Just Physics

ANANT SINHA

Preface

This book is just a compilation of the meagre knowledge I have accumulated overt the years and think is interesting , for me its just a

medium , a medium for the purpose of creating a book which does not select any topic but tells about everything about which the mind can marvel , moreover you wont nd any complicated language in the book cause I am no expert in the eld I just compiled all the meagre knowledge of Physics which I had and which made it interesting( but dont think its useless its really great to read) , this is just to enjoy the some marvelous facts. I request that you give a detailed review or at least a comment on the book cause I really dont have an experience on book publishing ,

I shall continuously check for aws and if I nd any I will be the happiest ever to correct them so dont bother to be polite and tell me about a mistake which I have made. Anant Sinha

Dedication

I dedicate this book to you because its you who will read the book , without the book there is no point of having the book. I also dedicate the book to all the great people due to whom Physics is as we know it today , it is due to them that we can enjoy this great branch of science for which we should thank them. We shouldnt forget that many of them had to struggle through a lot of obstacles such as the religion of that time , or in that time there country was colonized. Last but not the least I would like to dedicate this book to my parents , my grandmother who has always acted as a true friend and the rest of my family.

iii

Copyright

Anant Sinha
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduce , in any form , by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author. iv

Chapter 1

Archimedes Principle
Archimedes was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Among his advances in Physics are the foundations of hydrostatics, statics and an explanation of the principle of the lever. He is credited with designing innovative machines, including siege engines and the screw pump that bears his name. Modern experiments have tested claims that Archimedes designed machines capable of lifting attacking ships out of the water and setting ships on re using an array of mirrors. Archimedes is generally considered to be the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all time. He used the method of exhaustion to calculate the area under the arc of a parabola with the summation of an innite series, and gave a remarkably accurate approximation of pi.[5] He also dened the spiral bearing his name, formulae for the volumes of surfaces of revolution and an ingenious system for expressing very large numbers.

Archimedes Principle Archimedes Principle

The Archimedes Principle states that an body submerged in water experiences an upward force called buoyancy , which is equal to the weight of uid displaced by the body. The Archimedes Principle oers answers to questions like why a ship oats on water while a coin sinks. These questions troubled the famous Archimedes, a very versatile philosopher mathematician and engineer of that age in something around 287BC-212BC. He was ordered by his King to nd a way to nd if his crown was made of pure gold or the goldsmith had mixed some

Artemis was confused for a long time until one ne day when he sat in his bath he found the principle that he came out on the street completely naked and started shouting EUREKA ( I have found it )

The Principle is simple , it states that when we put a body in water it displaces some water which increases the pressure in water resulting the body to experience the same amount of force as the amount of water displaced. Which means when we put a bottle in water only a small part of it remains inside which displaces enough water for it to oat however the volume of an iron nail is much lesser it cannot displace enough water to keep it oating , that is why ships which have extremely high volume can oat on water.
6

Blaise Pascal

Pascals Law

19 June 1623 19 August 1662), was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of uids, and claried the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defense of the scientic method.

Pascals Law

through the uid to the larger piston. Now pascals law states that pressure is same at all points , but as the larger piston has greater area it tends to decrease the pressure so as to keep the pressure same a larger force is applied on the second piston which is enough to lift up the 500kg car

Pascals Law states that in any uid at rest the pressure is same in all points , as long as the points are in the same depth. Ever wondered , when a single person cannot lift a car even when he/she try their best how can one person lift a car with a small push on the lever in a car repair shop & even if you would ever have asked this the answer would've been that because the mechanic uses a hydraulic lift. Then what is this hydraulic lift , how can it increase the force applied , the answer lies with the Pascals Law. The hydraulic lift is just like a chamber lled with uid & equipped with two dierent sized pistons , a large one ( which means more area) which is connected to the car & a small one (which means lesser area) connected to the lever on which the mechanic applies force. On applying force the pressure is exerted from the liver to the piston &

Daniel Bernoulli

Bernoullis Principle
Daniel Bernoulli was a Swiss mathematician and physicist and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family. He is particularly remembered for his applications of mathematics to mechanics, especially uid mechanics, and for his pioneering work in probability and statistics. Bernoulli's work is still studied at length by many schools of science throughout the world.

Bernoullis Principle

The principle states that the total energy in a steadily owing uid is the same along the path of the ow of the uid. Dont worry these were just technical words , in simple words the Principle states that as the speed of a uid (gas/liquid) increases , the pressure within the uid decreases. However this principle is only valid if the following conditions are observed The uid should be owing smoothly & without any swirls. It should be owing continuously It should be incompressible (eg. water) The simplest experiment of this is by putting a straw in a glass lled one fourth with water , when air is blown over the top of the straw the water rises inside the straw . This is because of decreased pressure over the straw. The same phenomena is used when petrol is lled i your car. The air is sucked in & made to ow through a large pipe & then through a smaller pipe which decreases the amount of air over the place where petrol is kept.The decreases in the pipes diameter leads to the increase of velocity of the wind passing over the petrol , which in turns decreases the

pressure. This low pressure sucks the petrol into the airow and a mixture of air and petrol is fed into the engine.

Signature

10

7 States Of Matter
Confused ? Many people would be , move on to nd out how.

7 States of Matter

There is no trick in this , we really have 7 states of matter or to be precise the Universe really has 7 KNOWN states of matter namely: 1. Solids We know what that is.

The state was rst proposed by Satyendra-Nath Bose & Albert Einstein thus named Bose-Einstein condensates.

2. Liquids This too!

3. Gases Ok ! last skip , Ill give a proper description of the next one.

4. Plasmas They are nothing but super heated and super excited particles and they glow!! Plus they are the ones which cause the sun and many other stars to glow , so on next thanksgiving nd a way to thank them you might even win a nobel price for them. 5. Bose-Einstein Condensates These are in a way opposite to plasmas , they have almost no heat energy in them , that is temperature of almost 0K (-273.15C) , or in simple words , they are super cooled bosons & at such low temperatures quantum eects become visible . Satyendra Nath Bose 6. Fermionic Condensates A fermionic condensate, or fermi condensate, is a state of matter (superuid phase) which is very similar to the Bose Einstein condensate (also superuids). The only dierences are that Bose-Einstein condensates are made up of bosons, and are social with each other (in groups, or clumps) and fermi condensates are anti-social (they don't attract each other at all. This has to be done articially).

12

Albert Einstein

7. Quark-Gluon Plasmas Did someone ever say that molecules are the basic building blocks of matter possibly in fth grade and judging by the kind of person you are you knew tha they are no anw wanted to throw some book on their face , later they say tha atoms are the basic building blocks but thats no true and you probably know it so if not check them out on the internet so that I can get this straight. These plasmas are again very hot and were known to exist in the rst millionth of the rst second after the Big Bang. Apparently humans have been able to experiment them in labs for which we must salute CERN.

Do you think the tell a lot of lies about Physics in

A. Yes ( such as gravity depends on mass) B. No , they cant

Check Answer

13

Chapter 5

Neutron Stars

Neutron Stars

Neutron stars are much dierent from normal stars, they are mainly composed of neutrons and their radius is just a few kilometers, plus they are much much more dense than stars , they are so dense that the amount of space you have between the keys of your keyboard , would have the mass of Mount Everest. Collision Neutron star collisions are really nasty things , just hope that they wont happen near earth & let me tell you near means a thousand light years.You can imagine that that if an object so dense moves its crust a millimeter it can be nastily destructive leave alone a collision. If the neutron star undergoes a quake in the radius of hundred light years , the amount of energy released will be enough to completely disintegrate earth & if it

wouldnt happen which is unlikely , this collision would crate a black hole. Now what happens after the creation of a black hole is discussed in the next chapter.

15

Chapter 6

Black Holes

Black Holes

Now when we have talked about density in neutron stars let me tell you , black holes are no less. They contain extreme amount of mass in just extremely little place. Due to their mass they have such high gravity that even light cant escape them , which is the reason why we cant actually see them.
What happens when a black hole comes too near earth? Ok rst of all we need to be clear of how close do we actually mean but for now lets take only close. So what is the rst thing to go and have a ride but in this case never come back. Well let me tell you that the whole earth will be moving towards the black hole , but still the atmosphere will be the rst. It will be ripped of from earth and will head straight to the black hole. Next we will start moving towards our death and there is no escaping it. Then as we enter our death we will be crushed almost to a point.By now many of you would be praying for getting all the black holes away from us , but

then there will no existence of the milky way actually there wont be the existence of any galaxy. Ever wondered why would so many stars collect in one place form a galaxy and leave the rest of place empty , well if you are afraid of black holes , there is some bad news for you. Actually there is a black hole at the center of each galaxy , which is the reason why the Sun revolves around the center of the milky way & not only the sun all the stars , and if a star becomes adamant and says it wont revolve well the black hole will suck it in.

It takes 350 million earth years for the sun to travel around the center of milky way!!!.

17

Chapter 7

Does gravity depend on mass ?

Well lets consider , you live in a country where they dont teach about relativity untill college which is most probably true , so you know that G=mM/r2 right ? Wrong! (which of course you have guessed by now ) this is just an approximation , in reality gravity depends on momentum and energy otherwise light would be unaected by gravity and

Does gravity depend on mass ?

Well lets consider , you live in a country where they dont teach about relativity untill college which is most probably true , so you know that G=mM/r2 right ? Wrong! (which of course you have guessed by now ) this is just an approximation , in reality gravity depends on momentum and energy , otherwise light would be unaected by gravity and there would be no black holes because they wouldnt be black! and the universe wouldnt behave the way it does. I agree that special relativity is complicated but that is not an excuse to keep people in the dark , this is a major change about which the youth should at least be informed about if not taught in schools all over the globe.

19

Arc
a curved shape or something shaped like a curve

Related Glossary Terms Drag related terms here

Index

Find Term

Astronomer
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Related Glossary Terms Drag related terms here

Index

Find Term

Experiment
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Related Glossary Terms Drag related terms here

Index

Find Term

Hydrostatics
the branch of mechanics concerned with the hydrostatic properties of liquids.

Related Glossary Terms Drag related terms here

Index

Find Term

Inventor
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Related Glossary Terms Drag related terms here

Index

Find Term

Law
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Related Glossary Terms Drag related terms here

Index

Find Term

Mathematician
an expert in or student of mathematics

Related Glossary Terms Drag related terms here

Index

Find Term

Parabola
a symmetrical open plane curve formed by the intersection of a cone with a plane parallel to its side. The path of a projectile under the inuence of gravity ideally follows a curve of this shape. It is formed when the graphical representation of a quadratic equation is done.

Related Glossary Terms Drag related terms here

Index

Find Term

Physicists
an expert in or student in physycs

Related Glossary Terms Drag related terms here

Index

Find Term

Pi
the numerical value of the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter . Approximately 3.14159

Related Glossary Terms Drag related terms here

Index

Find Term

Principle
A fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning.

Related Glossary Terms Drag related terms here

Index

Find Term

Siege engine
A siege engine is a device that is designed to break or circumvent city walls and other fortications in siege warfare .

Related Glossary Terms Drag related terms here

Index

Find Term

Theory
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Related Glossary Terms Drag related terms here

Index

Find Term

Velocity
The speed of any body in a given direction is known as its velocity.

Related Glossary Terms Drag related terms here

Index

Find Term