2 'Science 11E: Lesson 2 Assignment Part I.

Outline
Textbook Section 2.1 1. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means. 2. All elements are made of atoms. The central part of an atom is the nucleus; it contains protons and neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number. 3. List the eight most abundant elements on Earths surface and their chemical symbols. These elements are important for understanding the study of minerals. a. Oxygen (O) b. Silicon (Si) c. Aluminum (Al) d. Iron (Fe) e. Calcium (Ca) f. Sodium (Na) g. Potassium (K) h. Magnesium (Mg) 4. The part of the atom with the negative charge is the electron. The part of the atom with the positive charge is the proton. 5. Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are isotopes of an element. 6. Carbon has 15 different isotopes. 7. Atoms usually combine to form compounds. This can happen in three different ways. There are therefore three types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic. 8. The smallest particle of a covalent compound that shows the properties of that compound is a molecule.

Textbook Section 2.2 9. What is the definition of a mineral? A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition. 10. Which five characteristics are necessary for a substance to be considered a mineral? a. Naturally Occurring b. Solid Substance c. Orderly Crystalline Structure d. Definite Chemical Composition e. Generally Considered Inorganic 11. Minerals are classified according to groups based on their composition. 12. List the six common mineral groups. a. Silicates b. Carbonates c. Oxides d. Sulfates and Sulfides e. Halides f. Native Elements 13. The biggest of the mineral groups is the silicates.

Textbook Section 2.3 14. Properties of minerals allow us to identify them. Name the eight physical properties of minerals. a. Color b. Streak c. Luster d. Crystal Form e. Hardness f. Cleavage g. Fracture h. Density 15. What gives minerals different colors? Small amounts of different elements. 16. Why do some minerals show cleavage (they break along flat, even surfaces) and other minerals fracture (they break unevenly)? Because minerals that cleave in have weak bonds in one direction, while those minerals that don't cleave have strong bonds throughout. 17. Define density. What is the density of a mineral that has a mass of 40g and a volume of 20 cm3? Density is the property of all matter that is the ratio of an object's mass to its volume. The density is 2g/cm^3 18. What determines the properties of a mineral? The composition and the structure of the mineral. 19. What is the mineral name for ruby? Corundum 20. What is the mineral name for emerald? Beryl

Part II. Questions

1. Name the three types of particles found in an atom. a. Proton b. Neutron c. Electron d. Explain how these types of particles differ. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, while the electron orbits it. Protons have a positive charge, neutrons don't have a charge, and electrons have a negative charge. 2. Which two elements comprise approximately 75 percent of the earths crust? Silicon and oxygen 3. Define the following terms. a. atomic number The number of protons in an element b. mass number The mass of the protons and neutrons in an element. 4. What part of an isotopes nucleus varies? Study figure 3 on page 39. The nucleus. 5. Which isotope is used to determine the age of once-living things? Carbon-14 6. Use the periodic table on textbook pages 3637 to answer the following questions: a. Are most of the elements metals, nonmetals, or metalloids? Metals b. Which metal exists as a liquid? 4

Mercury c. What do the white lettered elements represent? Elements that are not found in nature d. What is a metalloid? An element with properties similar to both metals and metalloids e. Which nonmetal occurs as a liquid? Bromine f. Why are the elements in group 8A (18) stable? Because they have complete octets of electrons 7. What is an ionic bond? List some of the properties of ionic compounds. An ionic bond is a bond between elements that share an electrons. If one elements needs one electron to become stable and another needs to lose 1 to become stable, it's likely they will form an ionic bond. 8. What is a metallic bond? List some of the properties of metals. A metallic bond is formed when electrons are shared by metal ions. These bonds allow for electric current to easily pass through the element. 9. What is a covalent bond? List some of the properties of covalent compounds. Covalent bonds form when elements share electrons. Different from ionic bonds though, as covalent bonds generally have low melting and boiling points.

10. For each major mineral group below, list its characteristics and provide some examples. a. silicates: Each have a tetrahedron structure. Most contain one or more elements. Quarts and Feldspar are examples. b. carbonates: Carbonates contain carbon, oxygen, and at least 1 other metallic element. Calcite and magnesium are examples. c. oxides Minerals that contain oxygen and one or more other elements which are usually metals. Examples are rutile and corundum are examples. d. sulfates/sulfides: Minerals that contain sulfur. Anhydrite and pyrite are examples. e. halides: Contain a halogen ion and at least one other element. Examples are halite and fluorite. f. native elements: Minerals that only contain one element. Gold and silver are examples. 11. You have already learned that minerals must have five characteristics. What does the characteristic inorganic mean? Did not grow biologically (not in the same way plants and humans do). 12. List the four ways in which minerals form. a. Crystallization from magma b. Precipitation c. Pressure from nature d. Hydrothermal solutions

13. Explain hydrothermal solutions. The hot, watery solution that escapes from a mass of magma during the later stages of crystallization; such solutions may alter the surrounding rock. 14. What is the basic silicate structure? A tetrahedron; essentially, the silicon will branch off of the other element in the compound. 15. What factor determines whether a mineral will show its crystal form?

16. Explain how geologists use the Mohs hardness scale. 17. Refer to table 2 on textbook pages 5455 to answer the following questions. a. What minerals density is closest to quartz? b. What minerals density is closest to muscovite mica? c. What mineral has the highest density? 18. Identify the distinctive properties of the following minerals: a. talc b. graphite c. calcite d. magnetite and hematite 19. What are the most prized gemstones?