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MorcomY3Lecture3 1314 Preview
MorcomY3Lecture3 1314 Preview
MorcomY3Lecture3 1314 Preview
POODLE
VIOLIN
LEVEL 3:MEMORY
Lecture2 DeclarativeMemory Dr.AlexaMorcom Lectures14
2
BICYCLE
SNAKE
Somethingstotrytorememberforlater
OVERVIEW
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WHATS IN A RECOLLECTION?
Wewent to the What did Ido cinema terrible formylast filmbutagreat birthday? barafterwards!
Associations betweendetails e.g.didyougo toseethisfilm withhim?Or her?
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Familiarityasanexperience inrecognition Thebutcheronthebusphenomenon Fast, ,feelsautomaticandcanbestrong g but containsnodetailandnocontext Notatrueepisodicmemory norecollection,i.e., relivingofthepast(Tulving 1985) (doesnotapplytoRecall tests)
Fluentprocessing(~=priming)plususeofaheuristic
(Huppert&Piercy,1978)
Aweakformofrecollection(Squire,1994) Aseparatememoryprocess(Eichenbaum,1994)
Colleague?Fromthecornershop?
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Eichenbaum etal.(2007)
Deephits=shallowhits
Deephits>shallowhits
Rugg etal.(2002)
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10/4/2013
EPISODIC MEMORY
MentalTimeTravelTulving (1972;1983) Linkedwithaspecifictimeandplace context
involvedinRememberinganevent
Asenseoffamiliaritymaynotbe accompaniedbyvividepisodicmemorywith contextual ld details il i.e. i Recollection R ll i TheERPfindingsofadoubledissociation suggestthatfamiliarityreflectsaseparate processfromrecollection,althoughthisis debated.
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Theeventcouldbeawordfromalistora
personalevent
DifferentfromSemanticMemory,i.e.,factual
Knowledge thisisacontextual
relivingthepast
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Thisreinstatementoftheretrievedepisodemay
underlie d l the h subjective b experienceof frecollection ll
Thehippocampusisrequiredforencodingepisodes Itisalsoinvolvedinrecollectingthem,atleastfor
Event1
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recentepisodes
(seeLecture2) (Also:roleofcontrol,e.g.byprefrontalcortex)
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WouldyounoticeiftheUniversityLibrarywasknocked
down?
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Changeblindness
Rosielle&Scaggs(2008)
10/4/2013
Trytorememberthesewords
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Readthislistofwordsandcountthe numberofvowelsineach
Canyouthinkofanothermethodthatmight
makethemstickinyourmemorybetter?
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Howmanyoftheitemsonthefirstslidecan youremember?
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check
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Ant Yarn Zipper Skewer Pheasant Bulldozer Bear Chariot Tabby Airbed
Living/nonliving
Syllablecounting
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Wigwam Larva Bagpipes Shoelace Pendant Snail Gazelle Cello Gorse Stetson
Ant Yarn Zipper Skewer Pheasant Bulldozer Bear Chariot Tabby Airbed
Didyouremembermoreofthewordsfromthe
vowelcountinglist?
orfromtheliving/nonlivingjudgementlist?
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LEVELS OF PROCESSING
DRAGON
Shallowprocessing Appearanceupper/lowercase? LessShallow DoesitrhymewithWagon DeepProcessing Meaning:MythicalFlyingCreature? DeeperProcessingLeadstoBetterRecall. (EK6 onlinedemonstration) Craik &Lockhart(1972) NomemorySystems,just
differentLevelsofProcessing.Deeper=better.
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SUBSEQUENT MEMORYPARADIGM
FunctionalMRIstudy MeasurebrainactivityinMRIscannerwhilst
peoplestudynewwordlists
Ifwecanencodeindifferentways,brainactivity
associatedwithdeepandshallowencodingshould bedifferentinkind differentregions Study: S1 S2 S3 S4
SUBSEQUENT MEMORYPARADIGM
SUBSEQUENT MEMORYPARADIGM
vs. Subsequently Remembered Subsequently Forgotten BRAIN ACTIVITY
Study: S1 Test:
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Study: S2 S3 S4 Test:
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S1
S2
S3
S4
Remembered:S1,S3
Forgotten:S2,S4
Remembered:S1,S3
Forgotten:S2,S4
Brainactivityassociatedwith
deepandshallowencodingis differentinkind Leftinferiorfrontalcortex semanticprocessing Leftparietalcortex phonologicalprocessing
STORAGE
RETRIEVAL Behaviouralmeasures
Shallow task
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Otten etal.,2001
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EVALUATION:LEVELS OF PROCESSING
Episodicmemoryencodingislargelyincidentaland canbedifferentfordifferentevents Howwethinkaboutthingsismoreimportantthan whetherwetrytolearnthem Aprocessingviewofmemory whatmattersis notarchitectureorSystemsbutvaryingprocesses (actions) Memoriesarenotabstractionsbutrelatedtothe processesthatgeneratedthem
Roediger,Gallo,Geraci 2002
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INTERIM SUMMARY:EPISODIC
ENCODING
Episodicmemoryencodingislargelyincidentaland canbedifferentfordifferentevents Howwethinkaboutthingsismoreimportantthan whetherwetrytolearnthem Aprocessingviewofmemory whatmattersis notarchitectureorSystemsbutvaryingprocesses (actions) Memoriesarenotabstractionsbutrelatedtothe processesthatgeneratedthem
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Roediger,Gallo,Geraci 2002
STORY MEMORY
Doubleneuropsychologicaldissociations?
Hippocampaldamageimpairsepisodicmemory,
with(largely)intactsemanticmemory
Semanticdementia(anteriortemporalcortical
damage):selectiveimpairmentofknowledge,& (relatively)preservedepisodicmemory,atleastif emphasiseperceptualinformation But episodicmemoryisnotatnormallevels
Spiers etal.(2001);Grahametal.(2001);EK6chapter7
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Bransford &Johnson1972
10/4/2013
Tse etal.(2007);VanKesteren,Hensonetal.(2012)
ANOTE ON AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL
MEMORY
Testedpsychologystudentsimmediatelyafteralecture
courseandinadelayedtest(exam)
Episodicmemorymayunderlie
Autobiographicalmemory allacquired viap personally yexperienced p events
Immediatelyafterlectures lectures,betterperformingstudents
Rememberedfactsinaparticularlecture
Atdelayedtest,theyKnewtheFactsratherthan
Rememberedthelecture
Butalso therearepersonalfactsand
knowledgestructures
SuggestsashiftfromEpisodictoSemanticMemoryand
generalisation beyondinitialcontext.
TheoriesofAutobiographicalmemoryas
differentandrelatedtoselfschema (e.g. Gilboa etal.,2004)
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Or,possibly,schemadependentfastacquisition.
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DISCUSSION:MEMORY &STUDYING
Whichapproacheswillhelp?E.g.
Readingthroughatextbookchapterorlecture Summarisingalectureorchapter Rote R rehearsal h lof fthe h material i l Testingyourselfonthematerial Gettinginterestedinthematerial Drawingadiagram
(NB:Individualdifferences)
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ThinkaboutWHY theywill/willnothelp
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DISCUSSION:MEMORY &STUDYING
JoshuaFoer
"At the front door, I saw my friend Liz vivisecting a pig (two of hearts, two of diamonds diamonds, three of hearts) "
Whichapproacheswillhelp?E.g.
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Readingthroughatextbookchapterorlecture Summarisingalectureorchapter Rote R rehearsal h lof fthe h material i l Testingyourselfonthematerial Gettinginterestedinthematerial Drawingadiagram
(NB:Individualdifferences)
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ThinkaboutWHY theywill/willnothelp
STORAGE
RETRIEVAL
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STAGES OF MEMORY
Whathappensatencoding isimportant
Recognition
Haveyouseenthispersonbefore? Cueistheitem,yourecallthecontext
C drecall Cued ll
Whatisthispersonsname? Cueisassociatedwiththeitemorcontext
Freerecall
Whatmattersatthetimeofeventualretrieval?
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SeeKarpicke &Roediger,Science,2008
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Latercuedforrecall
WordrelatedtoStrawberryintheoriginallist? Musicalinstrumentintheoriginallist?
Difficult becausetheinformationwasencodedina
differentcontext.
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Tulving &Thomson(1973)
Morrisetal.(1977);Tulving (1983)
TRANSFERAPPROPRIATE PROCESSING
0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0 50 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20
Standard test
Whenaskedifitemsare oldornew,people remembered semantically encodedonesbest (generatedtofitsentences) Whencuedwithrhyming items,peopleremembered therhymeencodedonesbest (generatedtomakerhymes)
Processingwhichappearstohelpmemorymaynothelp whenmemoryistestedinadifferentway(theprocessing doesnottransfer) Transferappropriateprocessingcanoverridedepthof processing impliesthatprocessing withinasystem,not (just)architecture,iscriticalinmemory Measurematchofencodingandretrievalcueprocessing withbrainimaging encodingactivitymoreprominentin picturesensitiveregionswhenmemorytestuseda pictureasacue fMRIbyPark&Rugg(2007)
Roediger,Gallo,Geraci 2002
Studytestmatchimprovedperformance
Morrisetal.,1977
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INTERIM SUMMARY
WhathappensatencodingmattersforEpisodicmemory Butreminders retrievalcues arealsocritical Soisthematch betweenencodingandretrieval Therightcueandcontextincreasesthismatch forgettinginlongtermmemoryisNOTjustpassive
decayovertime Howdoesthistranslateoutsidethelab?
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Delay (Years)
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Rehearsals
Revise
MetaanalysisbyCepeda,Pashler etal.,2006
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Encodingvariability
hypothesis slightly differentprocessingon eachrepetitionhelps Retrievalpractice/ reactivationhypothesis repetitionofsame processingviaretrieval helps ThesefMRIdatasupport reactivationhypothesis Morethan1factormay beimportant,however (e.g.consolidation)
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Similarityforsubsequently Rememberedvs.Forgotten
Inregionsofinterestalreadyknowntobe importantforprocessingfaces,processing acrossrepetitionswasmoresimilarforthe faceswhichwerelaterremembered
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SUMMARY OF LECTURE 2
TEST YOURSELF
3.
EpisodicMemoryinvolvesencodingand recollectionofacontextuallyspecificepisode Encoding gdepends p onp processing gatthetime Episodicforgettingiscuedependent Retentionreflectsuse(retrieval)ofthe memoryaswellaselapsedtime Manyofthesefactorsdifferfromthose importantfortemporarymemory
Episodicmemory
DependsonadifferentSystemfrom
Autobiographicalmemory
Includesyourskillssuchasplayingthepiano Isbetterforinformationthathasbeenretrieved
frequently
Isbetterforunhappyevents
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Semanticmemory
HelpsEpisodicrememberingviadepthof
processingeffects
SupportsEpisodicrememberingviaSchema
effects IsaterminventedbyEbbinghaus DependscriticallyontheMedialTemporalLobes
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10/4/2013
HOMEWORK:ASIMPSONSCELL?
(google thelinkifclickingitfails)
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