A Blast of Activity

CREATAS

By Richard Piwko, Mitch Bradt, Ernst Camm, Abraham Ellis, Reigh Walling, and Mark OMalley
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/MPE.2011.942349 Date of publication: 21 October 2011

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THE GROWTH OF WIND POWER ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE IEEE POWER & ENERGY Society (PES) has been nothing short of phenomenal. Those who thought electric power was a mature industry have learned that it is far from that. Wind power has changed the face of the industry and has instigated fundamental changes in the ways power systems are designed and operated. Wind power blurs the traditional distinction between generating resources, which produce power according to dispatch commands from operators, and system load, which is variable and uncertain but predictable by means of forecasts. A lot has been learned, but as wind power penetration continues to increase, the challenges do too. PES has responded with a greatly increased level of wind-related activities.

Wind Power Coordinating Committee

Wind power spans the purview of many technical committees within PES. The Wind Power Coordinating Committee (WPCC) was established in 2005 to provide a single point of focus for those activities. As a coordinating committee, the WPCC works with the existing technical committees to: identify relevant and desirable technical projects related to wind power help set priorities among multiple proposals expedite formation of new working groups and task forces with in the relevant technical committees nd qualied technical experts to participate in working groups and task forces communicate accomplishments within PES and to other organizations sponsor and/or assist with panel sessions and tutorial courses related to wind power. Ten years ago, only one working group in PES, within the Energy Development and Power Generation Committee, housed all renewable energy activity within PES. Today there are ten subcommittees, working groups, and task forces with wind power as their major focus (see Table 1). This article summarizes a few of their many activities and accomplishments.

Wind Power at the IEEE Power & Energy Society

Collector System Design for Wind Plants

Wind plant design-related activities in PES are continuing to grow under the direction of the WPCC and the Subcommittee on Integration of Renewable Energy into Transmission and Distribution Grids of PESs Transmission and Distribution Committee (T&D). Since its formation in July 2007, the Wind and Solar Plant Collector Design Working Group has played a prominent role in addressing issues related to wind plant collector system design and educating those involved. The working group was organized to serve as the focal point within PES for addressing issues related to the design of collector systems for bulk wind power plants, later adding solar energy to its scope. It was tasked by WPCC and T&D with conducting activities to promote the sharing of knowledge and experience among organizations working on similar issues. This has involved bringing together experts within the elds of power engineering and wind energy to work together. Specically, the groups work includes conducting workshops, paper sessions, panel sessions, and tutorials and publishing working group papers to document the results of working group activities and to share working group positions on issues related to the design of collector systems. The working group, originated by Ernst Camm and currently chaired by Mitch Bradt, has presented and published a total of 12 technical papers and a tutorial on wind plant collector system design at PES meetings; it has also shared some of its work at the American Wind Energy Associations annual WINDPOWER Conference. Further technical papers are planned, as well as the initiation of standards-making activities.

Collector System Definition and Design Overview

The collector system of a wind power plant (WPP) is casually de ned as everything in the power plant that is not a wind turbine generator. A more exact denition states that the collector system starts at the transmission bus to which the high side of the main power transformer is
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The growth of wind power activities within the IEEE Power & Energy Society (PES) has been nothing short of phenomenal.
WPP collector system design considerations characteristics of wind turbine generators for WPPs WPP grounding, overvoltage protection, and insula-

connected and extends to the terminals of each wind turbine generator. If a wind power plant is located at some distance from existing transmission lines, the power plant owner may also have a short transmission line and transmission switchyard; the revenue metering is taken at the bus at the end of this transmission line. Such a transmission line would not normally be regarded as being part of the collector system, however. The collector system is comprised of collector feeders, a collector substation, and possibly pad-mounted transformers at each wind turbine generator (WTG). At the top level, the design of the collector system must consider feeder topology, collector conductor design, substation design, and transformer sizing and specication, as well as interconnection requirements and regulations. Design engineering studies needed during the design of wind plant collector systems include load ow, short-circuit, harmonics and resonance, overvoltage, grounding, transient recovery voltages for circuit breakers, and arc-ash studies.

tion coordination
reactive power compensation for WPPs WPP substation and collector system redundancy, re-

Activities of the Working Group

The rst series of papers prepared by the working group focused on providing a background and broad overview of some of the most important issues affecting collector system design. Those included:

liability, and economics. Subsequent papers focused on more in-depth coverage of some of the areas, including: power transformer applications for wind plant substations the design and application of cables and overhead lines in WPPs wind plant collector system fault protection and coordination arc-ash hazards in WPPs. The most recent papers, presented at the 2011 general meeting of PES in Detroit, Michigan, covered: harmonics and resonance issues in WPPs WPP testing and commissioning supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) in WPPs. More papers are planned for the 2012 Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition in Orlando, Florida, covering topics such as the application of grounding

table 1. PES groups with ongoing wind power activities. Group Working Group on Renewable Technologies Working Group on Dynamic Performance of Wind Power Generation Capacity Value of Wind Generation Working Group Wind and Solar Plant Collector System Design Working Group Working Group on Fault Current Contribution from Wind Generators Task Force on Protecting WTGs from Lightning Strikes and Surge Events Integration of Renewable Energy into T&D Grids Subcommittee Task Force on Integration of Wind and Solar Power into Power System Operations Renewable Energy Machines and Systems Working Group Wind and Solar Power Plant System Impacts and Interconnection Requirements Working Group
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Chair Rama Ramakumar Pouyan Pourbeik Mark OMalley, Michael Milligan Mitch Bradt Dean Miller, Reigh Walling, Ron Harley Ken Brown Ernst Camm Bill Grant Mohamed El-Sharkawi Tom McDermott

Sponsoring Committee EDPG PSDP PSACE, PSO T&D PSRC, T&D, EM SPD T&D PSO EM T&D

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To address issues related to grounding and safety, the Wind and Solar Plant Grounding for Personal Safety Task Force was formed at the 2010 PES General Meeting.

transformers, material standards, and a wind and solar plant protection. Links to the referenced papers and other information related to the working groups activities can be found at http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/td/wind/. Excerpts from a few papers are presented here as examples of the results from this very productive working group. (See Harmonics and Resonance and Collector System Fault Protection and Coordination.)

The working group has also been actively involved in activities outside PES. Former working group Chair Ernst Camm provided an update on the working groups activities at the 2010 spring meeting of the Utility Wind Integration Group (UWIG) in Portland, Oregon. Some working group meetings have taken place since 2008 at the annual WINDPOWER Conference and Exhibition of the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA). In 2011, the working group also participated in a panel session at WINDPOWER titled

Harmonics and Resonance

Resonance issues arise in WPPs because they contain both inductive source characteristics and capacitive elements. WPPs typically consist of an interconnection substation that steps underground cable collector system circuits, reactive compensation equipment, wind turbine transformation equipment that steps down from medium to low voltage, and wind turbine generators with internal power factor correction capacitors or dynamic power controllers that can also absorb or contribute reactive power. WPPs typically have vast underground cable systems, which can result in many series and parallel resonance points. Resonance conditions can be located using frequency domain analysis of impedances and/or amplification factors, recognizing that peaks and valleys of the frequency scan represent parallel and series resonances, respectively. A major challenge in assessing the potential for harmonic problems is to cover the large number of different system configurations that can occur during normal operation of the wind plant. The impedance of the system, which can vary significantly, determines the resonance points. Impedance variations are caused by the number of wind turbines in operation switching of capacitor banks located at the substation turbine power factor correction capacitors (commonly used in type 1 and type 2 turbines) variations in grid harmonic impedance. In practice, one option for analyzing this large number of configurations is using automation to run a frequency scan for various configurations and displaying the results in a contour plot. As an example, Figure S1 shows a contour plot of the driving point series impedance for a large number of system configurations. The harmonic order is displayed on the y axis, the number of turbines online is displayed on the x axis, and the scale on the right displays the impedance magnitude. A low impedance indicates a potentially hazardous series resonance point. The sample contour plot displays the results of more than 60 simulation runs (one simulation for each turbine). The contour plot shows that the only odd harmonic frequency for which series resonance points exist is the seventh harmonic. Excerpted from Harmonics and Resonance Issues in Wind Power Plants, by IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group, IEEE General Meeting, Detroit, 2528 July 2011.
3 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 Turbine Number Harmonic Number 13 11 9 7 5 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

down from high to medium voltage, several medium-voltage

figure S1. Contour plot showing impedance magnitude and potential resonance conditions.

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Collector System Fault Protection and Coordination

There are several potential zones of protection within a WPP. These protection zones are outlined in Figure S2 and generally consist of the utility interconnection, wind plant substation, wind plant collection system, and wind turbine generator. The interconnected utility zone will consist of connections to a transmission network, a radial subtransmission circuit, or a medium- or low-voltage distribution circuit. For the transmission network interconnection, protection schemes typically consist of high-speed-communications-assisted power line carrier blocking or unblocking schemes, permissive over- or underreaching transfer trip, and line current differentials, as well as overcurrent, breaker failure, voltage, and frequency protection schemes. The radial subtransmission circuit interconnection will typically employ radial distance, overcurrent, voltage, frequency, and breaker failure protection located at the utility interconnection substation, which will have a protection zone overlapping reach into the high-side winding of the main WPP substation transformer. The distribution interconnection for a WTG or WPP will typically consist of utility feeder circuit overcurrents, reclosers, circuit fuses, breaker failure, voltage, and frequency protection. The WPP substation can consist of a high-side bus, lowside bus, transformer, static and dynamic reactive compensation equipment, and effective grounding transformers. The main transformer is protected with differential and backup overcurrent relay schemes. Substation bus protection will consist of high-impedance, low-impedance, or current differential schemes and associated overcurrent relaying. Effective grounding equipment is usually protected by differential and negative sequence overcurrent schemes. Reactive compensation equipment, such as capacitor or reactor banks, are typically equipped with overcurrent, voltage, and breaker failure protection schemes. The WPP collector system zone consists of a substation circuit breaker and associated overcurrent, voltage, frequency, and breaker failure protection schemes. Some collection system circuits consist of grounding transformers or ground switches, which protect the circuit during unbalance

EHV to Utility Switchyard Utility Interconnection Zone

EHV Bus Total Bus Faults

52-T1 Substation EHV T1 Bus Differential Zone Zigzag 34.5 kV EHV

52-T2 Transformer Zone

T2 34.5 kV Zigzag

34.5 kV Bus No.1

52-T12

34.5 kV Bus No.2

52-2 52-1 52-3 52-4 52-5 52-6

Collector 1 Collector Zone

Collector 2

Collector 3

Collector 4

Collector 5

Collector 6

figure S2. Protection zones in a WPP.

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Recognizing the need for alternatives to manufacturer-specific models, industry stakeholders support the concept of standardized generic models.

and temporary overvoltage conditions; these devices can provide a significant zero-sequence current contribution during unbalance conditions and should be considered for protection coordination. The WTG zone consists of a WTG step-up transformer with a high-side fuse or protective relay, current-limiting fuse, WTG protective overcur-

rent trip unit, and associated WTG voltage and frequency protection. Excerpted from Wind Plant Collector System Fault Protection and Coordination, by IEEE PES Wind Plant Collector System Design Working Group, IEEE PES T&D Conference and Exposition, New Orleans, 1922 April 2010.

How to Apply Electrical Code Requirements for Large Wind Power Plants. In this session, panelists Mitch Bradt, Wayne Dilling, Chris Brooks, and Abdou Sana compared the National Electrical Code (NEC) and National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) requirements for WPPs in discussions entitled NEC and NESC Considerations from a Construction Perspective, National Electrical Safety Code Applicability in Wind Farms, and NECs Applicability to Wind Power Plant (WPP) Collection Systems and Grounding Design. To more specically address issues related to grounding and safety, the Wind and Solar Plant Grounding for Personal Safety Task Force, under the leadership of Gopal Padmanabhan, was formed at the 2010 PES General Meeting in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Wind Plant Dynamic Model Development

Representation of WTGs has improved signicantly over the last few years. Bulk system planners are becoming familiar with WPP performance characteristics and modeling details. For example, the practice of simulating the dynamic behavior of WPPs using WTG models and a simplied representation of the collector system is now well established. (See Wind Generator Models.) Several examples of successful eld validation of this approach have been documented (see For Further Reading). Manufacturer-specic positive-sequence dynamic models are in wide use today. Extensive experience with interconnection studies has allowed manufacturers to rene their models and make them more user-friendly. In some regionsprimarily in Europethere are requirements to certify the delity of dynamic models against eld measurements, and this has also contributed to renement and validation of manufacturer models. The use of manufacturer-specic models has some disadvantages. They tend
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to be user written, proprietary, and difcult to port across simulation platforms, attributes that makes them very difcult to use in regional planning studies. Even interconnection studies can become very hard to conduct with these types of models. Recognizing the need for alternatives to manufacturerspecic models, industry stakeholders, including reliability entities, support the concept of standardized generic models. A recent report by the Interconnection of Variable Generation Task Force (IVGTF) of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) concluded that nonproprietary and publicly available dynamic (as well as steady-state and short-circuit) models for variable generation resources must be made more readily available to system planners. The idea is that WPP representation should be handled with industry-standard models similar to those available for conventional generation. For the past several years, several initiatives have advanced the concept of generic wind plant models as a way to overcome the disadvantages of manufacturerspecic models. The term generic means that the models have general model structures that allow for representation of wind turbine-generators of the same type, regardless of manufacturer, by selecting appropriate model parameters. The intent is that generic models will serve as a bridge toward widely accepted industry standardized models. With respect to generic model development, the most signicant contribution to date has been made by the Renewable Energy Modeling Task Force (REMTF) of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC). Their work, dating back to 2005, has resulted in the development of a set of positive-sequence generic dynamic models that are now implemented as standard library models in several commercial simulation platforms. Currently, there are several efforts under way to improve upon the WECC generic models. Notably, Working Group 27 (WG 27)
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One important system characteristic of a generation resource is its capacity value (also known as its capacity credit).

of Technical Committee 88 (TC 88) of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is making signicant progress toward its goal of developing specications for standard WTG and WPP models. The IEEE Dynamic Performance of Wind Power Generation Working Group has also played a role in disseminating information about WPP modeling activities through publications and tutorials and continues to serve as a forum for the coordination of related technical activities. REMTF continues to work on generic models supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and with the participation of San-

dia National Laboratories and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), UWIG, manufacturers, utilities, and software developers. Currently REMTF is focusing on model re nement and validation.

Short-Circuit Contribution from Wind Generators

Calculation of power system currents and voltages during fault conditions is critical for the proper coordination of system protection and to ensure that the capabilities

Wind Generator Models

With the availability of a fast-simulating detailed model of a WPP, an exhaustive simulation study was performed for validating the adequacy of the NREL equivalencing method and for modeling WPP. As a result, the method proposed by NREL appears to offer precise results for various types of disturbances and operating conditions, for both EMT and stability studies. [Figure S3] shows the performance of the NREL method for WPP modeling. In this figure, a two-phase fault is applied to four different models of WPP: a detailed 73WTG model, and three different aggregated WPPs consisting of one, two, and four equivalent WTGs. The significance
Voltage at PCC 34.5 kV Side (p.u.) 2 1 0 1 2 0.05 4 2 0 2 4 0.05

of this plot is to show that a single aggregated equivalent generator with a single equivalent impedance representing the entire collector system can adequately represent plant response for studying grid disturbances admittedly this assumes one is studying a transient phenomena and wind speed is constant for the duration of the grid event. Excerpted from M. Asmine, J. Brochu, J. Fortmann,R. Gagnon, Y. Kazachkov, C. E. Langlois, C. Larose, E. Muljadi, J. MacDowell, P. Pourbeik, S. A. Seman, and K. Wiens, Model Validation for Wind Turbine Generator Models, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 17691782, Aug 2011.
Current at PCC 34.5 kV Side (p.u.)

0.1

0.15 s (a)

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.1

0.15 s (c)

0.2

0.25

0.3

Voltage at PCC 34.5 kV Side (Positive Sequence) (p.u.) 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 s Detailed 73 Turbine 1 Equivalent Turbine (b) 2 Equivalent Turbine 4 Equivalent Turbine

Current at PCC 34.5 kV Side (Positive Sequence) (p.u.) 1.5 1.2 0.8 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 s Detailed 73 Turbine 1 Equivalent Turbine (d) 2 Equivalent Turbine 4 Equivalent Turbine

figure S3.

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It is up to us to understand the technical challenges and develop workable methods for integrating increasing levels of wind generation into power grids.

of equipment to withstand short-circuit current are not cations for protective relaying. Because the complex charexceeded. Conventional industry practices for short-circuit acteristics of modern wind turbines do not lend themselves analysis are well established and are based on the assump- to simple representations, the report will also recommend tion that all sources can be represented by an ideal voltage methods the manufacturers, plant developers, or their consulsource behind an impedance: a Thvenin equivalent source. tants can use to communicate these characteristics to the proThis is a very suitable representation for synchronous gen- tection engineers who need this information. The JWG will erators and motors, which historically have been the sole also function as a forum where oscillographs of wind plant signicant sources of short-circuit currents in power grids. short-circuit contributions to actual faults are reviewed and Thus the Thvenin representation of short-circuit sources compared with model predictions. Figure 1 shows one such underlies the calculations performed in virtually all com- oscillogram for the current contribution from a type 3 wind mercially available short-circuit analysis software tools. plant during a phase-to-phase transmission system fault. The recent evolution of wind generation has introduced sources that are not adequately represented by the Capacity Value of Wind Generation Thvenin model. While older wind generators used induc- One important system characteristic of a generation resource tion machines, which are reasonably well represented in this is its capacity value (also known as its capacity credit). manner, modern wind turbines use variable-speed generators Capacity value can be dened as the amount of additional that employ power electronic converters to directly or indi- load that can be served due to the addition of the generator rectly control the output current. The resulting short-circuit while maintaining existing levels of reliability. It is an imporcurrent contribution from these machines, although typically tant measure, as it will inform any analysis of generation ademuch smaller than a comparable synchronous generator, quacy within a system and is therefore of great importance to exhibit complex and nonlinear behavior that cannot be accu- system planners. It is also important in order to quantify payrately represented by any simple circuit model. This issue ments in capacity markets. A working group on the capachas received heightened attention in the power system pro- ity value of wind generation, proposed by the Wind Power tection community, for whose mission accurate short-circuit Coordination Committee, was established under the Power calculations are fundamental. To address these issues, the PES Power Systems Relaying, 200 kV T&D, and Electrical Machinery committees have jointly commissioned a joint working group (JWG) on the short-circuit contribution from wind generators. This 0.0 kV JWG meets at the PES general meeting, PESs Joint Technical Working Group meeting in early 200 kV winter, and the Power Systems Relaying Committee meeting in 0.5 kA the fall. In addition to this JWG, the Power Systems Relaying Committee has commissioned its own 0.0 kA task force (C17) to act as a feeder to support the JWGs activities. The present mission of the 0.5 kA JWG is to develop a report that describes the short-circuit contribution behavior of the various figure 1. Recorded wind plant current contribution to a transmission system wind turbine types and the impli- phase-to-phase fault.
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This trend is expected to continue for the foreseeable future, with new PES activities in more technical areas related to wind power.

Systems Analysis, Computing, and Economics Committee to address this topic. The overall objective of the working group has been to provide clarity on the calculation of the capacity value of wind generation. The task force held an informative panel session at the 2008 general meeting of PES in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. This panel session led to a paper on the topic that was published in the IEEE Transactions in May 2011 (see For Further Reading). The paper highlights the preferred method for calculating capacity value. It also highlights the need for quality data and the importance of good correlation between wind and load, in particular at the high demand hours, which will result in a high capacity value. Approximate methods were also highlighted but must be used with great caution. Analyses of European and North American studies show that capacity values range from 5% to 40% and that due to the correlation among wind plants, the incremental capacity value of wind will decline as more wind is installed (see Figure 2). The task force is considering a number of other related topics, including the capacity value of other renewable energy sources, such as solar. As part of a potentially broader scope, a panel session on power system exibility was held at the 2011 PES general meeting in Detroit, Michigan. Flexibility is a property of capacity that is becoming more important as variable renewable penetrations increase. Simply having a specied number of megawatts of capacity may not be adequate for system security if that capacity is not exible enough to respond to system variability.

Other Wind-Related Activities in PES

New Subcommittee on Renewable Technologies
The Renewable Technologies Working Group, constituted under the Energy Development Subcommittee (EDS) of the Energy Development and Power Generation Committee (ED&PGC), had historically handled most of the technical paper sessions and panel sessions on wind energy. It was dissolved in 2009 after 24 meetings and was replaced as of the 2010 general meeting of PES by the Renewable Technologies Subcommittee (RTSC, also under ED&PGC), with a modied scope. This change was the result of steadily increasing interest in wind energy exhibited by several technical committees of PES and the formation of the Wind Power Coordinating Committee (WPCC). The new scope of RTSC covers, in addition to wind, several other renewable electric power generation technologies, including solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, biomass, geothermal, microhydro; other renewable electric power generation technologies will be incorporated as they appear. Appropriate coordination with other technical committees, groups, societies, and associations will continue.

Task Force on Protecting WTGs from Lightning Strikes and Surge Events
In May 2011, the Surge Protective Devices Committee formed a task force to address protection of wind turbines from lightning strikes and surge events. The scope of the new

45% 40% 35% Capacity Value 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Wind Power Penetration as % of Peak Load 70% 80%

Germany Mid Norway Three Wind Farms Mid Norway One Wind Farm Ireland ESBNG 5GW Ireland ESBNG 6.5GW U.K. 2007 U.S. Minnesota 2004 U.S. Minnesota 2006 U.S. New York On-Offshore U.S. California All Ireland (EirGrid and SONI) 2009

figure 2. Capacity value of wind generation (source: International Energy Agency, augmented with new data from Ireland).
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At the 2007 PES General Meeting, there were only three panel sessions and two paper sessions related to wind power.

task force is to provide guidance for the application of surge protective devices for electrical equipment and systems with voltages of 1,000 V (ac) and 1,200 V(dc) or less within a wind generation system. This focus includes power, communications, control systems, data acquisition equipment, and the associated circuitry. The task force will prepare a document that provides guidance for these applications. The guide will cover applications such as power, data acquisition, and communications-related circuitry. It will be developed for use by manufacturers, system designers, educators, and end users of wind generation systems and their associated equipment.

Subcommittee on Renewable Energy Machines

The Renewable Energy Machines and Systems subcommittee of the PES Electric Machinery Committee is active in numerous technical areas, including the following: induction generator dynamic and transient models aggregated models of wind farms fault characterization of induction generators dynamic stability of wind machines (inertia response) control of induction generators reactive power requirements the impact of low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) requirements on wind machines permanent magnet generators for wind turbines. The subcommittee has organized several panels and special sessions covering wind plant modeling, fault characterization of wind turbines, the impacts of LVRT requirements on wind machines, specication and acceptance of generators for wind turbines, wind turbine compatibility and integration, ancillary services of wind turbines, and wind power systems transients. Besides organizing special sessions and tutorials, the subcommittee will publish technical papers and initiate standards development projects in several of its subject areas.

This trend is expected to continue for the foreseeable future, with new PES activities in more technical areas related to wind power. Furthermore, the lessons learned from wind power are being adapted to solar power. PES is experiencing a shortage of members who have time to take on new projects, however. It is always a question of priorities. The outlook for the energy industry is clear. Renewable energy is essential to our future. Wind and solar generation are rapidly increasing in many regions of the world. Now it is up to us, the power system engineers, to understand the technical challenges and develop workable methods for integrating increasing levels of wind generation into power grids. We invite you to get involved. Join a task force or working group. Make a contribution. Its a great time to be a power system engineer!

For Further Reading

WECC REMTF. (2010, Aug.). WECC Wind Power Plant Dynamic Modeling Guide [Online]. Available: www.wecc.biz N. Miller, K. Clark, J. MacDowell, and W. Barton, Experience with field and factory testing for model validation of GE wind plants, in Proc. European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition, Brussels, Belgium, Mar./Apr. 2008. Working Group Joint ReportWECC Working Group on Dynamic Performance of Wind Power Generation and IEEE Working Group on Dynamic Performance of Wind Power Generation, Description and technical specifications for generic WTG modelsA status report, in Proc. IEEE PES PSCE, Mar. 2011. A. Keane, M. Milligan, C. DAnnuzio, C. Dent, K. Dragoon, B. Hasche, H. Holttinen, N. Samaan, L. Soder, and M. J. OMalley, Capacity value of wind power, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 26, pp. 564572, 2011.

Biographies
Richard Piwko is with GE Energy Consulting, Schenectady, New York. Mitch Bradt is with the University of WisconsinMadison. Ernst Camm is with the S&C Electric Company, Chicago, Illinois. Abraham Ellis is with Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Reigh Walling is with GE Energy Consulting, Schenectady, New York. Mark OMalley is with University College Dublin, Ireland.
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Looking Ahead
At the 2007 PES General Meeting, there were only three panel sessions and two paper sessions related to wind power. The level of interest and activity in wind power has increased dramatically since then, and PES has been responding to that trend with more subcommittees, working groups, task forces, panel sessions, and tutorials related to wind power. At the 2011 General Meeting, there were 18 panel sessions and four paper/combo sessions related to wind powera fourfold increase in four years.
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