Electrons in Atoms (Chapter 5)

What is Light ?
Electromagnetic Radiation a form of energy, like heat or electricity Travels in waves Travels at 3.0 108 m/s Or about 186,000 miles/s White light is a continuous spectrum of light and can be separated by a prism

Properties of Light Waves

Wavelength () is the shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave (from crest to crest).

Frequency (f) is the number of waves that pass a given point per second.
Amplitude is the waves height from the origin to a crest.
(refers to the intensity of the light)

Smaller Frequency (fewer peaks per second)

Larger Frequency (more peaks per second)

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Wavelength and Energy

Wavelength and energy have an inverse relationship, as shown below

hc

h is Plancks constant (6.626 10-34 Js) c is the speed of light (3.0 108 m/s)

c is the speed of light (m/s) is the wavelength (m) f is the frequency (1/s)

E is Energy (J) h is Plancks constant (Js) f is the frequency (1/s)

cf

E hf

hc

Visible light
Visible light comprises only a small fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum (400-800 nm) Ultraviolet and infrared light cannot be seen with the unaided eye, but are quite important

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Energy range of light

Infrared light
lower energy than visible light

Ultraviolet light
higher energy than visible light some of the ultraviolet range is of high enough energy to damage living tissue

X-rays and gamma rays

are even higher energy forms of light very hazardous
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is Light Produced?
When individual atoms are excited (from an input of energy) they emit discrete wavelengths of light Energy must be conserved! The energy inputted to an atom excites the electrons and eventually is released as light energy.
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dcrentals.wordpress.com

How

Electrons Absorbing Energy

Energy Sources: 1. Kinetic Energy (photon colliding an electron) 2. Heat Energy

3. Electrical Energy
Electron jumps to a higher energy level in its excited state
+

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The electron cannot remain in that excited state indefinitely So electron falls back to ground state
+

Energy is released during relaxation

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/applets/Bohr/applet_files/Bohr.html

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Atomic Emission Spectrum

Bright Line Spectrum

Each element yields different wavelengths due to the arrangement of the electrons that make up the atom
Shown above: continuous spectrum and emission of Na, H, and Hg
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Measuring the emission spectrum

H2 in the gas discharge tube is excited by electricity The light produced is separated by the prism

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The Bohr atom

Electrons revolve around the nucleus in stable orbits Each orbit is quantized
the electron is a discrete distance from the nucleus the orbit has a discrete amount of energy

These orbits are referred to as energy levels

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The Bohr atom (continued)

The energy levels are characterized by an integral number called the principle quantum number, n n has discrete values of 1, 2, 3,

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Quantized energy levels

An electron can have different levels of energy, but not an energy in between (can you stand between two steps?)

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States of the atom

Ground state
the lowest energy state n=1

Excited state
all states that have higher energies atoms and molecules have many excited states but only one ground state

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Modern atomic theory

Modern theory is a complex mathematical description Takes into account that atomic sized things behave more like waves than particles

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 Treating electrons as waves makes it hard to precisely determine the location of the electrons

regions in space where there is a significant probability of finding the electron or electron cloud
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Orbitals
electron cloud probability of an electron being located in a particular location near the nucleus 2 electrons can reside in one orbital

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s sublevel
one orbital therefore 2 electrons

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p sublevel
three orbitals therefore 6 electrons

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d sublevel
five orbitals therefore 10 electrons total

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One type of s orbital (know this shape!)

Three types of p orbitals (know this shape!)

Five types of d orbitals

Seven types of f orbitals

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Larger atoms have multiple orbital shapes represented:

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Energy
The shell is indicated by the principle quantum number n (so n = energy level!) - successive energy levels have more energy (Example: n=2 > n=1)
The subshell is indicated by letter (s, p, d, f) - successive subshells have more energy (Example: f > d > p > s)

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Quantum Numbers
Principal energy level ( n = 1,2,3,.. ) Sublevels ( s, p, d, f )
sublevels increase in energy as s<p<d<f

Atomic orbitals
s p d f has 1 orbital (a sphere) has 3 orbitals (a dumbell shape) has 5 orbitals has 7 orbitals

Electron Spin
Each orbital can hold 2 electrons (1 Up, 1 Down) 31

Dorm room analogy

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Dorm room analogy

Atom Energy Level (shells) Sublevel (subshells) Orbital Electron = = = = = Campus Different Dorms on The Hill 1st 2nd 3rd floors Dorm Room Student

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Another way to summarize:

Actual Orbital Shapes Simple Bohr Model Approach

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Electron Configurations
The electronic configuration of an element is the assignment of all the electrons of the atom into levels and sublevels

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The aufbau Principle

http://forvo.com/word/aufbau/

The electrons are added to the atom beginning with the lowest energy level As the energy levels and sublevels are filled, electrons are added to the next higher energy level
http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/WorkshopFolder/ElectronConfnew.html

Students want to live on the lowest possible level

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Orbital Diagrams and the Pauli Exclusion Principle

Each box represents one orbital:
s = 1 box p = 3 boxes d = 5 boxes f = 7 boxes 2 arrows 6 arrows 10 arrows 14 arrows

The Pauli Exclusion Principle two electrons can occupy an orbital if they have different spins: spin UP () or spin DOWN () another way of saying this: no 2 electrons can have the same 4 quantum numbers Also still use both Hunds Rule and Aufbau Principle
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Shell, subshell and orbitals

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Hunds Rule
Orbitals in the same sublevel must first contain one electron, Before any orbital (in the same sublevel) contains two electrons.

Students want their own dorm room if possible

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Atomic # Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium 1 2 3 4

Orbital Diagram

Electron Configuration

Boron
Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen

5
6 7 8

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Examples with use of the Noble Gas Notation (short-cut)

Atomic #
Oxygen Sodium Chlorine 8 11 17

Electron Configuration

Noble Gas Notation

Iron
Iodine Gold Uranium

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53 79 92 Use the noble gas that is prior on the electron configuration (closest noble gas backwards in atomic number)

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1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s
v

Periodic Table of the Elements 2p 3p 3d 4d 5d 6d 4f 5f 4p 5p 6p 7p

1s

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 Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outermost energy level (highest n value) Involved in the chemical reactions
Terms also used: valence energy level (or valence shell) core energy levels (or core shells)

1s22s22p63s23p5

1s22s22p63s23p64s2

What family of elements has 8 valence electrons? Always ends with p6

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Core and valence shells

Chemically, we find that the electrons in the shell with the highest value of n are the ones involved in chemical reactions This shell is termed the valence shell Electrons in shells with lower n values are chemically unreactive because they are inaccessible for reactions. These shells are grouped together as the core

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Electron-Dot Structure (also called Lewis Dot) elements symbol representing the nucleus surrounded by dots representing the number of valence electrons

Cl
Al Ne
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Ca

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