III European Conference on Computational Mechanics

Solids, Structures and Coupled Problems in Engineering

C.A. Mota Soares et.al. (eds.)
Lisbon, Portugal, 58 June 2006
THREE-DIMENSIONAL VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF CRYSTAL
PLATES VIA RITZ METHOD
Qian LI
1
and VaiPan IU
2
1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Macau
Macao SAR, PRC
e-mail: ya27405@umac.mo
2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Macau
Macao SAR, PRC
e-mail: vaipaniu@umac.mo
Keywords: Three-dimensional Vibration, Crystal Plate, Chebyshev Polynomial, Ritz Method.
Abstract. Three-dimensional vibration of rectangular Y-cut crystal plate has been investigated
in this paper. The three displacements components of plate are expanded in three directions
by series of Chebyshev polynomial multiplied by the boundary function R which makes ex-
pansions satisfy the essential boundary conditions along the edges. The eigenvalue matrix for
natural vibration frequencies is obtained for rectangular crystal plate by Ritz method and then
solved by computer program. The result of an innite plate excited by thickness-shear defor-
mation parallel to one edge is proved by exact solutions. The natural free vibration frequencies
of rectangular Y-cut crystal plate of are compared with those by nite element method. The
agreements are close. Besides, convergence study demonstrates the high efciency. Finally, the
free vibration mode shapes of clamped square Y-cut crystal are plotted.
1
Qian LI and VaiPan IU
1 INTRODUCTION
Exact solutions of three-dimensional equations of plates always have been pursued by many
researchers for 3-D vibration analysis on the basis of linear, small strain elasticity theory which
does not rely on any hypothesis. Such analysis not only provides realistic results but also brings
out physical insights, which can not be predicted by the two-dimensional analysis. Attempts
have been made for 3-D vibration analysis of rectangular plates with general boundary condi-
tions in the recent decades.
Early efforts on numerical vibration analysis through 3-D elasticity equations include the
work of Cheung and Chakrabarti [1] who used the nite layer method to study the vibration of
thick rectangular plates with general boundary conditions. Fromme and Leissa [2], Hutchinson
and Zillimer [3] used the series solution method to analyze the free vibration of a completely
free parallelepiped. Malik and Bert [4] and Liew and Teo [5] used the differential quadrature
(DQ) method to analyze the vibration characteristics of rectangular plates, and so on. There are
too many researchers pursuing the 3-D solutions to be mentioned here due to the limited paper
length.
Mathematically, Ritz method is a good approach to deduce the 3-D governing equations
through energy equations. Various authors have reported on applications of Ritz method to 3-D
vibration analysis of plates. Leissa and Zhang [6] used simple algebraic polynomials and Liew
[7, 8, 9] used orthogonal polynomials as admissible functions in Ritz method to analyze plates.
Cheung and Zhou [10, 11] analyzed the 3-D vibration of rectangular and triangular plates and
tori with circular cross-section by using Chebyshev polynomials as the admissible functions.
The choice of polynomials or series as admissible functions is vital to approach the different
methods. For example, on the road to pursue the two-dimensional equations of plates from 3-D
theory of elasticity, different series or polynomials were employed. Mindlin rst introduced
his approximate two-dimensional equations for elastic plates [12] based on the series expan-
sion methods of Cauchy [13] and Poisson [14] and variational method of Kirchhoff [15]. Lee
and Nikodem[16] also deduced the two-dimensional equations for elastic plates by employ-
ing the same general procedure as Mindlin, but using a trigonometric series expansion. This
trigonometric function series expansion later was improved by Lee [17] for these series lack
the proportional term. Lee added an additional proportional term, which contributed to annul
shear correction factors, in his new 2-D theory. Chebyshev polynomial series were utilized by
Cheung and Zhou [10, 11] as mentioned before. These series have good properties of that it is
a set of complete and orthogonal series in the interval [1, 1].
In this paper, Chebyshev polynomial series are used to expand the displacements of plate in
the application of Ritz method to analyze 3-D vibration of crystal plates. The numerical results
of an innite plate excited by thickness-shear deformation parallel to one edge is veried by
exact solutions. The natural free vibration frequencies of rectangular Y-cut crystal plates are
compared with those nite element method. Convergence rate is also studied. And nally, the
free vibration mode shapes of clamped square Y-cut crystal plate are plotted.
2 DERIVATION IN RITZ METHOD PROCEDURE
A plate is referred to an x
1
, x
2
, x
3
system of rectangular coordinates. The geometry of the
rectangular crystal plate is shown in Figure 1. The plate has a length 2a, a width 2b, and a
uniform thickness 2h. The faces of the plate are the planes x
2
= h, and axes are parallel to
the edges of the plate. The corresponding displacement components at generic points are u
1
,
u
2
, and u
3
in the x
1
, x
2
, and x
3
directions, respectively.
2
Qian LI and VaiPan IU
Figure 1: Geometry of rectangular crystal plate with uniform thickness.
The linear elastic strain energy V for the rectangular plate can be written in integral form as
V =
1
2
_
b
b
_
h
h
_
a
a
c
ijkl
S
ij
S
kl
dx
1
dx
2
dx
3
(1)
where c
ijkl
is the elastic stiffness coefcient; S
ij
=
1
2
_
u
i
x
j
+
u
j
x
i
_
is strain component; the
subscripts i, j, k, l = 1, 2, 3.
The kinetic energy K of the plate can be written as
K =
1
2

_
b
b
_
h
h
_
a
a
_
_
_
u
1
t
_
2
+
_
u
2
t
_
2
+
_
u
3
t
_
2
_
_
dx
1
dx
2
dx
3
(2)
where is the material mass density per unit volume; u
i
(i = 1, 2, 3) is the displacement
component of plate.
The maximum energy function of the plate is
= V
max
K
max
(3)
V
max
and K
max
mentioned above are obtained from equations (1) and (2), respectively.
In the case of a plate undergoing free vibration, its periodic displacement components can
be expressed in terms of the displacement amplitude functions:
u
i
= U
i
e
it
(i = 1, 2, 3) (4)
where denotes the natural frequency of the plate and i =

1 . The amplitude functions U

i
are expressed as
U
1
= U
0
1
+

l
A
l

l
U
2
= U
0
2
+

m
B
m

m
U
3
= U
0
3
+

n
C
n

n
(5)
where U
0
i
(i = 1, 2, 3) is specied function; A
l
, B
m
, and C
n
are unknown constants to be
determined;
l
,
m
, and
n
are suitably chosen coordinate functions. By applying Ritz method,
substituting (4) into (3) and minimizing the function with respect to the coefcients of (5),

A
l
= 0

B
m
= 0

C
n
= 0 (6)
where the subscripts l, m, n = 1, 2, 3, . . ., leads to the eigenvalue equations.
3
Qian LI and VaiPan IU
3 THICKNESS-SHEAR VIBRATION OF AN INFINITE PLATE
The exact solution of the three-dimensional equations for thickness-shear vibration parallel
to an axis (i.e. x
1
axis) is obtained by setting
u
1
= (Asin Px
2
+ B cos Px
2
)e
it
(7)
u
2
= 0
u
3
= 0
The exact solution of equations of motion gives the circular frequency of rst mode =

2h

c
66

.
The corresponding displacement components u
i
in (4) are reduced to
u
1
=
_

l
A
l
P
l
()
_
e
it
u
2
= u
3
= 0 (8)
where =
x
2
h
[1, 1]; P
l
(), (l = 1, 2, 3, . . .) is the one-dimensional lth Chebyshev polyno-
mial [18]:
P
l
() = cos[(l 1) arccos()] (9)
Table 1 shows the comparison of the rst eight frequency parameters of thickness-shear
vibration of innite Y-cut crystal plate obtained from Ritz method with analytical solutions.
To facilitate comparison, the non-dimensional frequency parameter is introduced as =


.
Good agreements have been observed for both symmetric and anti-symmetric modes.
Modes Method
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8
Anti-sym Analytical 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0
Present 1.000 3.000 5.000 7.000 9.000 11.000 13.000 15.001
Symmetric Analytical 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0
Present 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 11.998 14.000 16.000
Table 1: Comparison of the rst eight frequency parameters of thickness-shear vibration of innite Y-cut crystal
plates for antisymmetric and symmetric modes.
4 FREE VIBRATION OF RECTANGULAR CRYSTAL PLATES
The plate in Figure 1 is considered for 3-D vibration analysis in this section. The amplitude
functions U
i
have to be expressed in triplicate summations in three directions. For coding and
derivational convenience, the following non-dimensional parameters are introduced rst
=
x
1
a
=
x
2
h
=
x
3
b
(10)
where , , [1, 1]. Each of the mechanical displacement amplitude functions U
1
(, , ),
U
2
(, , ), and U
3
(, , ) in (Eq. 4) is written in the form of the triplicate series of Chebyshev
polynomial:
U
1
(, , ) = R
u
1

i=0

j=0

k=0
A
ijk
P
i
()P
j
()P
k
() (11)
4
Qian LI and VaiPan IU
U
2
(, , ) = R
u
2

l=0

m=0

n=0
B
lmn
P
l
()P
m
()P
n
()
U
3
(, , ) = R
u
3

p=0

q=0

r=0
C
pqr
P
p
()P
q
()P
r
()
where R

, ( = u
1
, u
2
, u
3
) are R-functions [19] and served here to make it sure that U
i
satisfy
the essential boundary conditions along the edges. In this paper,
R
u
1
= 1
2
(12)
R
u
2
= (1
2
)(1
2
)
R
u
3
= 1
2
for simply supported condition;
R
u
1
= (1
2
)(1
2
) (13)
R
u
2
= (1
2
)(1
2
)
R
u
3
= (1
2
)(1
2
)
for clamped condition.
Minimizing the maximum energy function with respect to the coefcients A
ijk
, B
lmn
, and
C
pqr
yields the eigenvalue matrix:
_
_
_
_

_
K
11
K
12
K
13
K
T
12
K
22
K
23
K
T
13
K
T
23
K
33
_

_
2
_

_
M
11
0 0
0 M
22
0
0 0 M
33
_

_
_
_
_
_

_
A
B
C
_

_
= 0 (14)
where A, B, and C are the column vectors containing unknown coefcients, A
ijk
, B
lmn
, and
C
pqr
, respectively; the superscript
T
denotes the transpose action. The elements of the stiffness
submatrices Kand mass submatrices Mare listed below
K
11
=
bh
a
c
1111

1,1
,u
1
iu
1
i

0,0
,jj

0,0
,u
1
ku
1
k
+
ah
4b
c
1313

0,0
,u
1
iu
1
i

0,0
,jj

1,1
,u
1
ku
1
k
(15a)
+
a
4
c
1312

0,0
,u
1
iu
1
i

1,0
,jj

0,1
,u
1
ku
1
k
+
a
4
c
1312

0,0
,u
1
iu
1
i

0,1
,jj

1,0
,u
1
ku
1
k
+
ab
4h
c
1212

0,0
,u
1
iu
1
i

1,1
,jj

0,0
,u
1
ku
1
k
K
12
= bc
1122

1,0
,u
1
iu
2
l

0,1
,jm

0,0
,u
1
ku
2
n
+
h
2
c
1123

1,0
,u
1
iu
2
l

0,0
,jm

0,1
,u
1
ku
2
n
(15b)
+
h
4
c
1312

0,1
,u
1
iu
2
l

0,0
,jm

1,0
,u
1
ku
2
n
+
b
4
c
1212

0,1
,u
1
iu
2
l

1,0
,jm

0,0
,u
1
ku
2
n
K
13
= hc
1133

1,0
,u
1
iu
3
p

0,0
,jq

0,1
,u
1
ku
3
r
+
b
2
c
1123

1,0
,u
1
iu
3
p

0,1
,jq

0,0
,u
1
ku
3
r
(15c)
+
h
4
c
1313

0,1
,u
1
iu
3
p

0,0
,jq

1,0
,u
1
ku
3
r
+
b
4
c
1312

0,1
,u
1
iu
3
p

1,0
,jq

0,0
,u
1
ku
3
r
K
22
=
ab
h
c
2222

0,0
,u
2
lu
2
l

1,1
,mm

0,0
,u
2
nu
2
n
+
a
2
c
2223

0,0
,u
2
lu
2
l

0,1
,mm

1,0
,u
2
nu
2
n
(15d)
+
a
2
c
2223

0,0
,u
2
lu
2
l

1,0
,mm

0,1
,u
2
nu
2
n
+
ah
4b
c
2323

0,0
,u
2
lu
2
l

0,0
,mm

1,1
,u
2
nu
2
n
5
Qian LI and VaiPan IU
+
bh
4a
c
1212

1,1
,u
2
lu
2
l

0,0
,mm

0,0
,u
2
nu
2
n
K
23
= ac
2233

0,0
,u
2
lu
3
p

1,0
,mq

0,1
,u
2
nu
3
r
+
ab
2h
c
2223

0,0
,u
2
lu
3
p

1,1
,mq

0,0
,u
2
nu
3
r
(15e)
+
a
4
c
2323

0,0
,u
2
lu
3
p

0,1
,mq

1,0
,u
2
nu
3
r
+
bh
4a
c
1312

1,1
,u
2
lu
3
p

0,0
,mq

0,0
,u
2
nu
3
r
K
33
=
ah
b
c
3333

0,0
,u
3
pu
3
p

0,0
,qq

1,1
,u
3
ru
3
r
+
ab
4h
c
2323

0,0
,u
3
pu
3
p

1,1
,qq

0,0
,u
3
ru
3
r
(15f)
+
bh
4a
c
1313

1,1
,u
3
pu
3
p

0,0
,qq

0,0
,u
3
ru
3
r
M
11
= abh
0,0
,u
1
iu
1
i

0,0
,jj

0,0
,u
1
ku
1
k
(16a)
M
22
= abh
0,0
,u
2
lu
2
l

0,0
,mm

0,0
,u
2
nu
2
n
(16b)
M
33
= abh
0,0
,u
3
pu
3
p

0,0
,qq

0,0
,u
3
ru
3
r
(16c)
For the describable convenience, the operators

, and

are used in above equations

and they are dened as

s, s
,
=
_
1
1
d
s
[f
(1)

()P

()]
d
s

d
s
[f
(1)

()P

()]
d
s
d (17a)

s, s
,
=
_
1
1
d
s
P

()
d
s

d
s
P

()
d
s
d (17b)

s, s
,
=
_
1
1
d
s
[f
(2)

()P

()]
d
s

d
s
[f
(2)

()P

()]
d
s
d (17c)
where
s, s = 0, 1, (18)
, = u
1
, u
2
, u
3
,
, = i, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r
Solving the eigenvalue equation (14) yields the frequency . The mode shapes corresponding
to each eigenvalue may be obtained by back substitution of the eigenvalues one by one in the
usual manner.
The following examples of four clamped edges and four simply supported edges plates are
carried out under the procedures described before. The trial rectangular Y-cut crystal plates are
of three different edge lengths (a = 25mm, b = 25, 15, 10mm) and two different thicknesses (t =
0.1, 0.5mm). In the computation of present method, 11611 terms of admissible functions for
each displacement function were used. The nite element models in ABAQUS analysis were
meshed by shell and solid element types according to their thickness t = 0.1mm and 0.5mm,
respectively. The rst 20 frequencies are plotted in Figure 2. The dot-lines are the results from
ABAQUS and others are the results obtained from present method. The numbers in the legends
denote the geometry properties of the plate: length, width, and thickness, respectively. It also is
shown that the results from present method and ABAQUS have a good agreement.
6
Qian LI and VaiPan IU
0 5 10 15 20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 10
5
Modes
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
H
z
)
25250.1
25150.1
25100.1
25250.5
25150.5
25100.5
(a)
0 5 10 15 20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
x 10
5
Modes
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
H
z
)
25250.1
25150.1
25100.1
25250.5
25150.5
25100.5
(b)
Figure 2: Comparison of the rst 20 natural vibration frequencies of rectangular crystal plate: (a) clamped plate
(b) simply supported plate.
5 CONVERGENCE STUDY
Theoretically, the Ritz method could provide the solutions as accurate as we want. In this
study, the efciency of solutions depends greatly on the choice of displacement components
amplitude functions U
i
. The natural frequencies obtained by Ritz method converge as upper
bounds to the exact values and these upper bound estimates can be improved by increasing the
number of terms of admissible functions in the computation. It is a balance problem of cost
and accuracy. In fact, a practical limit to the number of terms used always exists because of
the limited speed, the capacity and the numerical accuracy of computers. Zhou studied the
convergence rate, the numerical stability and accuracy of Ritz method for isotropic plate in his
paper [11]. The frequencies monotonically decrease and approach the exact values with the
increase in the number of terms of admissible functions.
In present study, square Y-cut quartz plates with four clamped edges are taken as an example
for the simple convergence studies. The dimension of the plate is 25 25 0.807mm. Bech-
manns values [20] for Y-cut quartz referred to the principal axis of crystal symmetry, in units
of 10
10
N/m
2
, are c
11
= c
22
= 8.674, c
12
= 0.699, c
13
= c
23
= 1.191, c
14
= c
56
= c
24
=
1.791, c
33
= 10.72, c
44
= c
55
= 5.794, c
66
= 3.988. All the computations were performed in
double precision and the integrals were evaluated analytically in (17).
0 5 10 15 20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x 10
5
Modes
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
H
z
)
838
848
858
939
949
959
10310
10410
10510
Figure 3: Convergence of frequencies of square Y-cut crystal plate with four clamped edges.
Figure 3 shows the convergence of rst 20 frequencies of square crystal plate. The numbers
in legend refer to the number of terms in displacement amplitude functions expansions along x
1
,
7
Qian LI and VaiPan IU
x
2
, and x
3
directions, respectively. The number of terms in sides is needed greater than that in
thickness for the length and width dimensions are larger than thicknesss one. In general, more
terms are needed with the increasing dimension of one direction. From this gure, it is seen
that the convergence rate is very rapid. The frequencies monotonically decrease and approach
certain values with the increase in the number of terms of admissible functions. The few terms
can obtain the reasonable frequencies of rst few modes, and the small number of admissible
functions terms mainly leads to the deviation of high mode frequencies.
6 SHAPES OF MODES
1
0
1
1
0
1
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5

R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
Relative displacements
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s

c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
,

u
1
u
2
u
3
(a) 1st mode (exural, = 273.06 kHz)
1
0
1
1
0
1
0.5
0
0.5

R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
Relative displacements
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s

c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
,

u
1
u
2
u
3
(b) 2nd mode (exural, = 425.47 kHz)
1
0
1
1
0
1
0.5
0
0.5

R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
Relative displacements
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s

c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
,

u
1
u
2
u
3
(c) 3rd mode (exural, = 471.99 kHz)
1
0
1
1
0
1
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4

R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.1
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
Relative displacements
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s

c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
,

u
1
u
2
u
3
(d) 4th mode (exural, = 579.21 kHz)
1
0
1
1
0
1
0.5
0
0.5

R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.1
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
Relative displacements
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s

c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
,

u
1
u
2
u
3
(e) 5th mode (exural, = 619.94 kHz)
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0.5
0
0.5
1

R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
Relative displacements
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s

c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
,

u
1
u
2
u
3
(f) 6th mode (thickness extensional, = 721.96
kHz)
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0.5
0
0.5
1

R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
Relative displacements
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s

c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
,

u
1
u
2
u
3
(g) 7th mode (exural, = 745.41 kHz)
1
0
1
1
0
1
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4

R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

d
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
Relative displacements
T
h
i
c
k
n
e
s
s

c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
,

u
1
u
2
u
3
(h) 8th mode (exural, = 745.95 kHz)
Figure 4: Deected shapes of the rst eight modes for the plates with clamped edges.
8
Qian LI and VaiPan IU
The shapes of modes of vibration can be determined very easily by back substitution of the
eigenvalues, one by one, in the usual manner. In this section, the free vibration analysis of
clamped square Y-cut crystal plate is carried out. The edge length and thickness of the plate are
25mm and 5mm, respectively. The deected shapes of rst eight modes are plotted in Figure
4 by substituting the eigenvectors back into (11). The left surfs in each subgures show the
relative displacement amplitudes of u
2
in the middle plane ( = 0); and right curves are the
amplitudes of u
1
, u
2
, and u
3
of the midline ( = 0, = 0) at the center of plate along the
thickness respectively.
It is shown that the rst ve modes are rst exural mode and its overtones and the sixth is
the thickness extensional mode. Then it switches back to rst exural overtones. Because Y-cut
crystal is of trigonal with x
3
the trigonal axis and x
1
a diagonal axis, the free vibration modes
are not symmetric even of the symmetric geometry and support conditions.
7 CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the three-dimensional eigenvalue equations for natural vibration of Y-cut crys-
tal plates are deduced based on the linear, small strain 3-D elasticity theory via Ritz method
and displacement components expansion by Chebyshev polynomials multiplying boundary R-
functions. The results of thickness-shear vibration of an innite plate are obtained and veried
by exact solutions. Another example of free vibration characteristics of rectangular Y-cut crystal
plates have been investigated and compared with the result froma nite element code ABAQUS.
Both comparisons show the good accuracy. Besides, due to the constant and proportional terms
in Chebyshev polynomial series, the convergence studies reveal the rapid convergence rate and
high efciency. Finally, the deected shapes are plotted to demonstrate the vibration modes.
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