A Semi-Classical Approach To The Jaynes-Cummings Model

A Semi-Classical Approach to the
Jaynes-Cummings model.
Olivier Babelon, Benot Doucot, (LPTHE Paris)
Thierry Paul (DMA, ENS)
A Semi-Classical Approach to theJaynes-Cummings model. p.1/31
Plan of the talk
1 Cold atoms Condensates.
2 The one spin 1/2 Jaynes-Cummings Model.
3 The Classical N-spin model.
4 The quantum one spin-s model.
5 Semi-classical analysis.
Cold atoms Condensates.
Consider alcali atoms like Li, K, Na, etc...
I
2
r
S
1
I
1
S
2
where

I denotes the magnetic moment of the nucleus and

S the spin of
the electron. The Hamiltonian of one atom in a magnetic eld is
H = g
I

S +g
B

S

B
For two widely separated atoms the Hamiltonian is simply the sum of the
Hamiltonians of the idividual atoms.
H = H
1
+H
2
When they come closer however they start to interact
In the Born-Openheimer we get effective potentials V (r). A Feshbach
resonnance occurs when a bound state becomes degenerate with an
atomic state. By tuning the magnetic eld, one can adjust the molecule
state to be just above or below the atomic state.
[B[
r
V (r)
c
k
c
k
[0)
b
[0)
A particularly interesting situation is the case of a soudain perturbation. At
t = 0 the system is in an atomic state, and at t > 0 molecules start forming
in the fundamental state (at zero temperature). What is the dynamical
evolution of the system?
H =
_
dk (k)c
k
c
k
+b
b +g
_
dk
_
b
c
k
c
k
+bc
k
c
k
_
which we approximate as
H =
j,
j
c
j
c
j
+b
b +g
j
_
b
c
j
c
j
+bc
j
c
j
_
This can be rewritten in terms of pseudo spins
2s
z
j
=
j
c
j
1, s
j
= c
j
c
j
, s
+
j
= c
j
c
j
we nally get
H =
n1
j=0
2
j
s
z
j
+b
b +g
n1
j=0
_
b
j
+bs
+
j
_
The spin 1/2 Jaynes-Cummings Model.
Interaction of a two levels atom and photons.
It is described by the Jaynes-Cummings (1963) Hamiltonian.
H =
0
z
2
+ (b
b +
1
2
) + [
+
b +
]
The resonnance condition is =
0
= 0 but we can keep ,= 0.
When b(t) = e
it
b
0
is a classical mode, we get the Rabi formula
1 2P
e
(t) =
[
z
[)
1[
z
[ 1)
= 1 2

2
b
0
b
0
2
4
+
2
b
0
b
0
sin
2
t
with the Rabi frequency
2
=

2
4
+
2
b
0
b
0
What happens if the electromagnetic eld is quantum ? and in particular if
the number of photons is small (5 n 40)? It turns out that the model is
Integrable. Let
N = b
b +
+
, H
0
=
1
2
z
+ (b
+
+
b)
We have
H = N +H
0
, [N, H
0
] = 0
The Heisenberg equations of motion are
_
i
d
dt

_
b
=
+
,
_
i
d
dt

0
_
+
= b
+
There is a beautiful formula giving the solution of these non linear
equations of motion [Ackerhalt (1975)]. The trick is to use the algebra of
matrices (
z
+
=
+
, etc...) to rewrite them as
_
i
d
dt

_
b
=
+
,
_
i
d
dt
2H
0
_
+
= b
Since H
0
is conserved we look for solutions of the usual form, taking care
of the ordering problem. We obtain
b(t) = e
i(H
0
+)t
__
cos t +iH
0
sint
_
b(0) +i
sint
(0)
_
(t) = e
i(H
0
+)t
__
cos t +iH
0
sint
(0) i
sint
b(0)
_
with
2
=

2
4
+
2
(N 1)
Then we can compute [ Narozhny, Sanchez-Mondragon, Eberly (1981)]
, +1[
z
(t)[, +1)
, 1[
z
(0)[, 1)
= e
||
2
n=0
[[
2n
n!
_
1 2
2
(n + 1)
sin
2
n
t
2
n
_
n
=
_
2
(n + 1) +

2
4
20 40 60 80 100
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
The Classical N-spin model.
We consider classical version of the Hamiltonian: [Bonifacio, Preparata
(1970)], [Barankov, Levitov, Spivak (2004)], [Meunier, Le Diffon, Rueff,
Degiovanni, Raimond (2006)]
H =
n1
j=0
2
j
s
z
j
+
bb +g
n1
j=0
_
bs
j
+bs
+
j
_
with Poisson brackets
b,
b = i, s
a
j
, s
b
j
=
abc
s
c
j
, s
j
2
= s
2
The equations of motion read
b = ib ig
n1
j=0
s
j
, s
z
j
= ig(
bs
j
bs
+
j
)
s
+
j
= 2i
j
s
+
j
2ig
bs
z
j
, s
j
= 2i
j
s
j
+ 2igbs
z
j
We can write these equations in the Lax form

L = [L, M]. [Yurbashyan,
Kuznetsov, Altshuler (2005)]
L() =
2
g
2
z
+
2
g
(b
+
+
)

g
2
z
+
n1
j=0
s
j

j
M() = i
z
ig(b
+
+
)
Letting
L() =
_
A() B()
C() D()
_
we have
A() = D() =
2
g
2

g
2
+
n1
j=0
s
z
j

j
B() =
2b
g
+
n1
j=0
s
j

j
, C() =
2
b
g
+
n1
j=0
s
+
j

j
[Gaudin (1972)], [Sklyanin (1979)]
The consequence of this equation is that the spectral curve
(, ) det(L() ) = 0
is independent of time. Since L() is traceless, it reads
2
= A
2
() +B()C()
Q
2n+2
()
n1
j=0
(
j
)
2
Q
2n+2
()
n1
j=0
(
j
)
2
=
1
g
4
(2 )
2
+
4
g
2
H
n
+
2
g
2
j
H
j

j
+
j
s
2
(
j
)
2
The (n + 1) Hamiltonians can be chosen as
H
n
= b
b +
j
s
z
j
H
j
= (2
j
)s
z
j
+g(bs
+
j
+
bs
j
) +g
2
k=j
s
j
s
k
j

k
, j = 0, , n 1
The Hamiltonian of the system is
H = H
n
+
j
H
j
We are interested in the initial condition where all spins are up and no
molecule
b =

b = 0, s
j
= 0, s
z
j
= s
The values of the conserved quantities are
H
n
= ns, H
j
= 2s(
j

2
) +g
2
s
2
k=j
1
k
The associated energy is H = 2s
n1
j=0

j
. For these solutions we have
B() = 0, C() = 0, so that
Q
2n+2
()
j
(
j
)
2
= A
2
0
() =
4
g
4
_
_

2
+
j
g
2
s
2
1

j
_
_
2
is a perfect square: Q
2n+2
() =
4
g
4
n+1
i=1
( E
i
)
2
The zeroes of Q
2n+2
() are located at the zeroes of A
0
() and satisfy the
condition
E =

2
+
g
2
s
2
n1
j=0
1
j
E
, ()
These equations have another interesting interpretation. Let us perform
an analysis of the small uctuations around the solution b = 0, s
z
j
= s. The
linearized equations of motion are
b = ib ig
j
,

s
j
= 2i
j
s
j
+ 2igsb
We look for eigenmodes b(t) = b(0)e
2iEt
, s
j
= s
j
(0)e
2iEt
, j. The
second equation gives
s
j
=
gs
E
j
b
Inserting into the rst equation, we get the self-consistency equation for E
wich is exactly eq.(*). The zeroes of Q
2n+2
() are precisely the eigen
frequencies of the small perturbations around the static solution
b = 0, s
z
j
= s.
Let us assume that
j
< 0. The ground state corresponds to all the spins
up: s
z
j
= s, j = 0, , n 1. The graph looks like this:
we see that we have n + 1 real roots if >
sup
or <
inf
. In between
we have n 1 real roots and a pair of complex conjugate roots.
Separated variables
j
are the zeroes B(
j
) = 0. The conjugate variables
are
j
= A(
j
). One can reconstruct the Lax matrix itself once we know
the coordinates of these n points. For B(), we simply have
B() =
2b
g
+
n1
j=0
s
j

j
=
2b
g
n
j=1
(
j
)
n
j=1
(
j
)
The equations of motion of the separated variables are
i
= 2i
k
(
i
E
k
)
j=i
(
i
j
)
One can solve explicitely these equations, hence nding the solution of
the reduced model on the critical surface. The solution is through the Abel
map. Here we have to adapt it to this degenerate situation.
Introducing the polynomial
P() =
A
l
e
2iE
l
t
k=l
( E
k
)
b
1
(t) =
A
l
e
2iE
l
t
, B() = b(t)
2
P()
In the one spin case
bb =
2s
2
cosh
2
_
g
2s
2
(t t
0
)
_
X
X X X X
X
The motion of the n separated variables
3

n
2
The quantum one spin-s model.
Let b, b
and s
j
be now quantum operators
[b, b
] = , [s
+
j
, s
j
] = 2s
z
j
, [s
z
j
, s
j
] = s
j
The quantum Hamiltonian is
H =
n1
j=0
2
j
s
z
j
+b
b +g
n1
j=0
(b
j
+bs
+
j
)
We will consider the case n = 1, spin s. Then
H = H
0
+H
1
with
H
1
= (b
b +s
z
), H
0
= (2 )s
z
+g(b
+bs
+
)
Notice that
[H
0
, H
1
] = 0
We will work with the Bargman spaces. For the oscillator b, b
this is the
space
B
b
=
_
f(z), entire function of z
_
[f(z)[
2
e
|z|
2
dzd z <
_
On this space we have
b =
d
dz
, b
= z
Similarly, for the spin s, we dene
B
s
=
_
g(w), entire function of w
_
[g(w)[
2
dwd w
(1 +[w[
2
)
2s+2
<
_
This space is of dimension 2s + 1. We have
s
+
=
d
dw
, s
= w
2
d
dw
+ 2sw, s
z
= w
d
dw
+s
Since [H
0
, H
1
] = 0, we can x the total number of particules, to its critical
value s, i.e. the value of H
1
= (b
b +s
z
) on this subspace is s.
The Hilbert space is the span of
H
s
=
_
(zw)
n
, n = 0, , 2s
_
Hence H
0
acts on polynomials in x = zw of degree 2s.
H
0
f(x) = g
_
x
2
2
+ [2x x
2
+ ] +s[2 + 2x]
_
f(x)
where we have dened
=

2
g
Eigenstates are polynomials f(x) =
2s
n=0
f
n
x
n
. The Schroedinger
equation becomes
3/2
(n+1)
2s n f
n+1
+(2s2n)f
n
+
3/2
n
2s + 1 n f
n1
= g
1
Ef
n
In this form, the system is represented by a symmetric Jacobi matrix.
An example of spectrum is shown below.
Moreover the dependence in is rather smooth.
If [E) is the state with spin up and zero molecules at time t = 0, the
average number of molecules at time t is
n(t) = E[e
i
tH
x
x
e
i
tH
[E)
In the regime
2
> 2, classically there is no molecule formation. Quantum
mechanically we get the behavior shown here (s = 100).
-20 20 40 60 80
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
In sharp contrast, in the regime
2
< 2, we expect molecule formation. We
get the curve (for s = 100). The green curve corresponds to the
preliminary semi classical calculation we now explain.
-20 20 40 60 80
20
40
60
80
100
120
Semi-classical analysis.
The initial state [
t=0
is a coherent state that one should interpret as
[
t=0
(z, w) = e
z
(1 + w
w)
2s
[
z
=0, w
=0
= 1
It is localized around zero because it is multiplied by the measure
e
zz2s log(1+ ww)

, s =
1
We want to compute [
t
= e
i
H
t
[
t=0
. At the beginning the state remains
localized around x = 0. We look for a wave function of the form
= e
2iQ(x)
, x = zw, Q(x) = l(t) +(t)x

This is linear in x but quadratic in zw. Writing the Schroedinger equation
i
t
= H
0
, we obtain
i

Q = g
_
(xQ
+Q
) (x
2
+ 2x)Q
+ 2ix(Q
)
2
is(x +)

we nd the equations
= g
_
2
2
+ 2i s
l = g [ is]
and the rest is gx
2
. Imposing (0) = 0, we get
(t) =
iE
g
+
iE
g
(E

E)e
2g
2
2
t
E Ee
2g
2
2
t
The "phase" l(t) plays no role in what follows and we will not write it.
Hence (t) is of the form
(t) = A(1 +(t)), (t) = O(e
t
), = 2g
_
2
2
Putting this into the coherent state, we get
e
2i
l(t)
e
(z z+2w w2iAzw)
e
2i
(A(t)zw)
Since (t) goes to zero rapidly, we consider the rst exponential.
Diagonalizing this quadratic form introduces two orthogonal directions V
T
and V
L
_
z
w
_
= TV
T
+LV
L
, V
L

_
2
3
_
1
iA
_
, V
T

_
1
3
_
1
2iA
_
with corresponding eigenvalues
T
= 3,
L
= 0, so that
e
TT
e
2
3
(t)
LL
We see that the state is localized in the V
T
direction but spreads in the V
L
direction since the localizing factor is e
2
3
(t)
LL
and (t) becomes very
small as time becomes large.
V
L
w
z
h
_
h
(t)
V
T
How long is this a good approximation ? One has to make sure that the
rest R = gx
2
remains small. Let
exact
(t) be the exact solution of the
Schroedinger equation, and
approx
(t) be the approximate solution. We
have
i
t
exact
= H
exact
i
t
approx
= H
approx
+R
Taking the norm of this expresion we see that
[
approx
exact
[ = O(
) [R[ O(
1+
)
Hence [gz
2
w
2
[ = [g[
_
2
3
LL
_
2

1+
. But L is localized by the gaussian
integral, therefore
2
3
LL

e
t
hence, we get the bound
t
1
2
log
1

The extension at later time is of the form
(x, t) = e
2ig
t
e
2i
S(x)
a(x, t)
We have gone from a coherent state to a WKB state. Writing the
Schroedinger equation, we get
i
t
a =
1
gx
_
(2iS
)
2
+ (x + 2)(2iS
) + 2
0
g [(x(2(2iS
) +x + 2)a
+ (x(2iS
) + (2iS
))a]
+g [xa
+a
]
Setting
p
x
= 2iS
we see that the coefcient of a(x, t) in the rst term vanishes if

p
2
x
(x + 2)p
x
+ 2 = 0
when x is small the two solutions of the above equation are
p
x
= 2iA, p
x
= 2i

A
Choosing the rst solution, the reduced action reads
S(x) = Ax +O(x
2
)
Hence we have z z + 2w w 2iAzw = z z + 2w w + 2iS(zw)
a(x, t)
x
p
2
x
(x + )p
x
+ 2 = 0
p
x
Ax
Ax
a(x, 0)
Next we kill the term by solving
i
t
a = g [(x(2p
x
x 2)a
+ (xp
x
+p
x
)a]
Now, the equation for a is of the form
a = x a
+(x) a
This is a typical transport equation. Its solution is of the form
a(x
0
, t) = p
x
(x(t, x
0
))
_
x(t, x
0
)
x
0
_
1/2
a
0
(x(t, x
0
)), x(t = 0, x
0
) = x
0
The solution of the equation of motion for the separated variable
1
is
1
(t) =
E
0
(
0

E
0
)

E
0
(
0
E
0
)e
t
(
0

E
0
) (
0
E
0
)e
t
,
1
(0) =
0
we see that () =

E
0
and (+) = E
0
.
Our Lagrangian variety is
p
2
x
(x + 2) p
x
+ 2 = 0
It is parametrized in terms of
1
as folllows
p
x
(t) =
2
g
_
1
(t)

2
_
x(t) =
2
g
(
1
(t) ) +
g
(
1
(t) /2)
The Jacobian is easy to calculate:
x(t, x
0
)
x
0
=
x(t, x
0
)
1
(t)
1
(t)
0
x
0
Separated variables uniformize the Liouville torus.

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A Semi-Classical Approach to the

zz2s log(1+ ww)

, x = zw, Q(x) = l(t) +(t)x

A Semi-Classical Approach to theJaynes-Cummings model. p.24/31

A Semi-Classical Approach to theJaynes-Cummings model. p.27/31

we see that the coefcient of a(x, t) in the rst term vanishes if

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