CHM167/chapter3/HaslizaYusof

MOLE CONCEPT AND STOICHIOMETRY 3.1 Mole Concept in chemistry, particles (atoms, molecules & ion) are counted by the mole 1 mole of an element = 6.022 x 1023 Avogadros number (NA) Example: Substance Number & Type of Particles 1 mol Carbon 6.022 x 1023 Carbon atoms 1 mol Sulfur 6.022 x 1023 Sulfur atoms 1 mol NaCl 6.022 x 1023 NaCl molecules 1 mol H2O 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules SI unit mol

Mole =

mass (g) Molar mass (RAM/RMM) (g/mol)

Molar mass (M) the mass in gram unit of 1 mol of unit g/mol Example: Molar mass of C = 12 g/mol Molar mass of CO = 28 g/mol Molar mass of NaOH = 40 g/mol Mass of element (m) m/M x nM x nNA Number of moles of element (n) n/NA Number of atoms of element (N)

Relation between number of moles with number of particles (atom, molecule, ion) Number of molecule = Number of moles x NA

Number of atom = Number of moles x NA x Number of atom in a formula

Number of ion = Number of moles x NA x Number of ion in a formula 3.1.1 The Mole Concept of Gases the volume of 1 mole of any gas at STP condition 22.4 dm3 STP conditions include of standard temperature is 0oC (273 K) and standard pressure is 1 atm (760 mmHg) Volume of 1 mole gas at STP = 22.4 dm3

CHM167/chapter3/HaslizaYusof

EXERCISE 1. How many moles of Mg are there in 87.3g Mg? 2. How many grams of Zn are there in 0.356 mol of Zn? 3. How many hydrogen atoms are present in 25.6g of urea [(NH2)2CO], which is used as a fertilizer, in animal feed and in the manufacture of polymers? The molar mass of urea is 60.06g/mol? 4. Calculate the mass (in grams) of 2.2 x 1022 NH3 molecules? 5. How many moles are represented by each of these samples? a) 100 molecules of H2O b) 10 mg of BF3 c) 500 atoms of Fe 6. How many atoms are there in 10 molecules of succimic acid, HOOCCH 2CH2COOH? 7. Determine the number of molecules of the following compounds a) 849.5 g of CuSO4.5H2O b) 31.47 litre of hydrogen gas, H2 at S.T.P 8. What is the volume of 64.0 g of O2 gas at STP? 9. How many grams of nitrogen (N2) gas are in 5.6 L of the gas at STP?

CHM167/chapter3/HaslizaYusof

3.2 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solution Mole of solution = MV -1 molarity or molar concentration is the amount of solute in moles dissolved in one dm3 or one litre of solution. Unit: M or mol dm-3 Molarity (M) = amount (mol) of solute dissolved Volume of solution (dm3) -2 concentration is the amount (in grams) of solute dissolved in one litre or one dm 3 of solution. Unit: g dm-3 concentration (g dm-3) = the grams of solute (g) volume of solution (dm3) concentration (g dm-3) = molarity (mol dm-3) x molar mass (g mol-1) Example: 1. How many grams of Mg(NO3)2 are required to prepare 50 cm3 of 0.55 M Mg(NO3)2 solution? 2. What is the molarity of a 500 cm3 of H2SO4 solution containing 9.8 g of H2SO4? 3. Calculate the molarity of hydroxide ions, OH - in 100.0 mL of a solution containing 17.1g Ba(OH)2 4. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by 9.5 g of gaseous HCl in enough water to make 50 mL of solution

CHM167/chapter3/HaslizaYusof

3.2.1 Dilution of Solutions -3 concentration solution or stock solutions are usually stored and diluted to the desired concentrations when required. -4 Dilution is a procedure for preparing a less concentration solution from a more concentrated one by adding a solvent -5 Dilution does not change the amount of solute in a solution but does change the molar concentration MiVi = MfVf Mi = molarity (M) of the concentrated solution Mf = molarity (M) of the diluted solution Vi = volume (cm3 @ dm3) of concentrated solution Vf = volume (cm3 @ dm3) of diluted solution Example: How many cm3 of a 10.00M HCl stock solution would you use to prepare 5.0dm 3 of 0.500M HCl

Calculate the volume of 6.50 M NaOH in litre, would you use to prepare 500 mL of 0.250 M NaOH solution?

3.2.2 Solution Stoichiometry (Reactions involving only one solution) -6 apply the mole-mole relationship in a balanced chemical equation to solve problems involving only one solution Example: 1. In an experiment represented by the equation below, x grams of Cu reacted completely with 40 cm 3 of 0.5 M HNO3 3Cu + 8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O Calculate the value of x 2. 11.9 g of NH3 is produced when x grams of (NH 4)2SO4 reacted completely in v cm 3 of 2.5 M NaOH according to the equation below: (NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2NH3 Calculate the values of x and v

CHM167/chapter3/HaslizaYusof

3.3 Calculation on Stoichiometry Problems - chemical equation tell us the material we need & the products that will form in a chemical reaction Equation: watermelon + water watermelon juice product Reactant Chemical equation: Equation: C (s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) product reactant - in an equation: the formulas of the reactant are written on the left of the arrow & the formulas of the products on the right Symbol + (s) (l) (g) (aq) Table: Symbols used in Writing Equations Meaning Separates two or more formulas Reacts to form products The reactants are heated Solid Liquid Gas Aqueous (substance in dissolved in water)

- when a reaction takes place, the bonds between the atom of the reactants are broken & new bonds are formed to give the products - a reaction must be written as a balanced equation, number of atoms in the original substances = number of atom in the new substances H2 (g) + O2 (g) H2O (g) Equation: not balanced * 2 oxygen atoms to left of the arrow, but only 1 to the right * to balance this equation, we place whole numbers called coefficients in front of the formulas 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (g) Equation: balanced

CHM167/chapter3/HaslizaYusof

3.3.1 Balancing a Chemical Equation

Guide of Balancing a Chemical Equation

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 Example:

Write an equation using the correct formulas of the reactants & products Count the atoms of each element in reactants & product Use coefficients to balance each element Check final equation for balance CH4 (g) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (g)

Solution STEP 1 Write an equation, using the correct formulas. As a first step, write the equation using the correct formulas for the reactants & products CH4 (g) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (g) STEP 2 Determine if the equation is balanced . When we compare the atoms on the reactant side with the atoms on the product side, we see that there are more hydrogen atoms on the left side & more oxygen atoms on the right CH4 (g) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (g) 1C 1C 4H 2H not balanced 2O 3O not balanced STEP 3 Balance the equation one element at a time. First we balance the hydrogen atoms by placing a coefficient of 2 in front of the formula for water. Then, we balance the oxygen atoms by placing a coefficient of 2 in front of the formula for oxygen. There are now four oxygen atoms & four hydrogen atoms in both the reactants & products CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) STEP 4 Check to see if the equation is balanced . Rechecking the balanced equation shows that the numbers of atoms of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen are the same for both the reactants & the equation is balanced using the lowest possible whole number as coefficients CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) Balanced Reactants Products 1C atom 1C atom

CHM167/chapter3/HaslizaYusof

4H atoms 4O atoms EXERCISE

4H atoms 4O atoms

Balanced the following equations: a) Al (s) + Cl2 (g) AlCl3 (s) b) Na3PO4 (aq) + MgCl2 (aq) Mg3(PO4)2 (s) + NaCl (aq) c) Fe (s) + O2 (g) Fe3O4 (s) d) C3H8 (g) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + H2O (g) e) Liquid pentene (C5H10) burns in oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide gas & water vapor f) A sample of iron metal was burnt completely in oxygen to form iron (II) oxide compound

3.4 Limiting Reactants limiting reactant the reactant used up in a reaction . The maximum amount of product formed depends on how much of this reactant was originally present. When this reactant is used up, no more product can be formed Excess reactant the reactants present in quantities greater then necessary to react with the quantity of the limiting reagent

Example: Urea [(NH2)2CO] is prepared by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide 2NH3 (g) + CO2 (g) (NH2)2CO (aq) + H2O (l) In one process, 637.2 g of NH3 are allowed to react with 1142 g of CO2 a) Which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent? b) Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed c) How much of the excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction?

CHM167/chapter3/HaslizaYusof

3.4.1 Reaction Yield Theoretical yield the amount of product that would result if all the limiting reagent reacted Actual yield the amount of product actually obtained from a reaction - always less than the theoretical yield Percent yield the proportion of the actual yield to the theoretical yield % yield = actual yield Theoretical yield x 100%

Example: A 15.6 g sample of C6H6 reacts with excess HNO 3 to produce 18.0 g of C 6H5NO2. What is the percent yield of C6H5NO2?

EXERCISE 1. Calculate the theoretical yield of ZnS, in grams, from the reaction of 0.488 g Zn & 0.503 g S 8 8 Zn + S8 8ZnS a) determine the limiting reactant? b) calculate the mass of ZnS formed c) if the actual yield is 0.606 g ZnS, what is the percent yield? 2. Given the unbalanced equation: Li (s) + H2O (l) LiOH (l) + H2 (g) In an experiment, 25.0 g of lithium is reacted with 50.5 g of water a) balance the equation above b) determine the limiting reactant and calculate the mass of LiOH produced? c) how many grams of the excess reactant are left at the end of the reaction? d) if the percentage yield is 30%, what is the actual yield? 3. Sodium is a reactive metal, which can react with water to produce hydrogen gas and a solution of sodium hydroxide. In a experiment 46.0 g of sodium and 18.0 g of water were reacted in a reaction vessel a) write a balanced chemical equation for reaction b) what is the limiting reagent? c) calculate the mass of excess reagent remains unreacted d) how much (in grams) of hydrogen gas produced at STP e) how many molecules of NaOH are produced from the reaction? 4. Arsenic reacts with oxygen to form As2O3 according to the following equation

CHM167/chapter3/HaslizaYusof

4As + 3O2 2As2O3 a) to produce 9.68 g As2O3, how many grams of As are needed? b) how many grams of O2 are needed to produce 8.92 g As2O3? c) if 5.85 g As are used, how many O2 molecules are needed? TUTORIAL 3 1. Methane (CH4) is the principal component of natural gas. How many moles of CH 4 are present in 6.07 g of CH4? 2. How many H atoms are in 72.5g of isopropanol, C3H8O? 3. How many atoms of carbon are there in 1.8 g of glucose, C6H12O6? 4. How many grams of oxygen (O2) gas are in 15.7 L of the gas at STP? 5. Calculate the number of moles of the following compounds a) b) c) d) e) f) 87.3 mg of Mg 76 g of (NH4)2CO3 0.25 g of C7H5NO3S 0.25 g of C13H20N2O2 3.15 x 1022 atoms of Na 8.96 x 1020 molecules of FeCl3

6. You are given 2.5 kg of calcium dihydrogen phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2. Determine a) b) c) the molar mass for Ca3(PO4)2 the number of moles Ca3(PO4)2 the number of oxygen atoms in Ca3(PO4)2

7. Calculate the molarity of magnesium ion, Mg2+ in 500 mL of a solution containing 90 g MgBr2? 8. Balanced the following equations a) b) c) d) e) Fe (s) + HCl (aq) FeCl3 (aq) + H2 (g) sulfur dioxide gas reacts with oxygen gas to form sulfur trioxide gas Ca3(PO4)2 + H3PO4 Ca(H2PO4)2 methanol (CH3OH) + oxygen gas carbon dioxide + water P4O10 + H2O H3PO4

9. Mercury (Hg) and bromine (Br2) will react with each other to produce mercury (II) bromide Hg + Br2 HgBr2 a) b) c) d) determine the limiting reactant if 10.0 g Hg and 9.0 g Br2? calculate the mass of HgBr2 formed what is the mass of excess reagent left after reaction? if the percent yield of the reaction is 35.5%, what is the actual yield?

10. For the reaction 3NaOH + H3PO4 Na3PO4 + 3H2O 0.33 mol of phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is added to react with 1.05 mol of sodium hydroxide, NaOH

CHM167/chapter3/HaslizaYusof

a) b) c)

determine the limiting reagent how many moles of reactant are in excess? how many grams of Na3PO4 are produced?

10. Carbon disulfide is produced by the reaction of carbon and sulfur dioxide 5C + 2SO2 CS2 + 4CO What is the percent yield for the reaction if 40 g carbon produces 36.0 g carbon disulfide 11. Given the unbalanced equation below Fe2O3 + C Fe + CO2 a) b) c) d) balance the equation above determine the limiting reactant if 270 g of Fe2O3 and 36 g of C are used during the reaction how many grams of iron are produced? if the actual yield 105.97 g, what is the percentage yield?

10