Electrical

Module 1
Basic Electrical Circuit

I Current

V R
Source of EMF Resistance
 Basic Terms
• Current
• Voltage
• Resistance
Ohm’s Law

I V
R
Capacitors

A
C =ε
d
Magnetic Field
Coil
 Inductors, Capacitors & ac
• Ac circuits have continuously changing values of
voltage and current
• Inductors and capacitors continuously oppose
these changes
• Opposition to current is called reactance
• Measured in ohms
1
X L = 2ΠfL XC =
2ΠfC
Reactance Voltages & Currents

VX L = I X L × X L

VX C = I X C × X C
 Terminology

AC Current (I)

R XL XC
Resistance
Reactance

Impedance
 Resistors
Current (I)
Current (I)
R R

+ R +
Potential Series Potential R R R R R R
Source Circuit Source
(V) - (V)
-
R
R R Parallel Circuit

With all 6 Resistances the same value (R) With all 6 Resistances the same value (R)
Current would be 6 times less Current would be 6 times more
that of 1 resistance (R) that of 1 resistance (R)
Capacitor in a DC circuit

Current (I) = 0

+
Potential C
Source
(V)
-

Capacitors will not pass DC Current

 Capacitive Transients

VC

VC
or Capacitor
Capacitor Dis-Charging
IC Charging

VC
IC

Time
Inductor in a DC circuit
Current (I) = unlimited

+
Potential L
Source
(V) -

Inductors are a Short circuit to DC Current

Inductor Transients

IL

VL
or
IL

VL

Time
Sine curves and phasors

V1
V 1
 Phasor Diagram
V2

V2

V1 θ
V1

V2 Leads V1 by θ
 Resistive Circuit

I
I V
 Series & Parallel Inductors
Current (I)
Current (I) L L V
V

L
AC AC L L L L
L L
Potential Gen Series Potential Gen
Source Circuit Source
(V) (V)
L
Parallel
L L Circuit
With all 6 Inductances the same value (L) With all 6 Inductances the same value (L)
Current would be 6 times less Current would be 6 times more
that of 1 Inductance (L) that of 1 Inductance (L)
In both circuits the Current will lag the Voltage by 1/4 cycle
 Inductive Phasors

V
I
V
90º

I
Series & Parallel Capacitors
Current (I)

Current (I) C C V
V
Series C
AC Circuit AC C C C C C C
Potential Gen Potential Gen
Source Source
(V) (V)
C
Parallel
C C Circuit

With all 6 Capacitances (C) the same value With all 6 Capacitances (C) the same value
Current would be 6 times less Current would be 6 times more
that of 1 Capacitance that of 1 Capacitance
In both circuits the Current will lead the Voltage by 1/4 cycle
 Capacitive Phasors

I I
90º
V
Phasors for a typical circuit

V
≈25°
I
Resistor and Inductor in Series
 Impedance Triangle

Z
XL=10Ω
θ
R=20Ω

What is the impedance of the circuit?

What is the phase angle?
 Acrostic

V comes before (leads) I in an Inductor

CI V I L

I comes before (leads) V in a Capacitor

 Power
Power Supplied Voltage reaquired to force
P=V x I current through resistor
V=I x R
I

~ R
Power transformed to heat
P= I 2 x R
Power wave in a resistive circuit
Power in a capacitive circuit
Power in an inductive circuit
Power in a real circuit
 Power Triangle

Watts
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
XL

θ Vars
Active Power
Volts-Amperes
Direction of magnetic field
Motor Action
Electromagnetic Induction
Transformer
Motor
Motor
Series Motor
Basic Generator
Generation of Sinusoidal
Voltage
Spinning Magnet
Three phase Generation
Field and Stator Windings
CLo f Stato r & Ro to r

Dire ction Vo ltag e E be ing in du ced in

of s tato r con du ctors
Rota tion
of
Roto r

Roto r Flux
Con du ctors
Roto r
3 Phase Connections
Grounded Star
 Magnetic Circuit Losses
• Hysteresis
• Eddy currents
Saturation Curve
For you to do