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Study Guide Test 2
Study Guide Test 2
echo Echo – after a sound is heard the brief continuation of the sound in the auditory
system.
chunking Putting bits of information together in groups to aid in memory recall.
maintenance Repeating information silently or out loud to prolong its presence.
rehearsal
Recall Recall – reproduce facts / information with some external cues.
tip of the tongue Tip of tongue – the feeling that the memory is available, but not quite retrievable.
Recency effect – the last word or two still in short term memory which are
recency effect available for immediate recall.
Primacy effect - the first or last on a list is remembered more easily than those
primacy effect items in the middle of a list.
network model or Memory mode that views it as an organizational system of linked information.
organizing
memories
forgetting 1. Incoding failure – memory never formed
2. Memory traces – physical changes in neurons where memories are stored.
3. Memory decay – memory traces become weaker over time.
4. Disuse – memory traces weaken when they are not used.
repression and repression: unconsciously pushing unwanted memories out of awareness
suppression -survival strategy
-to painful, so repress to carry on
suppression: conscious effort to put something out of mind
flashbulb Memories created during times of personal tragedy, accident or other emotionally
memories significant events.
mnemonics any kind of memory system or aid. song, Every Good Boy Does Fine,
-use mental pictures, visual images
-make things meaningful
-make info. familiar; connect to what already know
-form bizarre images
memory trace Physical change in the brain, perhaps a neuron or activity between neurons.
memory decay fading of memory when memory traces occur. changes in nerve cells, routes, etc.
also disuse, route is too weak for retrieval
study guide Awake – Beta * *
consciousness - - - - - - - * *
draw the sleep Stage 1 (drowsy) – Alpha waves * *** *** *
cycle chart Stage 2 – Theta Waves * * * * * *
brain waves of Stage 3 – Delta waves * * * * * *
sleep cycle, Stage 4 – Full Delta Waves *** *** **
stages of sleep
REM / NREM REM (rapid eye movement, stage 1, dream period), 90 minutes a night,
More active if stress in life. may stimulate development of brain in infants
(8-9 hours/day)
NREM sleep, stages 2,3,4; dream free 90% of time, helps body recover from
fatigue
Insomnia Insomnia: lack of sleep, difficulty in getting to sleep or staying asleep
narcolepsy Narcolepsy – sleep seizure. Slip into REM sleep during the day. Falling asleep at
inappropriate times or places.
sleep apnea Sleep Apnea: breathing stops for 20 sec. to 2 minutes, lack of oxygen.
Repeated interruption of sleep. Causes: brain stops sending signal to diaphragm to
breath. Blockage of upper air passages
Dreams Dreams: Occur in stage one REM sleep. Voluntary muscles are paralyzed during
stage one REM sleep.
Nightmares Nightmares: bad dream that takes place in stage 1 sleep REM
night terrors Night terrors: during stage 4 sleep NREM. Body not immobilized. Panic,
hallucinate images into bedroom. Sit up, scream, get out of bed, etc. Mostly in
childhood
sleep walking Sleepwalking (somnambulists) wake – like activity. Walking, sitting up, eating, etc.
Occurs in stage 4 sleep.
Sleep talking Sleeptalking: these are mostly harmless, occur during stage 3 and 4
psychoanalytic Freud (psychodynamic theory): wish fulfillment (expression of unconscious
dream theory desires). Internal conflicts, unresolved issues, unfinished business, etc. Dream
symbols: images that serve a signs of hidden ideas, desires, impulses, emotions.
“sometimes a cigar is just a cigar”
activation Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis: some parts of brain are turned on and some
synthesis dream turned off, brain manufactures dream from stored memories to make sense of
theory information
Cartwright Dream Cartwright: dreams are “feeling statements” -overall emotional tone of dream is
theory major aspect. comical, threatening, joyous, depressing, lonely, jealous, in love,
anger.
gestalt dream Gestalt (Perls): message about what is missing from our lives. -what we avoid
theory doing, feelings that need to be “re-owned” -feeling gaps in our personal
experience. *take the part of each character/object in a dream and speak for it.
e.g. self, person behind door, and door
Activation Using meaningful bits and pieces of a person’s experiences from the last day or two
Information rather than random items from memory
Mode (AIM)
dream theory
things to know help one relax; brain waves more like sleep pattern; accept suggestions easier; must
about hypnosis: cooperate to be hypnotized
You are aware and in control. Basic suggestion effect: tendency to carry out
suggested actions as if they were involuntary
physiological benefits: lower heart rate, unique brain waves (like sleep), lower
blood pressure, less muscle tension, deep breathing, improved immune system,
stress reduction.
drug tolerance, Drug tolerance: larger and larger doses to get same effect
dependence
Physical dependence: person compulsively uses a drug to maintain bodily comfort