6.0b EvidenceStdWork Notes 0609

Evidence in Student Work
to Inform Instruction
Leslie Ercole, VMP
Susan Ojala, VMI
Amy Johnson, Milton Elementary School
Marge Petit, Marge Petit Consulting (MPC)
Bob Laird, VMP
Krisan Stone, VMP
Ted Marsden, Norwich University
1 Vermont Mathematics Partnership Ongoing Assessment Project (OGAP) funded by NSF (EHR-0227057) and US DOE (S366A020002)
OGAP Proportionality Framework

Structures
of Problems
Mathematical Other
Topics And Structures
Contexts
Evidence in Student
Work to Inform Instruction
Proportional Transitional Non-proportional Underlying

Strategies Proportional Reasoning Issues, Errors,
Strategies Misconceptions
1
Different Structures Effect
Student’s Reasoning
Pilot 1
Pilot 3
Why is it important to know about

the strategies students use in
proportional situations?
• To support attainment of procedural fluency
• Procedural fluency “refers to the knowledge of procedures,
knowledge of when and how to use them appropriately, and skill in
performing them flexibly, accurately and efficiently.” (Adding It
Up! NRC (2000))
• To inform instruction
• Understanding students’ strategies – as they interact with problems
with different structures - helps teachers move students towards
procedural fluency.
• Ultimately, a proportional reasoner should not be influenced by
context, problem types, the multiplicative relationships, the
quantities in the problems and their associated units, or numerical
complexity (Cramer, Post & Currier, 1993)
2
OGAP Student Work
Disclaimer
• The primary purpose of the student work used
during this training is to help you recognize the
kinds of evidences found in student work when
students solve proportionality problems.
• For these purposes we will take the evidence in
the student work at face value :
• Understanding that an interview with a
student might reveal additional evidences.
• Understanding that the student might not
have shown all their thinking.
Proportional Reasoning
Non-proportional Transitional Proportional

Reasoning Proportional Strategies
Strategies
3
Non-proportional Transitional
Reasoning Proportional
Strategies
• Guesses or uses random application of numbers,

operations, or strategies
• Uses additive reasoning
• Uses whole number reasoning
• Solves a non-proportional situation proportionally
• Misinterprets vocabulary and related concept
(e.g., ratio, similarity)
Non-proportional Reasoning
Bob’s shower uses 14 gallons of water every 3 minutes. How
many gallons of water does Bob use if he takes a 8 minute
shower? Show all your work for this problem.
4
The chart below shows the
population of raccoons in two
towns.
Town A Town B
60 square miles 40 square miles
480 raccoons 360 raccoons
Karl says that Town A has more

raccoons per square mile. Josh
says that Town B has more
raccoons per square mile. Who is
right? Justify your answer.
Carrie is packing apples for an orchard’s mail order business.
It takes 3 boxes to pack 2 bushels of apples. How many
boxes will she need to pack 7 bushes of apples?
5
Kim and Bob were running equally fast around a track. Kim
started first. When she had run 9 laps, Bob had run 3 laps.
When Bob had run 15 laps, how many laps had Kim run?
Explain your reasoning.
6
Proportional
Strategies
• Finds and applies unit rate to situation

• Compares simplified fractions, rates, or ratios
• Applies multiplication relationships
• Sets up a proportion and uses cross products
• Uses y = kx (either symbolic or graphic)
• Applies the correct ratio referent when solving a
problem involving ratios
• Other
Carrie is packing apples for an orchard’s mail order business.
It takes 3 boxes to pack 2 bushels of apples. How many
boxes will she need to pack 8 bushes of apples?
7
Proportional Strategies
8
There are red and blue marbles in a bag. The ratio of red
marbles to blue marbles in a bag is 1:2. Sue opened the bag
and found 12 red marbles. How many marbles are in the bag
altogether? Explain your thinking.
shower?
9
The dimensions of 4 rectangles are given below. Which 2
rectangles are similar?
The dimensions of 4 rectangles are given below.
Which 2 rectangles are similar?
10
Transitional
Proportional
Strategies
• Builds up/down
• Finds equivalent fractions/ratios with an
error
• Uses models
• Makes a cross product error
• Makes an error in applying a multiplicative
relationship
• Other
Transitional Proportional
Strategies
Bob’s shower uses 14 gallons of water every 3 minutes. How many
gallons of water does Bob use if he takes a 8 minute shower? Show all
your work for this problem.
11
Strategies
Paul’s dog eats 20 pounds of food in 30 days. How long will it take
Paul’s dog to eat a 45 pound bag of dog food? Explain your thinking.
Strategies
The two rectangles are similar. What is the length of Rectangle B?
Rectangle A Rectangle B
4 in.
6 in. 12 in.
• x
12
Strategies
Carrie is packing apples for an orchard’s mail order business. It takes
3 boxes to pack 2 bushels of apples. How many boxes will she need to
pack 7 bushes of apples?
Underlying Issues, Errors,

or Misconceptions
• Error in application of cross products
• Uses additive rather than multiplicative strategies
• Misinterprets the meaning of the quantities
• Remainders are not treated correctly
• Units inconsistent or absent
• Error in equation
• Computational error
• Rounding error
• Uses incorrect ratio referent
13
Underlying Issues and Concerns
The chart below shows the
population of raccoons in two towns.
Town A Town B
60 square miles 40 square miles
480 raccoons 360 raccoons
Karl says that Town A has more

raccoons per square mile. Josh says
that Town B has more raccoons per
square mile. Who is right? Justify
your answer.

There are red and blue marbles in a bag. The ratio of red marbles
to blue marbles in a bag is 1:2. Sue opened the bag and found 12
marbles. How many marbles are in the bag altogether?
Explain your thinking.
14
Big Horn Ranch raises 100 horses on 150 acres of pasture. Jefferson
Ranch raises 75 horses on 125 acres of pasture. Which ranch has more
acres of pasture per horse? Explain your answer using words, pictures,
or diagrams.

15
Student Work Sort
• Bob’s Shower
• Raccoons
16

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Evidence in Student Work

OGAP Proportionality Framework

Proportional Transitional Non-proportional Underlying

Why is it important to know about

Non-proportional Transitional Proportional

• Guesses or uses random application of numbers,

Karl says that Town A has more

• Finds and applies unit rate to situation

Underlying Issues, Errors,

• Uses additive rather than multiplicative strategies

• Misinterprets the meaning of the quantities

• Remainders are not treated correctly

• Units inconsistent or absent

• Uses incorrect ratio referent

Karl says that Town A has more

Underlying Issues and Concerns

Underlying Issues and Concerns

Student Work Sort

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