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ECD4 Freq Response
ECD4 Freq Response
Frequenc y Respons e
Chapter 4
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CH 4
Frequency Response
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CH 4
Chapter Contents
BJT & JFET Frequency Response Introduction Logarithms and Decibels General Frequency Considerations Bode plot Low Frequency Analysis Low Frequency Response BJT Amplifier Low Frequency Response FET Amplifier High Frequency Response BJT Amplifier High Frequency Response FET Amplifier Multistage Frequency Effects*
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Frequency Response
Introduction
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Introduction
Phase and amplitude plots and equations of an amplifier Frequency Response Prerequisites: 1. Logarithms 2. Semi-log plots 3. Decibels 4. Normalization
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Frequency Response
Logarithms
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Logarithms
The logarithm of a number is the exponent by which another fixed value, the base, has to be raised to produce that number.
a ::: : ::: og a
10
::: og10a
y ::: og a
e
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Frequ ency Resp onse Logarithms: Broccoli, which grows in a logarithmic spiral
Logarithms
piral pattern
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Logarithms
Using the calculator, determine the logarithm of the following numbers to the base indicated: a. log10 106 b. loge e3 c. log10 102 d. loge e1 Example 9-2: Using the calculator, determine the logarithm of the following numbers: a. log10 64 b. loge 64
10
c. log 1600
d. log10 8000 12 29 CH 4
Logarithms
::: og a
og
1 og10
:::
og10
Example 9-3:
og10
Using calculator, determine the antilogarithm of the following expressions: a. 1.6 = log10 a b. 0.04 = loge a Example 9-4: Using calculator, determine the logarithm of the following numbers: a. log10 0.5 b. log10 (4000/250) c. log10 (0.6 x 30) 12 29 CH 4
Frequency Response
11
Semilog Plots
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Semilog Plots
12
Linear
1
30%
lo
g 2=0.3010
10
48%
l o g
1 0
= 0.9543 log 8 =
10
0.9031 log 7 =
10
9 Log 3 = 0.4771
10
0.8451 12 29 log 6
10
CH 4
log104 = 0.6021
( 60% )
= 0.7781 log 5 =
10
0.6999
Semilog Plots
13
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Semilog Plots
14
Va ue ::: 10 x 10
d1 d2
10
10
+1
Example 9-5: Determine the value of the point appearing on the logarithmic plot in Fig. 9-4 using the measures made by a ruler (linear).
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Frequency Response
15
Decibels
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Decibels
16
e)
10 og dB 10 P1
dB
::: P2
dB )
::: 10 og10
P2 P1 R Oh s)
dBrr ) dB )
vdB
10
::: 20 og
V
V2
A vT = A v1
dBT
A v2
dB2
A v3
dBn
A vn
dB1
+.....+
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Decibels
17
Example 9-7: The input power to a device is 10,000 W at a voltage of 1000 V. The output power is 500 W and the output impedance is 20 .
Example 9-8: An amplifier rated at 40 W output is connected to a 10 speaker. Calculate: a) The input power required for full power output if the power gain is 25 dB b) The input voltage for rated output if the amplifier voltage gain is 40 dB 12 29 CH 4
Frequency Response
18
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Freq. Considerations
19
General Frequency Considerations: 'r The frequency response of an amplifier refers to the frequency range in which the amplifier will operate with negligible effects from capacitors and device internal capacitance. 'r This range of frequencies can be called the mid-range. At frequencies above and below the midrange, capacitance and any inductance will affect the gain of the amplifier.
At low frequencies the coupling and bypass capacitors lower the gain. At high frequencies stray capacitances associated with the active device lower the gain.
Also, cascading amplifiers limits the gain at high and low frequencies. 12 29 CH 4
Frequ ency Resp onse A Bode plot indicates the frequency response of an Amplifier:
Freq. Considerations
20
The horizontal scale indicates the frequency (in Hz) and the vertical 19
scale indicates the gain (in dB) The mid-range frequency range of an amplifier is called the bandwidth of the amplifier The bandwidth is defined by the lower and upper cutoff frequencies Cutoff any frequency at which the gain has dropped by dB CH 4
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20
Freq. Considerations
21
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Frequency Response
22
Normalization
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Normalization
23
'r In communication, a decibel plot vs frequency is normally provided rather than gain vs frequency 'r A process in which the vertical parameter is divided by a specific level or quantity sensitive to a combination or variables of the system 'r The band frequencies define a level where the gain or quantity of interest will be 70.7% or its maximum value
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Normalization
24
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Normalization
25
Example 9-9: Given the frequency response: a) Find the cutoff frequency f1 and f2 using the measurements provided b) Find the bandwidth of the response c) Sketch the normalized response
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Normalization
26
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Normalization
27
A /A
v
|
vmid dB
1 0.7 07 0 . 0. 35 0. 25
0 3 6 9 1
dB Plot:
Frequency Response
28
Low Frequency
Analysis
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29
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30
1 2
1 f1
f1
f
f<f
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31
A
v(dB)
1 2 4 10
0 -6 -12 -20
12
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Frequency Response
32
0 6 1 2
12
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Frequency Response
33
Low Frequency RC Circuit Analysis: The piecewise linear plot of the asymptotes and associated breakpoints is called a Bode plot of the magnitude versus frequency A change in frequency by a factor of 2, equivalent to 1 octave, results in a 6-dB change in the ratio as noted by the change in gain from f1/2 to f1.
29 For a 10:1 change in frequency, equivalent to one decade, there is a 20-dB change in the ratio as noted by the change in gain from f1/10 to f1.
f1
f CH 4
12
34
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35
Example 9-10: For the network of fig. 9-20: (R = 5 k, C = 0.1 F) a) Determine the break frequency b) Sketch the asymptotes and locate the 3 dB point c) Sketch the frequency response curve
d) Find the gain at A = 6 dB
v(dB)
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36
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Frequency Response Example 9-10: % bode plot of Example 9-10 f = 10:10^4; fo = 318.5; A = 20*log(1./(1+ (fo./f).^2).^(1/2)); semilogx(f,A), xlabel('f (log scale)'), ylabel('Av(dB)') grid Av(dB) 4 0 5 0 6 0
-70 10
1
37
10
10 f (log scale)
3
10
4
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Frequency Response
38
BJT amplifiers
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39
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40
38
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39
41
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42
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43
Effects of Cs and CE on the LF response: The cutoff frequency due to CS can be calculated by f 1 = 2 (R + R where )C
Ls s i s
LC = 2 (R
o
1 + R )C
L c
where 12 29
R = R ||r
o C
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44
Example 9-11: a) Determine the lower cutoff frequency for the network of Fig. 9.23 using the following parameters: CS = 10 F, CE = 20 F, CC = 1 F,
o CC
R = 1 k, R = 40 k, R = 10 k, R = 2 k, R = 4 k, R = 2.2 k, 2 V E C L S= 100, r = 1 , V = 20
a) Sketch the frequency response using a Bode plot b) Verify the result using a Simulator.
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45
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Frequency Response
46
FET amplifiers
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47
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48
= 2 (R
1 + R )C
sig i G
where
R=R
i G
where 12 29
LC
= 2 (R + R )C
o L
R = R || r
O D G
CH 4
49
eq
= R ||
S
g1
m
r
d
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50
Example 9-12: a) Determine the lower cutoff frequency for the network of Fig. 11.32 using the following parameters: CG = 0.01 F, CC = 0.5 F, CS = 2 F
DSS P d DD
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Frequency Response
52
FET amplifiers
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54
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55
Capacitances that affect the high-frequency response are Junction capacitances C ,C ,C gs gd ds Wiring capacitances C ,C wi wo Coupling capacitors CG , CC Bypass capacitor CS
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56
T h i
Ho
1 = 2R
Tho
C
o
1 ?
= R ||R ||r
D L d
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57
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Frequency Response
58
Square Wave
Testing
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60
58
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59
61
Example 9-15: The application of a 1-mV, 5-kHz square wave to an amplifier resulted in the output waveform of Fig. 9-72. (a) Write the Fourier series expansion for the square wave through the ninth harmonic. (b) Determine the bandwidth of the amplifier (c) Calculate the low cutoff frequency.
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Frequ ency Resp onse Reading: 1. Summary 2. Equations 3. Computer analysis Problems: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Sec 8.2: (odd) Sec 8.3: 17,18 Sec 8.4: 19,21 Sec 8.5:23,25 Sec 8.6: 27,29
Home Task
62
6. Sec 8.7: 31 7. Sec 8.8: 33,35,37 8. Sec 8.10: 39,41 9. Sec 8.11: 43 10. Sec 8.12: 45 11. Sec 8.14: 47 12. Sec 8.15: 49 12 29
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References
63
CH 1 12 29