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Azdez Asp
Azdez Asp
Principles of
Agricultural
Machines
2nd Edition
Ajit K. Srivastava
Michigan State University
Carroll E. Goering
University of Illinois
Roger P. Rohrbach
North Carolina State University
Dennis R. Buckmaster
The Pennsylvania State University
PREFACE
We are pleased to offer the second edition of the textbook Engineering Principles
of Agricultural Machines. To arrive at the revisions in the second edition, we called
some instructors of the first edition and conducted lengthy phone interviews to seek
their thoughts and suggestions for revisions. We interviewed Dr. Dennis Buckmaster
of Penn State University, Dr. Dan Humburg of South Dakota State University, Dr. Lei
Tian of the University of Illinois, and Dr. Ranal Taylor of Kansas State University.
Based on their input we prepared a survey form listing the many changes suggested.
The survey forms were sent to all instructors, in the U.S. and abroad, who were using
the textbook. We compiled the responses and rated each suggestion. We also held a
user forum during the 2005 ASABE conference in Tampa, Florida to share the results
of our survey and to seek additional input. Items receiving a 3 or higher score on a 5point scale were marked for inclusion in the revised edition.
The changes can be divided in four categories. These are: reorganization of chapters into shorter modules to allow instructors greater flexibility in selecting topics to
match their needs; the addition of a new chapter on agricultural information systems in
response to the growth in precision agriculture technology since the first edition;
addition of simulation problems; and adding a supplemental CD that includes a
spreadsheet and many simulations. We feel the CD will add a new dimension to
student learning and give them the opportunity to develop a deeper understanding of
the process under study as affected by the various system parameters.
We are very pleased that Dr. Dennis Buckmaster has joined the list of authors.
Dennis has been an avid user of the textbook and has developed much supplemental
simulation material during the course of teaching principles of agricultural machines at
Penn State University. We have included much of his material in the accompanying
CD. Dennis also revised the chapter on hay and forage harvesting.
Finally, we would like to thank the many people who have been helpful in the
process of preparing this edition. We thank Monte Dickson for providing a thorough
review of the new chapter on agricultural information systems (Chapter 6). We would
also like to acknowledge Frank Zoz for letting us include his traction prediction model
in the CD, and Al Hanson for letting us use his engine simulator in the CD.
As always, we welcome your feedback and suggestions for improvement. Please
feel free to contact any of us. Additions and changes will be posted to the ASABE
Technical Library at http://asae.frymulti.com/toc.asp (scroll down to the listing of
textbooks). For specific questions we ask that you direct your inquiries to Ajit
Srivastava for Chapters 1, 4, 8, 10, 12, and 14; to Carroll Goering for Chapters 2, 3, 5,
6, 7, 9, and 15; to Roger Rohrbach for Chapter 13; and to Dennis Buckmaster for
Chapter 11 and the accompanying CD.
Ajit Srivastava
Carroll Goering
Roger Rohrbach
Dennis Buckmaster
CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Agricultural Mechanization and Some Methods of Study
Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 History of Mechanized Agriculture................................................................. 1
1.2 Farming Operations and Related Machines ................................................... 3
1.3 Functional Analysis of Agricultural Machines............................................... 4
1.3.1 Basic processes of agricultural machines................................................. 5
1.3.2 Process diagrams...................................................................................... 6
1.4 Dimensional Analysis ..................................................................................... 7
1.4.1 Scope........................................................................................................ 7
1.4.2 Physical dimensions................................................................................. 7
1.4.3 Units of measurement .............................................................................. 8
1.4.4 Developing a prediction equation ............................................................ 9
1.4.5 Buckinghams Theorem......................................................................... 10
1.4.6 Systematic calculation of the dimensionless products ............................. 12
1.4.7 Transformation of dimensionless products ............................................ 13
Problems ................................................................................................................. 14
Chapter 2
Engine Power for Agricultural Machines
15
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 15
2.1 The power in fuel .......................................................................................... 15
2.2 Combustion ................................................................................................... 16
2.2.1 Combustion chemistry ........................................................................... 16
2.2.2 Energy release in combustion ................................................................ 19
2.3 Thermodynamic limits to Engine Performance............................................ 21
2.4 Heat Losses and Power at the Pistons .......................................................... 25
2.5 Mechanical Losses and Power at the Flywheel............................................. 26
2.6 Engine Torque and Efficient Engine Loading.............................................. 28
2.7 Control of Engine Speed ............................................................................... 29
2.8 Engine performance simulator ..................................................................... 33
2.9 Turbocharging and Intercooling Engines ..................................................... 35
2.9.1 Operation of turbochargers .................................................................... 36
2.9.2 Intercoolers ............................................................................................ 39
viii
CONTENTS
Chapter 3
Electrical Power for Agricultural Machines
45
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 45
3.1 Motor Components........................................................................................ 45
3.2 Motor Classifications .................................................................................... 46
3.3 Principles of Operation Of Induction Motors............................................... 47
3.4 Types of Single-Phase Induction Motors ..................................................... 49
3.4.1 Split-phase induction motors.................................................................. 49
3.4.2 Capacitor-start, induction-run motors .................................................... 50
3.4.3 Two-value-capacitor, induction-run motors........................................... 52
3.4.4 Repulsion-start, induction-run motors.................................................... 52
3.5 Three-Phase Induction Motors ..................................................................... 53
3.6 Dual-Voltage Motors .................................................................................... 54
3.7 Torque-Speed Characteristics of Induction Motors....................................... 56
3.8 Motor Nameplate Information ..................................................................... 57
3.9 Motor Starters ............................................................................................... 59
3.10 Motor Enclosures .......................................................................................... 59
3.11 Variable- Speed Electric Motors .................................................................. 59
3.12 Motor Efficiency ........................................................................................... 60
Problems ................................................................................................................. 61
Simulation Problems............................................................................................... 63
Chapter 4
Mechanical Power Transmission
65
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 65
4.1 V-Belt Drives ................................................................................................ 65
4.1.1 V-belt types and standardization............................................................ 66
4.1.2 V-belt drive geometry ............................................................................ 67
4.1.3 Kinematics of V-belt drives ................................................................... 68
4.1.4 Mechanics of V-belt drives .................................................................... 69
4.1.5 Stresses and service life ......................................................................... 72
4.1.6 Variable-speed V-belt drives.................................................................. 74
4.1.7 V-belt drive design................................................................................. 76
4.2 Chain Drives ................................................................................................. 76
4.2.1 Types of chains and standardization ...................................................... 76
4.2.2 Geometry of chain drives....................................................................... 79
4.2.3 Kinematics of chain drives..................................................................... 79
4.2.4 Design of chain drives............................................................................ 82
ix
Chapter 5
Fluid power, mechatronics, and control
91
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 91
5.1 Basic Principles and Elements Of Fluid Power............................................ 91
5.2 Pumps............................................................................................................ 92
5.3 Valves ........................................................................................................... 96
5.3.1 Pressure control valves........................................................................... 96
5.3.2 Volume control valves ........................................................................... 98
5.3.3 Directional control valves ...................................................................... 99
5.4 Actuators ..................................................................................................... 102
5.4.1 Hydraulic motors ................................................................................. 102
5.4.2 Hydraulic cylinders .............................................................................. 102
5.5 Reservoirs, Fluids, Filters, and Lines ......................................................... 104
5.6 Types of Fluid Power Systems................................................................... 107
5.6.1 Open-center systems ............................................................................ 107
5.6.2 Pressure-compensated systems ............................................................ 109
5.6.3 Load-sensing systems .......................................................................... 109
5.7 Pressure Transients...................................................................................... 111
5.8 Hydrostatic Transmissions .......................................................................... 112
5.9 Mechatronics and System Control ............................................................. 114
5.9.1 An introduction to mechatronics.......................................................... 114
5.9.2 System control ..................................................................................... 115
Problems ............................................................................................................... 117
Simulation Problems............................................................................................. 121
Chapter 6
Precision agriculture
123
CONTENTS
Chapter 7
Tractor Hitching, Traction, and Testing
139
Chapter 8
Soil Tillage
169
xi
Chapter 9
Crop Planting
231
xii
CONTENTS
Chapter 10
Chemical Application
269
Chapter 11
Hay and Forage Harvesting
325
Chapter 12
Grain Harvesting
403
xiii
Chapter 13
Fruit, Nut, and Vegetable Harvesting
437
Chapter 14
Conveying of Agricultural Materials
491
xiv
CONTENTS
Chapter 15
Machinery Selection and Management
525