrvaj u njakou dobu (a dosud probhaj) How long have you been practicing yoga? Jak dlouho u provozuje jgu? I myself have been selling real estate for ten years now, but it wasn't easy for me when I first started. Nemovitosti prodvm u 10 let, ale kdy jsem zanala, nebylo to snadn. It's supposed to be the dry season now, but it's been raining quite a lot lately. Te m bt obdob sucha, ale posledn dobou docela hodn pr. V etin mu, a na to velk bacha, odpovd as ptomn (nco se u njakou dobu dje). Tento as se tedy logicky nepouv pro uzaven dje v minulosti, jak to s oblibou in pespli ambicizn studenti The Czech national team had an awful game on Tuesday. They have been running all over the field but they haven't won any balls. I have been screaming at the TV the whole time. Even the weather hasn't been good on that night. they were running / they didn't win / I was screaming / the weather wasn't good Jak as pedptomn prbhov souvis s asem pedptomnm prostm? Jednodue. Nkter slovesa pedevm be, have, know se prost nerada prezentuj v prbhovm tvaru, tedy alespo ne jako legitimn asy: we have been being here a long time / she has been knowing me for ever

G r o u n d W o r k aneb prvodce zklady anglick gramatiky pro inteligentnho studenta

This isn't just a tree. It's a 100-year-old walnut tree that has been in the yard basically since this house was built. Toto nen jenom tak njak strom. Je to stolet oech, kter je v zahrad od t doby, co se ten dm stavl. There is no cure for asthma yet. I've had it for 42 yrs. Na astma jet neexistuje dn lk. J u ho mm 42 let. My whole family has known for over a week that my sister is getting married, but they didn't tell me until today. Cel moje rodina u tden v, e se moje sestra vdv, ale mn to ekli a dnes. Na prbhov tvar pedptomnho asu (has been doing) lze nahlet i jinak: v podstat jde o as ptomn prbhov (she is doing) s pidanou hodnotou daje jak dlouho u. Podobn je tomu ostatn i u prostch tvar: I live in York and I like it. / I have lived in York since 1995. I'm talking to a complete stranger. -- I can see that. How long have you been talking to him? bavm se s pln cizm lovkem / jak dlouho se s nm u bav Since when have you been reading this magazine? odkdy te I've been playing video games since I was old enough to handle a joystick. Videohry hraju od t doby, co jsem se nauil ovldat joystick. Kadopdn nadle plat, e kad as m vymezen svj prostor, ve kterm vldne a sv konkurenty do nj nepipout moc rd Does this girl call you often? vol ti asto? How long has she been calling you? jak dlouho u ti volv? How many times has she called you? kolikrt u ti volala? Why is she calling you at five in the morning? pro ti vol (te) v pt rno? What time did she call you last night? v kolik ti vera veer volala? Jet jedna otzka si d zodpovzen: kdy pouijeme tvar prbhov (have been dating) a kdy prost (have dated) pro dje, kter stle jet trvaj? Kde pesn je hranice mezi krat dobou (j konvenuje prbhov tvar: I have been working here since May) a del dobou (kam lpe zapad tvar prost: I have worked here for 30 years)? Dale and I live in Chicago. We have been living together for about six years although Dale has lived in Chicago most of his life. bydlme spolu / Dale tam ije po vtinu ivota Vdci z stavu Pro Uren Hranice Mezi Delm a Kratm Djem vydali rozshlou studii, kde prezentovali vsledky svho dlouholetho zkoumn. e pr nev. Tak i onak, pro vs je v tto fzi dleitj dokzat se stoprocentn pesnost odliit dje v minulosti a dje, kter stle jet probhaj I like Jessa. She and I dated many years ago, but it didn't work out. Jessu mm rd. Ped mnoha lety jsme spolu chodili, ale njak to nedopadlo. Jessa and I have been dating for two years and we have been living together for six months now. S Jessou spolu chodme dva roky a pl roku

G r o u n d W o r k aneb prvodce zklady anglick gramatiky pro inteligentnho studenta

te spolu i bydlme. Jeliko pedptomn as me popisovat dva odlin typy dj ( u se nkdy stalo / u se njakou dobu dje), me se vjimen stt, e nevme, kter z jeho pouit mme zrovna ped sebou I really have liked this guy for a long time and we have dated, but at the moment we are not together anymore. [kdysi v minulosti jsme spolu chodili, lo by pout i prost we dated] We have dated for four months and we haven't kissed yet. [chodme spolu u njakou dobu, lpe: we have been dating] Stejn jako u vech ne-eskch as (tedy vech s vjimkou t zkladnch) plat i u asu pedptomnho, e na vs z vty mus sm vyjuknout, nesmte jej aktivn vyhledvat a nsiln roubovat na situace, v nich nem co pohledvat. It's been a great year, and I have learned a lot since I have been here. [I'm still here] mm za sebou / nauil jsem se / co tady jsem It was a great year and I learned a lot while I was there. [I'm not there anymore] byl to skvl rok / nauil jsem se / kdy jsem tam byl