LESSON 3.

2 Understanding pressure in liquids

Introduction Liquids have pressure because of their weights. For example, if you try to put your finger over the end of a tap when it is turned on, you can feel the pressure of the water in the pipe. This is caused by the weight of water in the pipes all the way back up to the cold water in the loft. The force of gravity acts on liquids, pulling them downwards into the container. Calculating pressure in a liquid Say that a vertical column of liquid with a density and a horizontal area A . Consider an object is placed at point X at a depth h below the surface area of the liquid.

The pressure in the liquid is not dependent on the surface area and the shape of a container. Example 1 If the density of sea water is 1150 kgm-3,calculate the pressure below 40m of sea water due to the water alone. Solution Example 2 The figure shows a cylinder containing liquid mercury.

What is the pressure caused by the liquid mercury at the point P? [ Density of liquid mercury is 1.36 x 105 kg m-3 ] Solution Example 3

The pressure P due the liquid exerted on the object at point X can be written as: P=F A =W A = mg A = Vg A = Ah g A = hg

The pressure of hot water emerging from a tap is 1 x 105 Pa. What is the force exerted by the water on a persons thumb ,if the person places his thumb over the outlet of the tap and stops the hot water flowing. [ The area of the tap is 10-4 m2 ] Solution

(because W = mg) (because = m ) V (because V = Ah) Applications of pressure in liquids 1 2 Water tank Normally a water tank is placed at higher level so as to supply water at greater pressure. Dam The wall of a dam is much thicker at the bottom than at the top because it must withstand the increased lateral pressure in depths of the water. Submarine

From the final expression , we can say that the pressure at any point in a liquid at rest is directly proportional to the density of liquid and the depth. 3

Submarine is built with thick wall so as to withstand enormous pressure at greater depth.

TUTORIAL 2
1 An air bubble is at a depth of 5 m below the surface of a lake . What is the pressure of water on the bubble if the density of the water is 1 000 kg m-3? A C E 2 5 x 10-4 Pa 2 x 10 2 Pa 5 x 104 Pa B 5 x 10-3 Pa D 5 x 10 3 Pa

The figure shows a cylinder containing oil with a density of 800 kg m-3.

Which one of the following is not true? A The pressure in a liquid increases with depth The pressure in a liquid increases with density of the water The pressure in a liquid increases with area of contact The pressure in a liquid increases with the gravitational acceleration

What is the pressure caused by the oil at point X? A C E 3 4.0 x 101 N m-2 1.6 x 103 N m-2 1.6 x 104 N m-2 B D 1.6 x 102 N m-2 4.0 x 103 N m-2 6

B C D

The figure shows a high tin with a length of 100 cm is filled to the full with water.

The figure shows a polystyrene block being pushed to a depth of h cm from the water surface. P is the water pressure acting on surface Q.

If the pressure caused by the water at point P is 8000 Pa, What is the value of L? (Density of water = 1000 kg m - 3 ) A C E 4 10 cm 40 cm 80 cm B D 20 cm 60 cm Which graph shows the relationship between P and h when the block is pushed deeper into the water?

The figures show liquids in containers. Which column of liquid exerts the greatest pressure on the base of its container?

The figure shows three wooden blocks J,K and L are pressed into the water until the base of its reach at level P. The pressure caused by the water at base of the wooden blocks J , K and L are X1 , X2 and X3 respectively.

The figure shows three containers with different shapes filled with water with the same level. The pressure caused by the water at point P , Q and R are P1 , P2 and P3 respectively.

Which comparison is correct? A B C 10 X 1 > X2 > X3 X 1 < X2 < X 3 X1=X2 = X3

Which comparison is correct? A B C 8 P 1 > P2 > P3 P 1 < P2 < P 3 P1=P2 = P3

The figure shows a siphon system.

Equal masses of water are poured into four jars as shown. In which jar is the pressure exerted by the water on the base the greatest? Which of the following is true? A B C D Water in beaker A flows into beaker B until the volume of water in beaker A is the same as the volume of water in beaker B Water in beaker A flows into beaker B until the level of water in beaker A is the same as the level of water in beaker B Water in beaker A flows into beaker B until beaker B is full Water in beaker A flows into beaker B until beaker B is empty

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The wall of a dam is much thicker at the bottom than at the top because A B C pressure of water at the upper level is higher than pressure of water at the deeper level pressure of water at the upper level is lower than pressure of water at the deeper level pressure of water at the upper level is the same as than pressure of water at the deeper level

14 Figure (a) and Figure (b) shows two positions of a diver in the sea.

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Figure shows the surface of the water in a domestic cold water tank is 5 m above the downstairs cold water tap. [ Atmospheric pressure = 100000 Pa ] [ Density of water = 1000 kgm-3]

Figure(a)

Figure(b)

(a) State the principle is used causes the water shoots out from the tap. ................................................................... .................................................................... (b) What is the pressure caused by the water in the tank only?

(c)

What is the pressure of the hot water emerging from the tap?

Observe the positions of the diver and the pain in his ear. Based on the observations: (a) State one suitable inference that can be made. (b) State one apporopriate hypothesis for an investigation. (c) With the use of apparatus such as a high tin, rubber stoppers, and other apparatus , describe an experimental framework to test your hypothesis. In your description , state clearly the following: (i) Aim of the experiment (ii) Variables in the experiment (iii) List of apparatus and materials (iv) Arrangement of the apparatus (v) The procedure of the experiment which include the method of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable. (vi) Way you would tabulate the data (vii) Way you would analysis the data

(d) The area of water tap where water emerges is 0.04 m2. A man places his thumb over the outlet of the tap to stop the flow of water. Calculate the force exerted by the water on his thumb.