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Exam 2 - Chapter 9 Possible Test Questions
Exam 2 - Chapter 9 Possible Test Questions
ATP
oxygen
glycolysis
cytosol
isomerase
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
macromolecule
that
allows
pyruvate
to
enter
mitochondria
transport protein
genera6on of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respira6on
Chemiosmosis fermenta1on
extension of glycolysis when O2 is absent metabolic sequence that breaks faFy acids down to two-carbon fragments
beta oxida1on
aerobic respira1on
oxydized pyruvate
acetyl CoA
the enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
proteins that are remaining electron carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen the last cytochrome of the electron transport chain Where most of the energy of fat is stored
faCy acids
Fats
make
excellent
fuel
because
their
chemical
structure
and
high
energy
of
electrons,
compared
to
carbohydrates.
One
gram
of
fat
oxidized
by
respira1on
produces
more
than
twice
as
much
ATP
as
a
gram
of
carbohydrate,
and
the
body
has
so
many
calories
stockpiled
in
each
gram
of
fat.
What
does
a
nega6ve
G
indicate? A
nega1ve
G
indicates
that
the
products
of
the
chemical
process
store
less
energy
than
the
reactants
and
that
the
reac1on
can
happen
spontaneously,
without
an
input
of
energy.
Name
the
molecules
that
conserve
most
of
the
energy
from
the
citric
acid
cycles
redox
reac6ons.
How
is
this
energy
converted
to
a
form
that
can
be
used
to
make
ATP?
NADH
and
FADH2;
they
donate
electrons
to
the
electron
transport
chain.
Is
glycolysis
dependent
on
oxygen?
What
happens
if
O2
is
present?
Glycolysis
occurs
whether
or
not
O2
is
present.
However,
if
O2
is
present,
the
chemical
energy
stored
in
pyruvate
and
NADH
can
be
extracted
by
pyruvate
oxida1on,
the
citric
acid
cycle,
and
oxida1ve
phosphoryla1on.
What
are
the
redox
reac6ons
in
a
reac6on
between
methane
and
oxygen?
Why?
The degree of electron sharing changes. When methane forms with CO2, electrons end up shared less equally between carbon and oxygen. So, the carbon atom has par1ally lost its shared electrons and methane is oxidized.
An
electron
lose
poten1al
energy
when
it
shiSs
from
a
less
electronega1ve
atom
toward
a
more
electronega1ve
one.
What
is
the
func6on
of
dehydronases
in
NAD+?
Enzymes
which
remove
a
pair
of
hydrogen
atoms
(2
electrons
and
2
protons)
from
substrate
(eg.
Glucose).
Dehydrogenases
deliver
these
two
electrons
and
one
proton
to
NAD+
another
way
to
ask
this
ques6on: How
does
NAD+
trap
electrons
from
glucose
and
other
organic
molecules?
Enzymes
called
dehydrogenases
remove
a
pair
of
hydrogen
atoms
(2
electrons
and
2
protons)
from
the
substrate,
thereby
oxidizing
it.
The
enzyme
delivers
the
2
electrons
along
with
1
proton
to
its
coenzyme,
NAD+
.
The
other
proton
is
released
as
a
hydrogen
ion
(H+)
into
the
surrounding
solu1on
What
is
the
similarity
between
the
reac6on
of
breaking
down
glucose
and
the
electron
transfer
from
NADH
to
oxygen?
They
are
both
exergonic,
meaning
they
are
spontaneous
reac1ons
with
a
release
of
free
energy.
(both
free
energy
changes
are
nega1ve)
What
are
the
end
products
of
glycoloysis
(per
glucose
molecule)?
What is the consequence of electronega6ve oxygen not pulling electrons down the chain?
fermenta1on
regenerates
NAD+,
which
can
take
part
in
glycolysis
once
again
to
produce
more
ATP.
Why
do
salt
marshes
smell
like
roFen
eggs?
It
does
not
use
oxygen
as
a
nal
electron
acceptor.
Sulfate-reducing
marine
bacteria
can
use
sulfate
ion,
the
end
product
is
H2S
and
not
H2O. State
one
signicant
dierence,
as
menBoned
in
parenthesis,
between
the
following:
NAD+
and
NADH
(redox
reac6ons)
NAD+- oxidizing agent it accepts electrons from other molecules NADH- a reducing agent, dona1ng electrons
NADH-
one
equivalent
to
2.5
ATP FADH2-
one
equivalent
to
1.5
ATP
uphill
neighbor
and
downhill
neighbor
(redox
reac6ons)
uphill-
each
component
gets
reduced
when
it
accepts
electrons downhill-
same
component
gets
oxidized
as
it
passes
electrons
ADP
to
ATP
and
breakdown
of
glucose
(reac6on
types)
alcohol
fermenta1on-
yeast:
brewing,
winemaking,
baking lac1c
acid
fermenta1on-
dairy
industry:
cheese,
yogurt
obligate
anaerobes
and
faculta6ve
anaerobes
(oxygen)
obligate anaerobes- organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen faculta1ve anaerobes- organism that can survive in the presence of oxygen or without oxygen Draw and label the following: NaCl redox reac6ons
Make sure to review and know: glycolysis, the calvin cycle, and the TEC