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MySQL 简要介绍
MySQL 简要介绍
Pointers
What is MySQL ? Its good features. Installation guide. Security and Privilege System Compatibility with standards Locks an interesting feature Table types Some more salient features Replication
What Is MySQL?
A fast, reliable, easy-to-use, multi-user multithreaded relational database system. It is freely available and released under GPL (GNU General Public License ).
MySQL server can handle very large databases. Offers rich and very useful set of functions. Connectivity, speed and security make MySQL very suited for accessing database on a network. A lot of contributed software available.
A privilege and password system that is very flexible and secure and allows host-based verification. Multi-threaded request-handling using kernel thread. Replication features. Very actively developed. Memory leak proof.
cd Mysql-x.xx.xx.xx ./configure prefix=/usr/local/mysql make make install scripts/mysql_install_db safe_mysqld Mysql u root password mypassword
Configuring MySql
--bindir=Dir specifies dir for binaries --localstatedir=Dir data dir --with-tcp-port=portno --with-unix-sock-path=absolute-path --with-mysqld-ldflag=-all-static --with-charset=charset (default Latin1) --with-low-memory
Support
Works on many different platforms like FreeBSD , NetBSD , Linux 2.0+, Windows 95, 98, 2000 & NT, HP-UX etc There are client tools and APIs available in c, c++, java, perl, python, php, Tcl
Security in mysql
Issues that bother: eavesdropping,altering Uses ACLs (Access Control Lists) , also theres some support for SSL connections Has inbuilt methods for storing confidential data like passwords in encrypted form. Access is restricted thru grant of privileges to users,hosts
The five tables: user,db,host,tables_priv,columns_priv The privileges come into play only if there is a retrieval of data from the database, or updation of data in the database,e.g: select 1+1; calculator File privilege : load data infile, select . Into outfile
Beneficial to invest in a firewall ; check using telnet server_port 3306 Do not rely on the data entered by the user, he can trick the code by using special character sequences Make use of tcpdump, to check the whether or not mysql data streams r unencrypted: tcpdump l i eth0 w src port 3306|strings Dont run mysqld as root. Dont give process and file privileges to users as far as possible.
Continued..
Following mysqld options affect security: 1. - secure 2. skip-grant-privileges 3. skip-name-resolve 4. skip-networking Passwords by default are stored in hashed form in database.But if the scrambled password is known the hacker can still log in as the user. Passwords can be stored in my.cnf file when non-interactive access has to be done Inbuilt functions for hashing: password, encrypt,encode,decode
Compatibility (contd.)
What extra does MySQL have ? Locking/Unlocking of tables Atomicity of operations Directory organization Access of tables across tables Several other features, discussed later
locked tables. Write locks enable you to read and write exclusively. Other threads cant access/update currently locked tables Write locks have higher priority than read locks
Creates a .frm file that holds the table and column definition. Syntax for defining table type is .. : CREATE TABLE test ( ) TYPE=HEAP .. Categorization of types : Transaction safe type and Non transaction safe type. Transaction Safe table types allow rollbacks,restore changes if update fails ,etc . Non Transaction Safe table types are much faster ,use less disk space as well as memory for updates.
MyISAM tables
Use B-Tree indexing to store the keys, string indexes are compressed . MyISAM itself supports three different table formats: a) static (fixed length) b) Dynamic c) Compressed Static : fastest ,secure and simplest format , used when there are no varchar, blob or text. Dynamic : each record stores a header that contain its length Compressed : created using myisampack tool , they are read only ,use very little space as each record is compressed separately ISAM is a deprecated version of MyISAM
Merge tables
A collection of identical MyISAM tables which are used collectively. FOR eg : CREATE TABLE t1 (a INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, message CHAR(20)); CREATE TABLE t2 (a INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, message CHAR(20)) ; CREATE TABLE total (a INT NOT NULL, message CHAR(20), KEY(a)) TYPE=MERGE UNION=(t1,t2)
Use hashed index and are stored in memory Generally used for temporary tables .
Replication in MySQL
What?? One server is designated as the master, while the other ( or others) as slave(s) Updates done only on master and binary logs made The slave connects to the master, catches up on the missed updates, and then starts receiving updates immediately as they come to the master. Why?? For robustness you have two systems and switch to the backup if you have problems with the master. The extra speed is achieved by sending a part of the non-updating queries to the replica server.
How To (SLAVE)
Upgrade both slave and master to 3.23.15 or higher. PUT THESE IN my.cnf of SLAVE master-host,user,passwd server-id=< unique no>= 1 & <=2^32-1 master-connect-retry !! (keep trying) master-info-file replicate-rewrite-db skip-slave-start Restart the slave(s)
Take a snapshot of all the tables/databases on the master Use command LOAD TABLE <tblname> FROM MASTER (3.23.23)+ SLAVE START/STOP FLUSH SLAVE
HOW TO (MASTER)
log-bin , FLUSH MASTER , FLUSH SLAVE When you start the slave thread will be created Tables are not Locked SET SQL_LOG_BIN=0/1 CHANGE MASTER TO master_def_list