LECTURE 1

Basic Broadcast Concepts

Broadcasting

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video co ntent to a dispersed audience via radio, television, or other, often digital transmission media. Receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively large subset of thereof

Economic Models of Broadcast Industry

Economically there are a few ways in which stations are able to broadcast continually. Each differs in the method by which stations are funded:
in-kind donations of time and skills by volunteers (common with community broadcasters) direct government indirect government payments, such as radio and television licenses grants from foundations or business entities

Introduction To Video
Analog Vs Digital

Video signals are just a way of transferring visual information from one point to another. The information may be from a VCR, DVD player, a channel on the local broadcast, cable television, or satellite system, the internet, game console, or one of many other sources

Introduction To Video
Analog Vs Digital

Analog Signal:

An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity

Digital signal: It can refer to discrete-time signals that have a discrete number of levels Advantages of digital environment: Error free (only high or low signal transited) Robust (due to compressibility) Faster transmission

Bandwidth Definition

Bandwidth, in general, represents a range of frequencies

Bandwidth is 400 MHz

300 MHz

700 MHz

Video signal

Video signal

SDI Signal

Serial Digital Interface a standardized interface for transmitting digital television signals using a coaxial cable in serial form. Serial Digital Interface. A bit-serial digital interface for SDTV component signals operating at data rates ranging from 19.4Mb/s up to 540Mb/s. It is a digital video interface used for broadcast-grade video.

SDI Embedded Audio + Video Digital Audio - AES

Introduction To Video

Interlace & Progressive Scanning

Interlace is a technique of improving the picture quality of a video signal without consuming any extra bandwidth.

Advantages:

Bandwidth reduce low data rate Low picture quality compare to HD.

Disadvantages:

The first field contains all odd- numbered lines #1, #3, and so on. The second field contains the even numbered fields #2, #4, etc. For example, PAL video format is often specified as 576i50, where 576 indicates the vertical line resolution, i indicates interlacing, and 50 indicates 50 fields (half-frames) per second

In progressive scan systems, each refresh period updates all of the scan lines.
The result is a higher perceived resolution and a lack of various artifacts that can make parts of a stationary picture appear to be moving or flashing.

Introduction To Video
Video Resolution
Standard Definition Standard definition video usually has an active resolution of 720 480 or 720 576 interlaced. Standard NTSC, PAL, and SECAM systems fit into this category..

Introduction To Video
Video Resolution
Enhanced Definition Enhanced definition video, is usually touted as having an active resolution of 720 480 progressive or greater. The basic difference between standard and enhanced definition is that standard definition is interlaced, while enhanced definition is progressive. High Definition High definition video is usually defined as having an active resolution of 1920 1080 interlaced or 1280 720 progressive

Video Standards

PAL: Phase Alternation by Line

625 lines per frame 50 half-frames per second (interlaced) =50Hz Complete frame refreshed 25 times per second 525 lines per frame 60 half-frames per second (interlaced) = 60 Hz Complete frame refreshed 30 times per second 625 lines per frame 50 half-frames per second (interlaced) = 50 Hz Complete frame refreshed 25 times per second

NTSC :National Television Standards Committee

SECAM: Sequential Color with Memory

Production process

Production Process

Preproduction (transform basic idea into script &

arrange location, crew and necessary technical equipment)
Long road to production Concept Script Pilot Preview Production order Season debut Syndication

Production Process

Production Process

Production (In-house, or part owned by networks)

Production Process

Post production (it consists of audio and video editing