Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH Rongshan Qin (R. S.

Qin)

16. Case study: Flow models

16.1 Lattice-gas automata model The Navier-Stokes equations are derived from the conservation laws of mass, momentum and energy. By keeping the conservation laws in mind several elegant hydrodynamic models have been developed. Those models and corresponding computing schemes play important roles in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Lattice gas automata hydrodynamic model is among the most successful elegant flow model and its core idea is presented following [1]. For a position in two dimensional space r, a particle move into the space r at time t will leave at time t+t. If there is no source or sink at r, following rules will keep the mass, momentum and energy conservation laws.

The interaction rules that keeping mass, momentum and energy conserved.

Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH Rongshan Qin (R. S. Qin)

The interaction rules listed above have exhausted the interactions in twodimensional triangular lattice. System evolution, therefore, can be modeled to two chronological steps of collision and propagation. In collision step particles interacted according to the above listed rules. In propagation step, particle moves to the next lattice without change its velocity. The evolution is demonstrated in figure 1, where the black arrows represent flowing particles at time t and blue arrows represented flowing particles at time t+t.

Figure 1. LGA flow model Lattice-gas automata model can easily handle many different kind of boundary conditions. For examples, following rules are defined for bounce-back boundary condition, reflective boundary condition and specular reflection boundary conditions, as illustrated in figure 2.

Figure 2. Boundary conditions in lattice gas automata model

Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH Rongshan Qin (R. S. Qin)

By the above listed interaction rules, Frisch, Hasslacher and Pomeau derived the system evolution equation that reproduced the Navier-Stokes equations [1]. Applications of lattice gas automata are rich, figure 3 illustrates the observation of Karman vortex street (figure 3a [2]) and corresponding lattice gas automata simulation (figure 3b [3]).

Figure 3. Karman vortex street.

16.2 Lattice Boltzmann flow model Lattice gas automata model has many shortages. One of the strictest bottlenecks is that the particle based collision scheme has large mean free path. Even when the mean free path reduces to 1 lattice distance, it is still not possible to simulate liquid. LGA can only be used to dilute gas. To overcome the difficult, McNamara and Zanetti replaced the particle concept with a single particle distribution function f. For the 2-dimensional 9-neighbour lattice, f is demonstrated in figure 4.

Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH Rongshan Qin (R. S. Qin)

Figure 4. Particle distribution function in D2Q9 LBE model The mass and momentums are defined as

= fi
i =0 b

(16.1)

v = f i ei
i =0

(16.2)

The propagation step does not change, as illustrated in figure 5.

Figure 5. Propagation step in LBE. The collision is no-longer represented by the LGA interaction rules but replaced by Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook collision operator.
fi fi t
aft bef

(f
1

bef i

f i eq

(16.3)

Where f i aft and f i bef are particle distribution function along direction i before and after the collision. is relaxation time. f i eq is the equilibrium particle distribution

Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH Rongshan Qin (R. S. Qin)

function which is originally constructed by ad hoc but lately derived according the equilibrium Boltzmann distribution in strict mathematics [4]. The mass and momentum conservations are

f
i

bef i

= f i aft
i

(16.4)

f
i

bef i

ei = f i aft ei
i

(16.5)

The NavierStokes equation can be derived by equation (16.3)-(16.5). (I insult following paragraphs from my previous document. I have no GhostScript in this computer so forgive me for the mismatching of equation notes.)

Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH Rongshan Qin (R. S. Qin)

Setup a set of particle distribution functions for representing heat or solution, chemical diffusion equation in flow field can be easily derived out. For solute distribution of binary system, we set the particle distribution function as g i and collision operator following BGK format

Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH Rongshan Qin (R. S. Qin)

Where the solute concentration at r is given by

The equilibrium particle distribution function follows the general lattice Boltzmann format. For example in D2Q9 model, it has
r r r r r g ieq = cwi 1 + 3(ei v ) + 4.5(ei v ) 2 1.5 v

where wi is the weight factor and takes the same value and are given by w0 = 4 / 9 wi = 1 / 9 for i=1,2,3,4 and wi = 1 / 36 for i=5,6,7,8. The diffusion equation is given by
r c 1 1 + cV = D 2c c 2 p c t 3 3

( )

where D is the diffusivity and is related to the kinetic relaxation time by

k BT t g M 2

D=

For more information and detailed description of the diffusion equation, please download my document at http://cml.postech.ac.kr/rqin/gift702/lecture16extra.pdf . 16.3 Crystal growth under flow [6] Define two sets of lattice Boltzmann particle distribution function. One set represents the fluid flow and another sets for the solute concentration distribution. r By using vn = c to calculate the grain growth rate, we can use the lattice Boltzmann equation to compute the grain growth under flow. Figure 6 illustrate the solute distribution without and with flow.

Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH Rongshan Qin (R. S. Qin)

Figure 6. Solute distribution without and with flow. Figure 7 demonstrate the growth rate of each side of the valley.

Figure 7. References 1. 2. Frisch, U., Hasslacher, B., and Pomeau, Y., Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 (1986) 1505. http://panoramix.ift.uni.wroc.pl/~maq/mythesis/pics/r7-vk220.jpg

Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH Rongshan Qin (R. S. Qin)

3. 4. 5. 6.

http://physics.bu.edu/~kbarros/projects/images/latticegas.png X.Y. He and L.S.Luo, Phys. Rev. E 55 (1997) R6333. G. McNamara and G. Zanetti, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988) 2332. R.S.Qin and Y.H.Zhang, Computers & Fluids, Vol. 35/8-9 (2006)929-933.