Europe: Status Quo (c.

1400) Pre-Renaissance

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CHY4U Roman

Marco Polo's Exploration of Asia

Marco Polo's Exploration of Asia - Marco Polo was born to a Venetian merchant family and was brought upon a journey; at seventeen years of age, to deliver items from Pope Gregory X to Kublai Khan -Marco Polo's book, The Travels of Marco Polo, was a contribution toward European knowledge -Kublai Khan's Mongolian empire and Mongolian traditions were detailed in Marco Polo's book -Marco Polo wrote of the Mongolian asbestos industry, the empire's method of communication, and the impact of coal - An unbiased narrative is characteristic of Marco Polo's book Europe's involvement in international trade was stimulated by Marco Polo's knowledge of foreign civilizations - In regards to cartography, the Catalan World Map uses Marco Polo's writing as source material - Christopher Columbus, a renowned Italian explorer; derived some of his knowledge from Marco Polo's book

Anartist'srenditionofMarcoPolo.

The People's Crusade

- The People's Crusade was the first religious campaign of twelve in medieval Europe - At the Council of Clermont in 1095, Pope Urban II spoke about the Seljuk Turks' defeat of the Byzantine empire - Pope Urban II placed emphasis on the Seljuk Turks' capture of Jerusalem as an act against Christianity - A remission of sins was offered for individuals participating in retaking the Byzantine empire's lands from Islam; the Seljuk Turks - With a basis in religious fervor and excommunication, an unorganized force of crusaders was prepared - A Europe ruled by the Church was not a possibility - Nicaea, Edessa, Antioch, and Jerusalem were captured by The People's Crusade until the crusaders were defeated in Asia Minor - Increased taxation was a consequence and the papacy's reputation declined
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The Black Plague

- In 1347, The Black Plague struck Europe. It occurred intermittently beyond 1352 and impacted Europe's social, political, and economic systems - The plague's cause was difficult to ascertain in the 13th century. The University of Paris stated a conjunction of planets as the cause, while religion influenced a belief in God's wrath - Medical knowledge was indirectly limited because of a religious ban on the mutilation of corpses - Thirty-five percent of Europe's population died - Individuals decline the role of religion in medicine and begin the development of new medical practices - With an absent labor force, labor wages increased and prices of agriculture dropped. Serfdom died due to the aristocracy's inability to profit from labor - Church lands were divided and manorialism fell - Without land to exert power over, Christianity's influence in Europe declines and individuals turn to the physical realm

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The Treaty of Verdun

- The Treaty of Verdun was a treaty signed in 843 to divide the Carolingian empire between Louis the Pious's three sons - Lothair II was defeated by Louis the German and Charles the Bald at the Battle of Fontenay - Rather than continue a conflict with his two brothers, Lothair II negotiated a treaty to divide the Carolingian empire into three kingdoms Lothair II divides his kingdom between his three sons Conflict continues between France, Germany, and Italy because Louis II; Lothair's son, remains disgruntled at an uneven land division - The Carolingian empire falls to outside invasion - Political power is decentralized and feudalism is introduced from the rule of independent military leaders

Charlemagne.

Feudalism
- The Roman Empire falls to Germanic tribes and the Germanic tribes influence an open way of living - Pope Leo crowns Charlemagne emperor of the Holy Roman empire - Political power is decentralized after Charlemagne's Carolingian empire falls to Magyar, Muslim, and Viking invaders - Military leaders offer protection to individuals in exchange for their labour -The vassal and lord relationship is formed

Thefeudalpyramid.

The Council of Nicaea

- In an effort to create peace in his empire, the Council of Nicaea was a council of bishops summoned by Constantine I on June 19, 325 - The relationship between the Father and the Son was clarified at the Council of Nicaea and a date was set for Easter - ConstantineIsaidtheFatherandtheSonwereofthe samesubstance - Christian doctrine was reinforced

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Religion & God

1. CharlemagneasPlato'sphilosopher-king.InCharlemagne's perspective, he was a philosopher-king and dictator of Europe's faith. 2. The Church's shift into a secular institution. Members of the Church's hierarchy began to turn to worldliness 3. The Black Plague's impact on the Christian worldview. Religion had not answered in Europeans' time of need 4. PeterAbelardpromotedfaithandreasoninhisworkSIC ETNON.Faithinareligioncouldbecombinedwithhumanism to arrive at God. Faith was not the foe of reason

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Government & Rulers

1. The Pope determines an emperor. Pope Leo III made Charlemagne an emperor of the Roman empire 2. Division of an empire into kingdoms. Charlemagne divided his empire into three kingdoms and political boundaries were established in Europe 3. The collapse of the Roman empire allowed the Carolingians to succeed the Merovingian line of emperors. Charles Martel; Carolingian, introduced religious reforms to revive the Church's spirituality 4. Pope Zacharias was an individual with the greatest role in the division of an empire into kingdoms. The Pope enabled Pepin to be the ruler of the Frankish kingdom, and subsequently, the Carolingian empire. A division of the Carolingian empire into three kingdoms followed
CharlesMartel.

Human Nature
1. A reliance on the Church's dogma. Jacob Burckhardt writes of medieval Europe's position under a veil of faith and its inability to view the world objectively 2. Doubt, inquire, and perceive the truth 3. Peter Abelard's romance with Heloise showed an individual of faith having a relationship, and students began to follow Abelard's philosophicalpracticeofdoubt,inquire,andperceivethetruth foryourself 4. Peter Abelard had the greatest role in developing the practice of faith and reason. As universities were created, Peter Abelard spread his theology and philosophy to students. He also created a synthesisbetweenhavingfaithinareligion,andreasonable behaviour
JacobBurckhardt.

The Structure of Society

1. Feudalism was the structure of society. Serfs worked their lord's land in exchange for protection 2. An urban bourgeoisie is present in society as individuals form artisan guilds for self-gain. Cities expand in popularity and the aristocracy grows wealthier as a result 3. The Black Plague expressed individuals desire for a lifestyle of materialism. Laborers' conditions grew better after the plague's impact on the labour force and Europeans spent their increased pay on luxury goods 4. Pope Leo X enlightened Europeans to the benefits of materialismwiththewordsSinceGodhasgivenusthepapacy, letusenjoyit.ThewordenjoyindicatesPopeLeo'sprediction of capitalism

PopeLeoX.

Our World / Our Universe

1. Knowledgeisaccumulatedfromexperience.An individualmusthaveexperienceinasubjecttolearnit, stated Immanuel Kant 2. PlatocounteractedImmanuel'sstatement:Knowledge existswithoutexperience.Humanity'slaborto comprehend the world is futile given the eternal presence of knowledge 3. ImmanuelKant'sCritiqueofPureReasonhighlights thephilosophybehindPlato'sForms... 4. Platopromotedknowledgeexistspriortoexperience inthechapterALLEGORYOFTHECAVEofhisbook. Individuals of the Middle Ages would be able to understandknowledge'sformation

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The Canterbury Tales

The Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the late 13th century. Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is significant because it was written in vernacular, despite the Church's emphasis on writing in Latin.

GeoffreyChaucer.

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KnightsTemplarCoin
TheKnightsTemplarCoinisacoinassociatedwithPhilipIVLe Bel of the 13th century. Its significance lies in Philip IV Le Bel's torture and execution of Knights Templar members for heresy during The Crusades. Specifically, the coin refers to The Crusades's failure as a religious campaign.

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Bibliography

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