ApplicationsofMRIin BiomedicalEngineering

aBiomolecular EngineeringPerspective

JohannesLeisen Georgia Institute of Technology nology,

Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemistry

Safety y

http://www.metrasens.com/images/safety1.jpg

www.topmedicalsupply.com/plasticmriwarning.

Noloseferrousitems: wallets cellphones losechange jewelry(some) pins hairp implants

MagneticResonanceImaging
*PhysicalPrinciples

averybriefhistoricalperspective *ApplicationsofMRIinBiomedical Engineering aBiomolecular EngineeringPerspective

NMRSpectroscopy SolutionNMR SolidStateNMR

NMRRelaxometry SolutionNMR SolidStateNMR LowResolutionNMR

MR
(NuclearMagneticResonance)

(N)MRImaging(MRI) ClinicalMRI FunctionalMRI Engineering NMRMicroimaging

DiffusionNMR DOSY( (solutions) ) PFG(materials) qspace(porousmaterials) DTI(MRI)

FelixBloch(19051983)

EdwardMillsPurcell(19121997)

Wikipedia com Wikipedia.com

Wiki di Wikipedia.com

NoblePriceinPhysics,1955.

FirstNMRsignalsofwater

Bloch,F.,Hansen,W.W.andPackard,M.Phys. Rev.70,474485(1946);

Bloch,F.,Hansen,W.W.andPackard,M.Phys. Rev.70,474485(1946);

NMRExperiment

http://www.fotosearch.com/ART435/aa041117/

http://www.graphicsfactory.com/

rf sendersamplerf receiver

= (1)B0

= (1)B0

:ChemicalShift

FirstNMRsignalsofwater
Bloch,F.,Hansen,W.W.andPackard,M.Phys. Rev.70,474485(1946);

FirstNMRsignals g ofethanol(1951) ( )

CH3CH2OH

http://wwwbioc.rice.edu/bios576/nmr/nmr.html

RichardErnst(1933 )

PaulLauterbur (19292007)

http://nobelprize.org

FourierTransform NMR, http://nobelprize.org p p g MultidimensionalNMR, andMRI

BackProjectionMRI

2003NoblePrizeinMedicine

1991NoblePrizeinChemistry

MRIExperiment

http://www.fotosearch.com/ART435/aa041117/

http://www.graphicsfactory.com/

rf sendersamplerf receiver

inhomogenous magneticfield (x)= (1)B0(x)

NMRImagingwithLinearMagneticField G di Gradients
NMR Spectroscopy NMR Imaging

o = (1- o)B o

o = (1-o )(Bo+xG x )

Gx = B z /x Bo y z z y

B o + Gx

12

BackProjection

PaulLauterbur,Nature242,1973

1895 FirstXraytakenofahuman (thehandofRntgens wife)

WilhelmRntgen (1845 1923) 1901:firstNobelPriceinPhysics

http://www.magnet.fsu.edu

MagneticResonanceImaging
+3Dimagingofopaqueobjectsispossible +nondestructive/noninvasive (idealforthestudyoftimedependentphenomena) +welldefinedcontrast
(selectivedetectionoffluids,studyofphysicochemicalproperties)

moderatespatialresolution limited li i dsensitivity ii i onlyforliquidorsoftsamples only l for f nonconducting d i and dnonmagnetic i samples l

ClinicalMRI
Medicine:

Source:www.cmiv.liu.se

VeterinaryMRI

http:/www.advancedveterinarycare.net/mri.asp

ApplicationsofMRIinBiomedical iomedical Engineering aBiomolecular EngineeringPerspective

MolecularImaging?

http://www.keck.bioimaging.wisc.edu/symposium2005

MolecularImaging: LocalizationofSpecific p Molecules

www.nature.com

ImagingofMolecules

TheResolutionofMRI
Example:
high hi hresolution l ti MRIof famouse FieldofView=22mm 256x256Voxel. =>(Inplane)resolution 86 m

Technical/PhysicalLimitations: Sensitivity DiffusionEffects

MRIofSingleCells?

Paramecium:
immobilized(dead?) measuring i time: ti 8h

MRIofMolecules?

Degen C L et al. PNAS 2009;106:1313-1317

However,

MagneticResonanceSpectroscopycantellusa lotaboutmolecules

Example:13CDEPT135 spectrumofStrychnine

MRS:DetectingBiochemistry VolumeSelectiveSpectroscopy

MostoftheMRIsignalinbiologicaltissue comesfromWater, but isitpossibletouse(highlysensitive) probemolecules?

(1) MRIwithhyperpolarizednuclei
(difficulttechnology,limitedlifetimeofhyperpolarization)
TM HyperSense H S
www.oxfordinstruments.com

(2) 19FMRI
(~3/4thesensitivityof1Hbutnobiologicalbackground
www.bioe.umd.edu

(3)ContrastAgents

Overlay:1H 19Fimages

ContrastAgents
InfluencetheMRIsignalof1Hnucleiin surrounding gwater.

apod.nasa.gov

SuperParamagneticIronOxide(SPIO) Nanoparticle: affectssurroundingmagneticfield

Superparamagnetic IronOxideNanoparticles

c:ShengTong/GTBME

U of Use fSPIOs SPIO f forC Cell llT Tracking ki

SequentialinvivoMRIimages,obtainedatafieldstrengthof4.7T,ofaratbrain aftertransplantationofoligodendroglial progenitorcellscontainingSPIOs(darkareas, becauseofthenegativecontrastofthetransplantedcells). cells) Theseimageswereobtained sixweeksafterstemcelltransplantation. (Bulte,J.W.,etal.,Nat.Biotechnol.(2001)19(12),1141.)

TargetingofSPIOs
ClusteringofSPIOsleadstoenhanced (negative) ( g )contrast.

futuredevicesformedicaldiagnostics

Copyright:

/spectrum.ieee.org/biomedical/diagnostics/bedsidecancerdetector

(courtesy:ShengTong/GTBME)

Outlook
ThereismuchmoreApplicationsofMRIinBiomedicalEngineering MRIofBioreactorswithculturedcells Cardiacmodels(invitroandinvivo) Development evelopmentandTestingofImplantsetc. TestingofBiomedicalProductsandDevices StudyofAnatomicalPreparations Phenotyping ofTransgenicSpecies BiomechanicalStudies Succesful BiomedicalEngineeringleadsoftentoPreclinicalStudies, whereMRIisalsog gaining gimportance. p