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Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotions
Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotions
What is CN?
The emergence of a discipline
Cognitive Neuroscience Institute (Dartmouth): 1982 Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience: 1988 Cognitive Neuroscience Society: 1993 Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience (London): 1996 the
the information-processing structure of the human mind and to discover how this computational organization is implemented in the physical organization of the brain Tooby & Cosmides (2000)
Informationprocessing model
B E H A V I O R
Informationprocessing model
B R A I N
Many Neurobiological and some neuropsychological models are sitting only on a brain account
Informationprocessing model
C O M P U T A T I O N
Informationprocessing model
C O M P U T A T I O N
B E H A V I O R
B R A I N
Computation
Analyses Models
Brain
Neural Activity (Neurophysiology) Areas & Connections (Neuroanatomy)
Problems, and CN directions: Problem 1 Emotion-oriented system, but... ...oriented towards which level?
Behavioral
An artificial behaviorally believable output response given a natural input, whatever the plausibility of the architecture
Other (?)
Problem 1
Behavioral plausible output: humaine Autonomic activity, emotion-oriented Withdrawing, system Expression of fear.
Problem 1
CN is useless
Problem 2
Selecting the functional architecture to be implemented in an artificial emotion system i. Dissociation of emotional processes ii. Implementation of emotional processes in the brain iii. Time course of emotional processes
Three main approaches: Basic Emotions Approach Dimensional Approach Systems-level Approach
Basica!y, the fear module is a device for activating defensive behaviour and associated psychophysiological responses and emotional feelings to threatening stimuli.
Panksepp (2003)
237-239
CN at the systems-level
Some CN researchers take into consideration the complexity of emotion by parsing its subcomponents at the systems-level and, sometimes, by attempting to model the interactions between the proposed processes: Action tendencies (e.g., Davidson) Somatic signals (e.g., Damasio) Feeling (e.g., Lane)
Anterior activation asymmetry model Left anterior region associated with approachrelated emotions Right anterior region associated with withdrawalrelated emotions
A critical function of somaticrelated signals and their integration with the other brain signals.
Feeling
Feeling as an integration of some emotional signals
The conscious experience is integrated via a convergence zone that could be the Anterior Cingulate and/or the Medial Prefrontal Cortex (Reiman. 1997; Lane, 2000). The subjective feeling is integrated via the synchronization of other components (Scherer, 2003). Binding through synchronization was proposed for the visual system for example.
Appraisal Theory
Relevant (e.g., unpleasant, goal obstructive), Dicult to cope with Event
Withdrawal I am a$aid
Integrative cortices
Sensory cortices
Action tendency
MPFC ACC
Regulation, coping
Sensory Thalamus
Coarse exteroceptive processing
Ventral Striatum
Relevance detection
Amy
Problem 3
Colliculus-pulvinar-amygdala Pathway
LGB: Lateral Geniculate Body SC: Superior Colliculus V1: Primary Visual Cortex Pulvinar
Visual Cortex
V1
Amygdala
SC
LGB
Retina
CN is useless
CN can help
CN can help
Problem 4
Multimodal integration
Timing: Results suggest that audio-visual emotional binding is early in time (110 ms post-stimulus) Integrative structure
Amygdala response to congruent fearful voices and faces Dolan et al. (2001)
Problem 5
Conclusion
Cognitive Neuroscience can help to find solutions for emotionoriented systems mainly if they are focused on the computational, and/or the neural levels. Artificial emotions: A decisive choice between: as many systems as emotions different systems for approach-related versus withdrawalrelated emotions a system for intensity, a system for valence (but, only feeling) a system for each emotional component Recognition of emotional expression: Modeling two pathways (one for coarse and fast processing, and one for detailed proc.). A computational model of emotional processes would benefit from modeling other closely related cognitive processes, such as attention.