Mesh Free Methods for

Mesh Free Methods for

Fluid Dynamics Problems
Fluid Dynamics Problems
Remo
Remo
Minero
Minero
17 December, 2003
17 December, 2003
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 2 2
Outline
Outline
Introduction
Introduction
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)
Meshless
Meshless
Petrov
Petrov
-
-
Galerkin
Galerkin
Method (MPGM)
Method (MPGM)
Local Radial Point Interpolation Method (LRPIM)
Local Radial Point Interpolation Method (LRPIM)
Conclusions
Conclusions
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 3 3
Why
Why
Mfree
Mfree
methods in CFD?
methods in CFD?
Standard techniques (FDM, FVM, FEM) have limitations when
Standard techniques (FDM, FVM, FEM) have limitations when
dealing with:
dealing with:
large distortions large distortions
free surfaces free surfaces
deformable boundaries deformable boundaries

Remedies: re
Remedies: re
-
-
meshing techniques
meshing techniques
can be expensive and really complicated (especially in 3D) can be expensive and really complicated (especially in 3D)
MFree
MFree
methods
methods
Only displacement of points within the domain: easy insertion or Only displacement of points within the domain: easy insertion or
deletion of points deletion of points
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 4 4
Mfree
Mfree
methods for
methods for
PDEs
PDEs
: general idea
: general idea
Domain representation
Domain representation
node generation node generation
Representation of u (and
Representation of u (and
its derivatives) in a support
its derivatives) in a support
domain through shape
domain through shape
functions
functions
support domain definition support domain definition
shape function creation shape function creation
Plug in the representation of f
Plug in the representation of f
into the equations, get a
into the equations, get a
discrete equivalent, solve it
discrete equivalent, solve it
( ) ( ) ( )

=
=
n
1 i
i i
u u x x x x
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 5 5
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
Authors:
Authors:
Lucy (1977); Lucy (1977); Gingold Gingold and Monaghan (1977, 1982); Monaghan and Monaghan (1977, 1982); Monaghan
(1987, 1988) (1987, 1988)
Idea
Idea
Definitions:
Definitions:
kernel approximation and particle approximation kernel approximation and particle approximation
W = weight or smooth or kernel function W = weight or smooth or kernel function
h = smoothing length h = smoothing length
= support domain = support domain
( ) ( ) ( ) x x d u u =

+

( )
i
i
i
V h , W u
i
x x ( ) ( ) ( )

= x x d h , W u u
h
Exact integral representation of u(x)
SPH
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 6 6
Choice of the Weight Function
Choice of the Weight Function
h
d
i
x x
=
exponential weight function W3 =
quartic spline W2 =
cubic spline weight function
(defined piecewise)
W1 =
h variable from point to point !method very flexible
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 7 7
Properties of weight functions
Properties of weight functions
Positivity
Positivity
:
:
W W > 0, in > 0, in
Compactness:
Compactness:
W = 0, outside W = 0, outside
Unity:
Unity:
W( W( x x - - ,h) d ,h) d = 1 = 1
because of C because of C
0 0
consistency consistency
Monotonically decreasing
Monotonically decreasing
away from 0
Delta function behavior
in the limit
C
p
consistency if x x
p p
W( W( x x - - ,h) d ,h) d = 0 = 0
No C
1
consistency close to boundary:
Reproducing Kernel Particle Method
(RKPM) in order to guarantee it
away from 0
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 8 8
Navier
Navier
-
-
Stokes (NS) equations
Stokes (NS) equations
v =

Dt
D

= F
v
x
1
Dt
D

=
2
p
Dt
De
v
CONTINUITY EQ.
MOMENTUM EQ.
ENERGY EQ.

+ = p

=
( )

= v
x
v
x
v
3
2
being:
Newtonian fluid
The superscripts , , and denote the coordinate directions
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 9 9
Representation of variables
Representation of variables
Two steps in SPH:
Two steps in SPH:

Kernel approximation + Particle approximation

Kernel approximation + Particle approximation
For a PDE, we express also the derivatives of f
For a PDE, we express also the derivatives of f
ij
ij
ij
ij
ij
ij
ij
j i
ij i
r
W
r r
W
r
W

=
x x x

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
n
1 j
ij j
j
j
i
W f
m
f ( ) ( ) ( ) x x d h , W f f =

( ) ( ) ( ) h , r W h , W h , W W
ij j i j i ij
= = = x x x x
ij i j
n
1 j
j
j
i
W f
m
f
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

=
being:
being:
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 10 10
Discrete representation of NS equations
Discrete representation of NS equations

=
=
n
1 j
ij j
i
W m
( )

=
=

n
1 j
ij i j i j
i
W v v m
Dt
D

+
+

+
=

F
x x
v
n
1 j
i
ij
j i
j j i i
j
n
1 j
i
ij
j i
j i
j
i
W
m
W p p
m
Dt
D

= =

|
|
.
|

\
|

=

n
1 j
n
1 j
ij i ji
j
j
i
ij
ji
j
j
n
1 j
i
ij
ji
j
j
i
W
m
3
2
x
W
v
m
x
W
v
m
v

=

+

+
=
i i
i
i
ij
n
1 j
ij
j i
j i
j
i
2
W
p p
m
2
1
Dt
De
v
or
with:
1 2
2 1
vs
!mass conservation
but more CPU time and
some edge effect
2
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 11 11
Updating of smoothing length h
Updating of smoothing length h
Key role of h:
Key role of h:
h too small, n too small, results no accurate h too small, n too small, results no accurate
h too big, local information smoothed out h too big, local information smoothed out
h treated as a variable:
h treated as a variable:
known at the beginning: known at the beginning:
updated solving: updated solving:
ok for slow varying density, more complicated procedure for fast ok for slow varying density, more complicated procedure for fast
expansion/contraction (e.g. in gases) expansion/contraction (e.g. in gases)
( )
0
i
3
0
i
N
1 j
j
h
3
4
m
0
i
=

=
( )

=
n
i
N
1 j
ij
n
i
n
j
n
i j
D
n
i
n
i
n
i
D
n
i
n
i
n
i
W m
n
h
Dt
D
n
h
Dt
Dh
v v
n
D
= number of
dimensions
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 12 12
Problems close to the boundary
due to one side summation:
introduction of virtual points virtual points
outside the boundary with outside the boundary with
i i
, p , p
i i
and and v v
i i
for solid boundaries for solid boundaries
Efficient search of points
within the support domain
Code Structure
Code Structure
Numerical simulation of shocks:
avoids unphysical particle
penetration
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 13 13
Lid driven cavity problem
Lid driven cavity problem
x=0.5

y0.8
Re = 10 and 41x41 particles
Comparisons with FDM having the
same grid
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 14 14
Free Surface Flow
Free Surface Flow
S
H
Subscripts:
exp experiments
m Monaghan
p SPH
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 15 15
Meshless
Meshless
Petrov
Petrov
-
-
Galerkin
Galerkin
(MLPG) method
(MLPG) method
Authors:
Authors:

Lin and
Lin and
Atluri
Atluri
(2001); G.R. Liu and
(2001); G.R. Liu and
Yan
Yan
(2001)
(2001)
Procedure:
Procedure:

local residual formulation integrated over a local

local residual formulation integrated over a local
(simple)
(simple)
quadrature
quadrature
domain
domain

field variables approximated at any point using

field variables approximated at any point using
Moving Least Squares (MLS)
Moving Least Squares (MLS)
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 16 16
Moving Least Squares (MLS)
Moving Least Squares (MLS)

Approximation of u:
Approximation of u:

p
p
(
(
x
x
) = vector of polynomials (basis functions)
) = vector of polynomials (basis functions)

m = number of polynomials
m = number of polynomials

a
a
T T
(
(
x
x
) = { a
) = { a
0 0
(x) a
(x) a
1 1
(x) a
(x) a
m m
(x) } = vector to be
(x) } = vector to be
determined
determined
a
a
(
(
x
x
) depends on u(
) depends on u(
x
x
i i
), being x
), being x
i i
in
in

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x a x p x x x
T
j
m
1 j
j
h
a p u = =

=
n points here

17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 17 17
Determination of
Determination of
a
a
(
(
x
x
)
)
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]

=
=
n
1 i
2
i i
T
i
u W J x a x p x x
0
J
=

a
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

= = =

= =
n
1 i
i i
n
1 i
m
1 j
i ji
1
j
h
u u p x u x x B x A x
Existence of A
-1
if n>>m
weight function shape function
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 18 18
Properties of MLS
Properties of MLS
C
C
k k
consistency, if k the complete order of monomials in
consistency, if k the complete order of monomials in
p
p

easy to set the desired level of consistency

easy to set the desired level of consistency
No
No
Kronecker
Kronecker

function property:
function property:

special attention for essential BC

special attention for essential BC
Tasks for weight function W:
Tasks for weight function W:

give smaller weights to residuals

give smaller weights to residuals
far from x
far from x

ensure smoothness when x moves

ensure smoothness when x moves

in practice: same W as SPH

in practice: same W as SPH
( ) ( )

=
=
n
1 i
j i j i j
h
u u x x u
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 19 19
Navier
Navier
-
-
Stokes equations (
Stokes equations (

-
-

form)
form)

=
=
T T
x
T
Ra Pr Pr
2
2
2
u
u
y
u
x
v

=
x
v
y
u

=
( )
( )
0 d
0 d T T W
x
T
Ra Pr Pr W
0 d W
i
i
i
2
i
2
i
2
i
=

=
|
.
|

\
|

+
=

u
u
local residual formulation
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

=
=
=
=
=
=
n
1 i
i i
n
1 i
i i
n
1 i
i i
T T x x
x x
x x
derivatives to be expressed too !complicated
W = weight function;
used the same as SPH
strong form
= stream function
= vorticity
Pr = Prandtl number
Ra = Railegh number
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 20 20

T=cost
T=cost
T=cost
T
T
T
Ra = 10
3
Ra = 10
4
Ra = 10
5
Natural Convection
Natural Convection
in a Square Cavity
in a Square Cavity
special
treatment
for on the
boundary
driver
is T
Simulations with different distribution of points
256 x 256 257 x 257
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 21 21
Comparison with benchmark solution
Comparison with benchmark solution
Nu = local Nusselt number
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 22 22
Local Radial Point Interpolation Method
Local Radial Point Interpolation Method
(LRPIM)
(LRPIM)
Authors:
Authors:

G.R. Liu and

G.R. Liu and
Yan
Yan
(2001)
(2001)
Idea:
Idea:

want to have the

want to have the
Kronecker
Kronecker
delta function property in
delta function property in
order to better deal with BC
order to better deal with BC

still have field variables (and their derivatives)

still have field variables (and their derivatives)
expressed in terms of shape function
expressed in terms of shape function
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 23 23
Point Interpolation Method
Point Interpolation Method
( ) ( ) ( )a x p x x
T
n
1 i
i i
h
a p u = =

=
Polynomial based PIM; a to be determined
( ) n , , 1 i u
i
T
i
= = a x p
a determined imposing the Kronecker
delta function property
P = momentum matrix
Does P
-1
exist?
Pa U = U P
1
a

=
( ) ( ) ( )
i
n
1 i
i
1 T h
u ) ( u

=

= = = x U x U P x p x
u expressed in terms of
shape function
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 24 24
Characteristics of PIM
Characteristics of PIM
P
-1
does not exist with this
configuration of points
Remedy 1: a small shift
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 25 25
Radial Point Interpolation Method (RPIM)
Radial Point Interpolation Method (RPIM)
( ) ( ) ( )a x R x
T
i
n
1 i
i
h
a R x u = =

=
( ) ( ) r R R
i i
= x ( ) ( )
2
i
2
i
y y x x r + =
R
i
radial basis functions
being (in 2D):
( ) ( )

=
i
i i
h
u u x x
Momentum matrix R symmetric and invertible for any distribution of points
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 26 26
Solve equations + results
Solve equations + results
Plug in f(x) =
Plug in f(x) =

i i
f
f
i i
(and the derivatives of f)
(and the derivatives of f)
in local
in local
residual form of
residual form of
Navier
Navier
-
-
Stokes equations
Stokes equations
17 Dec, 2003 17 Dec, 2003 Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems Mesh free methods for fluid dynamics problems 27 27
Conclusions
Conclusions
Mfree
Mfree
methods interesting for CFD problems to
methods interesting for CFD problems to
overcome some limitations of traditional methods
overcome some limitations of traditional methods
Several
Several
MFree
MFree
methods applied in CFD:
methods applied in CFD:

they differ for shape construction

they differ for shape construction

they show good accuracy in some test problems

they show good accuracy in some test problems
Critics
Critics
Some details missing, e.g. how to deal with BC
Some details missing, e.g. how to deal with BC